Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1949. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-121).

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1913.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2002--Bonn.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Neuroscience)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Oct. 30, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-174).

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do acréscimo de 10% de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) no tempo de presa, solubilidade, desintegração, pH e atividade antimicrobiana do MTA Branco (MTA) e cimento Portland branco com radiopacificador (CPB). O ProRoot MTA (PRO), com e sem CaCl2, também foi incluído no teste de atividade antimicrobiana. O teste do tempo de presa inicial seguiu a especificação #57 da ADA e o do tempo de presa final a da ASTM (C266-03). Para os testes de solubilidade, desintegração e pH foram utilizados 6 anéis de teflon para cada cimento, medindo 4 mm de espessura e 12 mm de diâmetro interno com parede de 2 mm. Depois de preenchidos, os anéis foram mantidos por 24 e 72 h e 7, 14 e 28 dias em água MiliQ, que foi renovada no fim de cada período. Após cada período, os cimentos foram desidratados em dessecador com sílica por 24 h. Foi registrado o peso de cada cimento hidratado e desidratado. O pH da água onde os cimentos permaneceram imersos foi medido por um pHmetro. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada pela técnica da difusão em ágar, empregando o método do poço. Os microrganismos utilizados foram procedentes da ATCC: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus epidermidis. O acréscimo do CaCl2 proporcionou uma diminuição de 50% do tempo de presa inicial dos cimentos. Já o tempo de presa final do MTA foi diminuído em 35,5% e o do CPB em 68,5%. Os resultados do teste de solubilidade mostraram que o MTA+CaCl2 absorveu água e não perdeu peso com o passar do tempo, exceto no período de 24 h. O MTA, tanto hidratado quanto desidratado, perdeu peso, mas com valores aceitáveis pela ADA. O CPB apresentou maior solubilidade, a qual foi diretamente proporcional ao tempo de imersão das amostras. Entretanto, o acréscimo do CaCl2 ao CPB diminuiu...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of adding 10% calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the setting time, solubility and dissolution, pH, and antimicrobial activity of white MTA (MTA) and Portland cement with radioopacifier (CPB). ProRoot MTA (PRO) with and without CaCl2 was also included in the antimicrobial activity test. Setting time testing followed the specification #57 of ADA and final setting time testing was made according to C266-03 ASTM standard. Six teflon rings (4 mm thickness, 12 mm internal diameter, 2 mm height) used for the solubility, dissolution, and pH tests were stored in deionized water for 24h, 72 h, 7d, 14d, and 28d, which was renewed at the end of each storage period. After the storage periods, the specimens were dehydrated in a desiccator containing silica gel for 24h. The specimens were weighted before and after dehydration and pH of water was measured using a pH-meter. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using an Agar well diffusion technique. The following microorganisms were used: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC). Adding of CaCl2 yielded a 50% reduction of the initial setting of the cements. Final setting time of MTA cement was reduced approximately 35.5% and CPB's final setting time was reduced by 68.5%. Solubility results have shown that the MTA+ CaCl2 absorbed water and did not lost weight with time, except for the 24h-storage period. Hydrated and dehydrated MTA presented weight loss, but within acceptable limits stated by ADA. CPB presented greater solubility, proportional to the immersion time, i.e., the greater the storage period the greater the weight loss. However, adding CaCl2 to the CPB did not decrease the solubility. Both CPB and CPB+ CaCl2 did not satisfy ADA requirements. (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Roberto Miranda Esberard / Coorientador: Clovis Monteiro Bramante / Banca: Marco Antônio Hungaro Duarte / Banca: Wilson Tadeu Felippe / Banca: Mario Tanomaru Filho / Banca: Idomeo Bonetti Filho / Doutor

‘Lord Baltimore’ hardy hibiscus (Hibiscus moscheutos L.) was used in the mass encapsulation protocol, rinsing effects on bulk encapsulation, growth comparisons using K-NAA, acclimatization to greenhouse environment, and leaf anatomy comparisons. Nodal segments, each containing a single axillary bud, were harvested and cut to 4mm prior to mass encapsulation. Results showed that using 2.75% alginate with a concentration of 60 or 80 mM calcium chloride produced an alginate mass, or “cookie”, which was able to hold together during rinsing protocols. The rinsing study resulted with the potential to reduce rinse times from 2 three-minute rinses to 1 one-minute rinse. After 4 weeks under mist, ~58% of root growth was generated when using 1 one-minute rinse. After 8 weeks under mist, the greatest percentage of shoot and root growth occurred when using 1 one-minute rinse. The use of K-NAA in the gel matrix, after four weeks, resulted in no discernable differences. Concentrations of 0 or 0.1 µM will generate a greater percentage of shoot and root growth. Using 1.0 µM K-NAA, and extending the time under mist to 8 weeks, will result in a greater percentage of shoots and roots generated. Acclimatization study investigated the survival rates on mass encapsulated nodal segments, looking at different media, depth of planting and humidity. Increases in shoot lengths can be expected up to 8 weeks under mist and planted either on top or 1 cm deep. A reduction in root growth was seen when placed on top of the medium after 4 weeks. The anatomical study found differences in the leaf cell lengths based on the stage of leaf development. However, there was no indication of a gradual change in anatomy as they adapted from in vitro to greenhouse environment. The best results were found when comparing epidermal, palisade and spongy mesophyll cells on the fourth fully expanded leaf under mist. Hydrangea quercifolia ‘Snow Queen’ was used to test the effects of tissue culture media and plant growth regulators. Research found that using dichloroisocyanuric acid (NaDCC) resulted in a decrease of contamination on explants without a reduction in the number of shoots produced. This would reduce the amount of time and labor on the encapsulation procedure, as no rinsing is required. The best result, looking a nutrient formulation, was found to be WPM with 1 µM BA added.

Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete due to chloride ingress is one of the main causes of the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, particularly in marine environments. It is therefore important to develop a reliable prediction model of chloride ingress into concrete, which can be used to predict the chloride concentration profiles accurately to help to assess the service life for reinforced concrete structures. Cementitious materials are porous media with a highly complex and active chemical composition. Ionic transport in cementitious materials is a complicated process involving mechanisms such as diffusion, migration, ionic binding, adsorption and electrochemical interactions taking place in the pore solution of the materials. The process is dependent on not only the microstructural properties of the materials such as porosity, pore size distribution and connectivity but also the electrochemical properties of the pore solution including ionic adsorption and ion-ion interactions. This thesis presents a numerical study on the multi-component ionic transport in concrete with the main focus on the microscopic scale. This study first investigated the impact of the Electric Double Layer (EDL) on the ionic transport in cement-based materials. The EDL is a well-known phenomenon found in porous materials, which caused by the surface charges at the interface between solid surfaces and pore solutions. The numerical investigation is performed by solving the multi-component ionic transport model with considering the surface charges for a cement paste subjected to an externally applied electric field. The surface charge in the present model is taken into account by modifying the Nernst-Planck equation in which the electrostatic potential is dependent not only on the externally applied electric field but also on the dissimilar diffusivity of different ionic species including the surface charges. Some important features about the impact of surface charge on the concentration distribution, migration speed and flux of individual ionic species are discussed. Then a new one-dimensional numerical model for the multi-component ionic transport in concrete to simulate the rapid chloride migration test is proposed. Advantages and disadvantages of the traditional methods used to determine the local electrostatic potential, i.e. electro-neutrality condition and Poisson’s equation, are illustrated. Based on the discussion a new electro-neutrality condition is presented, which can avoid the numerical difficulties caused by the Poisson’s equation, and remain the non-linearity of the electric field distribution. This model with the new electro-neutrality condition is employed to simulate the RCM test to prove its applicability. The new model is promising in solving the multi-component ionic transport problems especially in microscopic scale. Lastly, a one-dimensional numerical investigation on the chloride ingress in a surface-treated mortar with considering the penetration of sealer induced porosity gradient was performed. The numerical model was carefully treated to apply governing equations of ionic transport to this situation of two pore structures, with every parameter clearly defined on the microscopic scale.

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abstract: The main objective of this study is to numerically investigate: (i) the ionic transport, especially chloride ion penetration into cementitious materials under imposed electric fields, and (ii) moisture transport through cracked concretes as a function of the crack geometry. Numerical methods were implemented to simulate the ionic transport process, based on coupling the Nernst-Planck equation and Poisson's equation to account for transport dominated by electromigration. This mathematical model was also modified to account for the chloride binding mechanism (physical and chemical trapping of chlorides by the cement hydrates) and the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient of each ion in the transport process. To validate the numerical model, experimental data from a companion work was used in this study. The non-steady state migration test, which is one of the common accelerated chloride ion transport test, is numerically simulated. The simulation provides a linear relationship between ionic concentration and ionic flux, which indicates that the diffusion part is negligible under a strong external voltage environment. The numerical models along with adjustments for the concentration-dependent diffusion coefficients, a pore structure factor (from electrical measurements) and chloride binding considerations are found to be successful in predicting the chloride penetration depth into plain and modified concretes under imposed electrical potentials. Moisture transport through cracked concrete was examined in the second part of this thesis. To better understand the crack's influence on the permeability, modified Louis' equation was chosen to relate the permeability with crack characteristics. 3D concrete crack models were developed using a MATLAB program with distinct crack tortuosities, roughnesses and sizes. As a comparison, Navier-Stokes equation and the Lattice Boltzmann method were also applied on the 3D model of the cracked concrete to evaluate their permeability. The methodology developed here is expected to be useful in understanding the influence of cracking on moisture transport, and when properly coupled with an ionic transport model that will be further developed, helps comprehensively understand the coupling effects of moisture and ionic transport on deterioration in concrete structures. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014