O consumo alcoólico pode levar à deterioração da lesão hepática em pacientes com hepatite C. A progressão da doença na hepatite C crônica depende de vários outros fatores relacionados com o hospedeiro, vírus e o meio ambiente embora os mecanismos patogênicos ainda não sejam bem conhecidos. OBJETIVOS: avaliar os dados demográficos, epidemiológicos, clínicos e bioquímicos dos pacientes com hepatite C crônica em relação ao consumo alcoólico e relacionar as variáveis clínicas, epidemiológicas e bioquímicas em relação às alterações histopatológicas ausente e leve em comparação às intensas. MÉTODOS: Nós estudamos os dados demográficos, clínico-epidemiológicos e laboratoriais comparando-os às alterações histopatológicas em 120 doadores voluntários de sangue com hepatite C, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a ingestão alcoólica: (i) grupo abstêmio: n=41; (ii) grupo consumo alcoólico leve: n=36; (iii) grupo consumo alcoólico acentuado: n=43. Os parâmetros histopatológicos como alterações estruturais ou fibrose, atividade periportal e lobular e infiltrado portal foram graduados de 0 a 4 e divididas em leve (0/1/2) e intensa (3/4). RESULTADOS: Quase 70% dos pacientes eram homens e a maior proporção deles (83,5%) era de alcoolistas (leve e acentuado).Por outro lado, as mulheres eram habitualmente abstêmias (58,5%). Transfusão, como fator de risco para hepatite C foi mais freqüente em abstêmios (p=0,056) enquanto que o uso de drogas predominou no grupo de consumo alcoólico acentuado (p < 0,001). Com relação aos grupos, não foram observadas diferenças quando analisados o tempo de ingestão alcoólica, abstinência alcoólica, cirurgia e outros modos de contaminação, níveis séricos de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase, graus de fibrose, atividade lobular e infiltrado portal.Atividade periportal leve foi relevante nos grupos abstêmios e consumo alcoólico leve enquanto a atividade periportal intensa foi maior no consumo alcoólico acentuado (p=0,033). Quando comparamos os diferentes parâmetros histopatológicos, a idade mais avançada foi associada de modo significativo com fibrose (p=0,004), atividade periportal (p=0,001) e infiltrado portal intensos (p=0,001). Valores mais altos de índice de massa corpórea correlacionaram significativamente (p=0,013) com fibrose intensa enquanto maior tempo de ingestão alcoólica foi relacionado com atividade periportal intensa (p=0,001). Níveis de alanina aminotransferase foram maiores significativamente com intensas fibrose (p < 0,001), atividade periportal (p=0,031) e atividade lobular (p=0,013), enquanto níveis elevados de aspartato aminotransferase correlacionaram com fibrose (p < 0,001), atividade periportal (p < 0,001), atividade lobular (p=0,001) e infiltrado portal intensos (p < 0,018). Valores de gama-glutamiltransferase foram significativamente maiores com intensas fibrose (p=0,012), atividade periportal (p=0,013 e atividade lobular (p=0,003) e níveis mais altos de imunoglobulina G correlacionaram com intensas fibrose (p=0,040) e atividade lobular (p=0,048). A contagem de plaquetas foi significativamente menor quando comparada com intensas fibrose (p < 0,001) e atividade periportal (p=0,049). Análise de regressão logística identificou aspartato aminotransferase e contagem de plaquetas como fatores preditivos independentes de intensa fibrose. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo mostrou correlação entre consumo de álcool e atividade periportal mas não com fibrose que está relacionada com idade, índice de massa corpórea, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase e menor contagem de plaquetas. Níveis de aspartato aminotransferase e contagem de plaquetas foram os melhores fatores preditivos de fibrose intensa / INTRODUCTION: The interaction of hepatitis C with alcohol consumption is thought to be a deleterious one. Progression of liver disease in chronic hepatits C depends on several other factors related to the host, virus and the enviroment but, these factors are not well understood yet. AIMS:To analyze demographic, epidemiological, biochemical and histopathological data of patients with hepatitis C according to heavy, light or no alcohol consumption.To assess the behavior of clinical, epidemiological and biochemical variables in relation to absent or mild histopathological alterations in contrast to severe alterations. METHODS: We have studied the demographic, epidemiological and laboratory data and then compared them to the histopathological alterations in 120 volunteer blood donors with hepatitis C virus divided into three groups according to alcohol intake: abstainers: n=41, light drinkers: n=36 and heavy drinkers: n=43. Liver histopathology alterations, namely architectural staging, periportal and lobular inflammation as well as portal inflammatory infiltrate were graded from 0 to 4 and afterwards divided into light (0 to 2) and severe (3 to 4). RESULTS: Almost 70% (83/120) of the patients were men and a high proportion of men (83.5 %) were drinkers (light and heavy). Women, on the other hand were more likely to be abstainers: 58.5% of them did not drink. Transfusion as risk factor for HCV was more frequent in abstainers (p= 0.056) whereas drug addiction predominated in heavy drinkers (p < 0.001). Regarding these groups no differences were found when duration of alcohol intake, abstinence of alcohol, surgery, other contamination factors, ALT, AST, GGT, degree of fibrosis, lobular inflammation and portal infiltrate were consider.Regarding three groups, mild periportal inflammation was significantly related with abstainers and light drinkers groups whereas severe periportal inflammation was more predominant in heavy drinkers (p=0.033). When we compared mild with severe histopathological alterations older age was significantly associated with severe fibrosis (p=0.004), periportal inflammation (p=0.001) and portal inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.001). Higher BMI values correlated significantly (p=0.013) with severe fibrosis whereas higher duration of alcohol intake was related to severe periportal inflammation (p=0.001). ALT level was significantly higher in severe fibrosis (p < 0.001), periportal inflammation (p=0.031) and lobular inflammation (p=0.013), whereas higher levels of AST correlated with severe fibrosis (p < 0.001), periportal inflammation (p < 0.001), lobular inflammation (p=0.001) and portal inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.018) . GGT values were significantly higher in severe fibrosis (p=0.012), periportal inflammation(p=0.013) and lobular activity (p=0.003) and higher levels of IgG correlated with fibrosis (p=0.040) and lobular inflammation (p=0.048). In the end, platelets were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in severe fibrosis and periportal inflammation (p=0.049). Logistic regression analysis identified AST and platelet count as independent predictors of severe fibrosis.CONCLUSIONS: Our study has shown a correlation between alcohol consumption and periportal inflammation, but not with fibrosis, which is correlated with age, high enzymes levels and low platelet count. AST and platelet count were the best predictors of severe fibrosis

O consumo alcoólico pode levar à deterioração da lesão hepática em pacientes com hepatite C. A progressão da doença na hepatite C crônica depende de vários outros fatores relacionados com o hospedeiro, vírus e o meio ambiente embora os mecanismos patogênicos ainda não sejam bem conhecidos. OBJETIVOS: avaliar os dados demográficos, epidemiológicos, clínicos e bioquímicos dos pacientes com hepatite C crônica em relação ao consumo alcoólico e relacionar as variáveis clínicas, epidemiológicas e bioquímicas em relação às alterações histopatológicas ausente e leve em comparação às intensas. MÉTODOS: Nós estudamos os dados demográficos, clínico-epidemiológicos e laboratoriais comparando-os às alterações histopatológicas em 120 doadores voluntários de sangue com hepatite C, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a ingestão alcoólica: (i) grupo abstêmio: n=41; (ii) grupo consumo alcoólico leve: n=36; (iii) grupo consumo alcoólico acentuado: n=43. Os parâmetros histopatológicos como alterações estruturais ou fibrose, atividade periportal e lobular e infiltrado portal foram graduados de 0 a 4 e divididas em leve (0/1/2) e intensa (3/4). RESULTADOS: Quase 70% dos pacientes eram homens e a maior proporção deles (83,5%) era de alcoolistas (leve e acentuado).Por outro lado, as mulheres eram habitualmente abstêmias (58,5%). Transfusão, como fator de risco para hepatite C foi mais freqüente em abstêmios (p=0,056) enquanto que o uso de drogas predominou no grupo de consumo alcoólico acentuado (p < 0,001). Com relação aos grupos, não foram observadas diferenças quando analisados o tempo de ingestão alcoólica, abstinência alcoólica, cirurgia e outros modos de contaminação, níveis séricos de alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase, graus de fibrose, atividade lobular e infiltrado portal.Atividade periportal leve foi relevante nos grupos abstêmios e consumo alcoólico leve enquanto a atividade periportal intensa foi maior no consumo alcoólico acentuado (p=0,033). Quando comparamos os diferentes parâmetros histopatológicos, a idade mais avançada foi associada de modo significativo com fibrose (p=0,004), atividade periportal (p=0,001) e infiltrado portal intensos (p=0,001). Valores mais altos de índice de massa corpórea correlacionaram significativamente (p=0,013) com fibrose intensa enquanto maior tempo de ingestão alcoólica foi relacionado com atividade periportal intensa (p=0,001). Níveis de alanina aminotransferase foram maiores significativamente com intensas fibrose (p < 0,001), atividade periportal (p=0,031) e atividade lobular (p=0,013), enquanto níveis elevados de aspartato aminotransferase correlacionaram com fibrose (p < 0,001), atividade periportal (p < 0,001), atividade lobular (p=0,001) e infiltrado portal intensos (p < 0,018). Valores de gama-glutamiltransferase foram significativamente maiores com intensas fibrose (p=0,012), atividade periportal (p=0,013 e atividade lobular (p=0,003) e níveis mais altos de imunoglobulina G correlacionaram com intensas fibrose (p=0,040) e atividade lobular (p=0,048). A contagem de plaquetas foi significativamente menor quando comparada com intensas fibrose (p < 0,001) e atividade periportal (p=0,049). Análise de regressão logística identificou aspartato aminotransferase e contagem de plaquetas como fatores preditivos independentes de intensa fibrose. CONCLUSÕES: Nosso estudo mostrou correlação entre consumo de álcool e atividade periportal mas não com fibrose que está relacionada com idade, índice de massa corpórea, alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase e menor contagem de plaquetas. Níveis de aspartato aminotransferase e contagem de plaquetas foram os melhores fatores preditivos de fibrose intensa / INTRODUCTION: The interaction of hepatitis C with alcohol consumption is thought to be a deleterious one. Progression of liver disease in chronic hepatits C depends on several other factors related to the host, virus and the enviroment but, these factors are not well understood yet. AIMS:To analyze demographic, epidemiological, biochemical and histopathological data of patients with hepatitis C according to heavy, light or no alcohol consumption.To assess the behavior of clinical, epidemiological and biochemical variables in relation to absent or mild histopathological alterations in contrast to severe alterations. METHODS: We have studied the demographic, epidemiological and laboratory data and then compared them to the histopathological alterations in 120 volunteer blood donors with hepatitis C virus divided into three groups according to alcohol intake: abstainers: n=41, light drinkers: n=36 and heavy drinkers: n=43. Liver histopathology alterations, namely architectural staging, periportal and lobular inflammation as well as portal inflammatory infiltrate were graded from 0 to 4 and afterwards divided into light (0 to 2) and severe (3 to 4). RESULTS: Almost 70% (83/120) of the patients were men and a high proportion of men (83.5 %) were drinkers (light and heavy). Women, on the other hand were more likely to be abstainers: 58.5% of them did not drink. Transfusion as risk factor for HCV was more frequent in abstainers (p= 0.056) whereas drug addiction predominated in heavy drinkers (p < 0.001). Regarding these groups no differences were found when duration of alcohol intake, abstinence of alcohol, surgery, other contamination factors, ALT, AST, GGT, degree of fibrosis, lobular inflammation and portal infiltrate were consider.Regarding three groups, mild periportal inflammation was significantly related with abstainers and light drinkers groups whereas severe periportal inflammation was more predominant in heavy drinkers (p=0.033). When we compared mild with severe histopathological alterations older age was significantly associated with severe fibrosis (p=0.004), periportal inflammation (p=0.001) and portal inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.001). Higher BMI values correlated significantly (p=0.013) with severe fibrosis whereas higher duration of alcohol intake was related to severe periportal inflammation (p=0.001). ALT level was significantly higher in severe fibrosis (p < 0.001), periportal inflammation (p=0.031) and lobular inflammation (p=0.013), whereas higher levels of AST correlated with severe fibrosis (p < 0.001), periportal inflammation (p < 0.001), lobular inflammation (p=0.001) and portal inflammatory infiltrate (p=0.018) . GGT values were significantly higher in severe fibrosis (p=0.012), periportal inflammation(p=0.013) and lobular activity (p=0.003) and higher levels of IgG correlated with fibrosis (p=0.040) and lobular inflammation (p=0.048). In the end, platelets were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in severe fibrosis and periportal inflammation (p=0.049). Logistic regression analysis identified AST and platelet count as independent predictors of severe fibrosis.CONCLUSIONS: Our study has shown a correlation between alcohol consumption and periportal inflammation, but not with fibrosis, which is correlated with age, high enzymes levels and low platelet count. AST and platelet count were the best predictors of severe fibrosis

Hepatite C tem evolução progressiva, persiste na maioria dos pacientes (85%) e leva a uma doença crônica assintomática.A maioria dos pacientes apresenta nível de ALT elevada e aproximadamente 25% normal. Estes geralmente são mulheres e não há associação entre genótipo e severidade da lesão hepática. Histologicamente apresentam lesão mínima e leve fibrose, embora cirrose tenha sido relatado.Visando estimar a prevalência, características demográficas, genotípicas e anatomopatológicas em pacientes com ALT normal, realizamos um estudo de série de 68 casos entre janeiro de 1997 a abril de 2000. A prevalência foi de 13,82%, 45,6% do gênero masculino e 54,4% feminino, média de idade 38 +/- 13 anos. Genótipo 1 em 84,75%, 2 em 6,78% e o 3 em 8,47%. Em 52,9% dos casos biópsia hepática revelou fígado reacional, porém uma importante proporção (29%) dos nossos pacientes com transaminases normais mostrou sinais de fibrose. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de revisar os algoritimos da prática de biópsia hepática nessa população / Hepatitis C evolves progressively persisting in the majority of patients (85%) resulting in na asymptomatic chronic disease.Most patients have high ALT levels and approximately 25% normal ALT.The latter are usually female and there is no association between genotype and severity hepatic lesion.Histology shows small lesion and low amount of fibrosis, despite cirrhosis having been reported.Aiming at assessing prevalence, demographic, genotypical and anatomopathological characteristics in patients with normal ALT levels, we studied a series of 68 cases between January 1997 and April 2000.There was a prevalence of 13,82%, 45,6% of which were male and 54,4% female, average age of 38+/-13 years.Genotype 1 in 84,75%, 2 in 6,78% and 3 in 8,47%.In 52,9% of the cases revealed liver reaction, however, an important proportion of patients showed histologic signs of fibrosis (29%).Theses results suggest the need to revisit the algorithm for liver biopsy practice

Hepatite C tem evolução progressiva, persiste na maioria dos pacientes (85%) e leva a uma doença crônica assintomática.A maioria dos pacientes apresenta nível de ALT elevada e aproximadamente 25% normal. Estes geralmente são mulheres e não há associação entre genótipo e severidade da lesão hepática. Histologicamente apresentam lesão mínima e leve fibrose, embora cirrose tenha sido relatado.Visando estimar a prevalência, características demográficas, genotípicas e anatomopatológicas em pacientes com ALT normal, realizamos um estudo de série de 68 casos entre janeiro de 1997 a abril de 2000. A prevalência foi de 13,82%, 45,6% do gênero masculino e 54,4% feminino, média de idade 38 +/- 13 anos. Genótipo 1 em 84,75%, 2 em 6,78% e o 3 em 8,47%. Em 52,9% dos casos biópsia hepática revelou fígado reacional, porém uma importante proporção (29%) dos nossos pacientes com transaminases normais mostrou sinais de fibrose. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de revisar os algoritimos da prática de biópsia hepática nessa população / Hepatitis C evolves progressively persisting in the majority of patients (85%) resulting in na asymptomatic chronic disease.Most patients have high ALT levels and approximately 25% normal ALT.The latter are usually female and there is no association between genotype and severity hepatic lesion.Histology shows small lesion and low amount of fibrosis, despite cirrhosis having been reported.Aiming at assessing prevalence, demographic, genotypical and anatomopathological characteristics in patients with normal ALT levels, we studied a series of 68 cases between January 1997 and April 2000.There was a prevalence of 13,82%, 45,6% of which were male and 54,4% female, average age of 38+/-13 years.Genotype 1 in 84,75%, 2 in 6,78% and 3 in 8,47%.In 52,9% of the cases revealed liver reaction, however, an important proportion of patients showed histologic signs of fibrosis (29%).Theses results suggest the need to revisit the algorithm for liver biopsy practice

Lorsqu’un médecin diagnostique une pathologie chronique tel un diabète ou une artérite, pathologies choisies dans cette recherche, le patient entame, de fait, un processus d’apprentissage de la pathologie et de sa nouvelle vie avec ce diagnostic.Pourtant, ce processus diffère d’un patient à un autre et aboutit à des conduites diverses malgré des recommandations médicales consensuelles. Les professionnels de santé, en effet, ont des objectifs communs pour ces pathologies chroniques qui sont que les patients arrivent à avoir une alimentation équilibrée, pratiquent une activité physique quotidienne, s’abstiennent de tout comportement tabagique et prennent le traitement médicamenteux prescrit. Dans ce but, un certain nombre d’actions sont mises en place,de la campagne de santé publique au travail médical dans un cabinet libéral en passant par des programmes construits d’éducation. Ce que le patient fait grâce (ou malgré)cette éducation est l’objet de cette recherche.À la croisée des domaines de la santé et de l’éducation, nous avons choisi une méthodologie variée pour rendre compte à la fois de l’aspect anthropologique de cet apprentissage en considérant ce qui ne dépend pas du patient et à la fois de l’aspect didactique en observant le résultat des différentes situations sollicitées pour faire changer les patients. La première partie, centrée sur les aspects théoriques, montre la nécessité de considérer le corps dans l’éducation lorsqu’elle est dite thérapeutique.Pour comprendre ce qui est généralement peu ou pas interrogé par les acteurs de l’éducation thérapeutique, nous avons examiné l’ancrage historique des rapports entre le corps, la santé et l’éducation pour mieux étudier le « devenir malade » des patients considérés dans notre étude. Après un approfondissement historique du soin, de l’éducation puis du corps, les rapports actuels entre le corps et la santé ont été observés à l’aide des proverbes usuels, des livres en sciences humaines et sociales, de l’image publicitaire ainsi que des articles de presse. Les processus de transformation des corps malades pouvaient alors être compris selon cet ancrage et l’environnement éducatif dans lequel se situent actuellement les patients. Dans la troisième partie nous avons utilisé les récits des patients rencontrés. La mise en récit de la maladie est le dernier temps méthodologique. Grâce à l’histoire, à la compréhension du monde environnant les patients et à leur récit de vie, nous avons pu dégager des styles de discours. Trois grands styles sont repérés : celui des « experts » qui présentent une centration sur les savoirs,celui des « actifs » avec une centration sur l’activité physique et celui des « mangeurs »avec une centration sur l’alimentation. La compréhension de ces différents styles de discours est à mettre en lien avec les changements de conduites considérés sur le temps long de la pathologie chronique, dans le cadre de la dernière partie de ce travail. Ces modes de changements, tout au long du reste de la vie des patients, prennent différentes formes caractéristiques que nous avons pu dégager selon certains chemin explicatifs.L’ensemble des résultats permet de montrer l’intérêt d’interroger l’éducation thérapeutique actuelle et ses programmes ainsi que les concepts qui y sont attachés en utilisant le corps comme entrée. / As soon as a doctor diagnoses a chronic disease such as diabetes or arteritis, pathologies on which we shall focus in our research, patient begins a learning process of the pathology and their new life with this diagnosis. However this process differs from one patient to another and leads to diverse behaviours despite consistent medical recommendations. In fact, health professionals do seek common objectives: a balanced diet, daily physical activities, tobacco abstinence and a treatment medical that is followed. To reach this goal, various actions are put in place such as public health campaigns, work in the doctor’s office or Therapeutic Patient Education (TPE) programs. Our research focuses on how patients may react to (and benefit), from such education. At the junction of the health and education domains, we choose a diverse methodology to account for both the anthropological side of this learning experience, considering what does not depend on the patient, as well as its, the didactic side, thus observing the outcome of different pedagogical activities. The first part, focused on theory, demonstrates how considering the body is essential in education, especially in therapeutic education. To understand what is typically rarely considered, if not at all by TPE’s actors, we explore the historical roots of relationships between body, health and education to then better understand “becoming ill” as it relates to patients considered as part of our studies. After a historical investigation of cure, education and then the body, actual relationships between body and health are examined with using usual saying, books of Human and social sciences, advertisement pictures and newspaper articles. The transformation processes of sick bodies can then be understood from this viewpoint as well as through the patient’s educational environment. In the third part we used disease narratives from patients we have met. The disease storytelling within life stories is the last methodology step. In light of history, and through the patients’ environment and life stories, we could extract different speech styles that make sense when body speech is analysed in light of various anthropological data. Three major style types are identified: “experts” with centration on knowledge, “actives” with centration on physical activities and “eater” with centration on food. Understanding these style types requires considering behaviour changes in the long time of chronic pathologies, as done in the last part of our work. These different modes of change throughout the patients’ life present different characteristics, which we have been able to discern from various explanation paths. All results together allow us to demonstrate the value there is in questioning current TPE programs and its related concepts using the body as an input.