Genetic and non-genetic effects of maternal; size were investigated in four introduced populations of Cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae (L.) (Arctiidae). Offspring of different female moths were reared to the pupal stage under greenhouse conditions with an overabundance of food. Mean offspring-maternal size correlations were highest for second generation laboratory offspring using pupal weight as the size criterion, maximum egg weight was not related to female size, although average egg weight tended to decrease, and fecundity increase with female wing length. Egg weight was not related to final pupal weight. Egg weight decreased over the oviposition period, but pupae reared from later batches were not consistently of lower weight when compared with pupae reared from batches laid on tie first day of oviposition. Under a less favorable temperature regime, hatching, success was reduced in later batches. It was concluded that maternal effects (genetic and non-genetic) on offspring size are unimportant under normal field conditions in comparison to the effects exerted by larval crowding and food availability. However under very poor conditions, selective mortality may be imposed on later batches, or on the lighter eggs of large moths. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

The study of fluid inclusions proved the metamorphic origin of the cinnabar-pyrite mineralization at the deposit of Horní Luby. In addition, thermal conditions of the mineralization formation were determined. During the deposit forming processes, the primary homogenous H2O-CO2 fluid of the temperature of about 300řC was differentiated to fractions rich in H2O or CO2. The differentiation took place in several stages in the temperature range between 200 to 150řC. Quartz crystallized from the parent fluid at the temperature about 300řC, pyrite at temperatures in the range of 220řC to 210řC and cinnabar at temperatures in the range of 195řC to 160řC. The cinnabar is thus the youngest mineral at the deposit (crystallization succession. quartz - pyrite - cinnabar). At the deposit of Jedová hora, quartz crystallized at the temperature of about 160řC to 150řC, barite at temperature of about 115řC (the fluid boiling point) and cinnabar in the range between these temperatures. The origin of mercury at all Czech historical deposit of cinnabar can be very likely related to Lower Paleozoic submarine volcanism. In all cases, the pre-concentrated mercury was remobilized during the Variscian metamorphosis, followed by precipitation in form of veins with cinnabar or as cinnabar impregnation. Study of tetrahedrite...

The cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (L.) (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae), was released in 1959 to control the grassland weed tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L. (Asteraceae), despite evidence that caterpillars of this species can feed on native plants within the genera Senecio and Packera. Previous studies confirmed the moth's ability to develop on the native Senecio triangularis Hook., although no systematic study has been conducted to determine the extent of non-target impact on all potential host species. To address the lack of systematic studies we conducted a regional survey to determine the consequences of exposure of non-target plants to cinnabar moth caterpillars. We also conducted a local field experiment to determine the influence of habitat on the patterns of association of the moth and non-target plants. In the regional survey, we mapped the potential distribution of the cinnabar moth in Oregon to determine the extent of exposure of native Senecio and Packera species, and systematically sampled exposed species to assess the frequency and severity of feeding on these plants. We found that nine of the 20 native non-target species in Oregon were exposed to the cinnabar moth, three of the 10 native Senecio and six of the 10 native Packera. Ten of the native species escaped exposure because they occur east of the Cascade Mountain Range where the cinnabar moth does not occur. We found feeding damage on three of the nine exposed species: Packera cymbalarioides, P. pseudaurea, and S. triangularis were attacked at one of three (33%), two of six (33%), and seven of 15 (47%) sites that supported populations of each species, respectively. Within sites, attack frequency of stems was 33% (of six total stems sampled) for P. cymbalarioides, and ranged from 53% to 56% (of 20 to 108 total stems sampled) for P. pseudaurea and 7% to 64.5% (of 32 to 458 total stems sampled) for S. triangularis. Conditional median damage per site (median of attacked stems only) was 10% in P. cymbalarioides, 5% to 17.5% in P. pseudaurea, and 5% to 37.5% in S. triangularis. The attack rate on non-target plants (7.1 to 64.5 percent of stems attacked at a singe site) was equal to or greater than on the target weed (8.3 to 50.0 percent of stems attacked at a single site). At three sites, caterpillars attacked non-target plants but the target weed was absent, and at one site, the target was present but caterpillars fed on non-target plants only. We conclude that attack frequency and severity on the three species is not high, but equaled or exceeded the level of attack on the target weed. We also conducted a mark-release-recapture experiment to relate habitat preference to patterns of non-target host use in the field. We compared adult moth dispersal patterns and larval development between a meadow habitat and a forest habitat. We found that long-term dispersal distance (spanning days) was similar in both habitats but we recaptured a higher percentage of moths from the meadow (47%) compared to the forest (10%). Short-term displacements, based on direct observations of flights immediately after release, differed between habitats: moths in the meadow flew short distances (8.5m ± 1.5, n=13) at or below the herbaceous canopy (0.8 m ± 0.2, n=13) while moths in the forest flew longer horizontal (22.8 m ± 2.8, n=15) and vertical distances (5.9 m ± 0.9, n=15). We recovered seven fifth instar larvae (of 278 eggs) from the meadow habitat but no larvae beyond the second instar (of 119 eggs) were recovered from the forest habitat. We conclude that the cinnabar moth is limited to meadow habitats because adult moths display movement patterns that remove them from forest habitats (possibly due to disorientation) and larvae are unable to survive on plants growing in the forest. Taken together, the regional survey and the local field-experiment indicate that the cinnabar moth uses only a small proportion of available non-target host plant species. Other species are likely unused because of geographic isolation from the moth, habitat selection by the moth, or phenological differences between the moth and non-target plants. / Graduation date: 2003

「甲骨塗辭」乃指在甲骨刻辭筆畫中塗以朱、墨，以往學者將之稱為「塗朱/墨」或「填朱/墨」，這類刻辭在刻寫完成之後，以朱砂或墨填入刻痕。其中，塗朱甲骨色彩鮮明奪目，很早就受到學者注意，其目的有美觀、宗教意涵、重要訊息的不同說法。然而，受限於甲骨著錄多為黑白拓本形式、早期彩色印刷不發達，目前甲骨學界尚無學者對塗辭做出專門且深入的研究。所幸，近年來出版之甲骨著錄附有彩色相片，部分甲骨收藏單位架設數位資料庫，如中研院史語所，所能蒐羅之資料備於完善，為甲骨塗辭研究奠定基礎。 本文以「塗朱甲骨」作為主要討論對象，試圖將辭例或形狀完整的塗朱卜辭進行分類。首先於第二章探討塗朱甲骨的年代以及塗朱甲骨的幾項特徵，包含：牛胛骨骨面塗朱卜辭、犯兆塗朱卜辭、塗朱記事刻辭。第三章及第四章則以塗朱甲骨的形態進行討論，分別以顏色及辭例的完整度作為分類標準。以顏色劃分塗朱甲骨可分為三類：僅見塗朱者、朱墨褐三色同版者、朱墨或朱褐同版者。以辭例完整度可分成八類。 / The incised characters on oracle bones rubbed with cinnabar or ink are called cinnabar inscriptions or ink inscription. The vermillion colored cinnabar used on the coloring of oracle bones is said to have religious messages or aesthetic purposes. Previously limited by the immature color printing and computer technology, oracle bones inscriptions were mostly rubbing editions in black and white, and thus there are few in-depth studies on the coloring of oracle bone inscriptions. But now a corpus of oracle bones is taking form, such as editions with color pictures and digitalization of oracle bones images by Institute of History and Philosophy, Academia Sinica. This paper aims to examine the cinnabar inscriptions on oracle bones, discuss their characteristics in different periods, and categorize them into three categories based on colors, and eight categories based on the intactness of the inscriptions.

This article reviews the evidence of the exchange of obsidian and cinnabar, highly coveted resources that traveled in prehistoric Peru from the south-central highlands to the Paracas culture area. The evidence for exchange of these materials is compared with evidence of cultural exchange between the coast and the south-central highlands, focusing on ceramic materials uncovered from excavations at the archaeological site Atalla, located in the region of Huancavelica, Peru. The article argues that the south-central highlands were integral to the obsidian and cinnabar exchange networks of the south coast. In particular, the site of Atalla, a regional ceremonial center connected to the Early Horizon interaction networks, was connected economically to the south coast and participated in the regional interaction sphere of the south-central highlands, but also maintained very strong cultural connections with the center of Chavín de Huántar. It is also suggested that the nature of the interactions between the Paracas society and those of the south-central highlands varied depending on the region; the interaction between Paracas and Atalla seems to have concentrated mainly on economic and non-cultural exchange, whereas sites such as Campanayuq Rumi from the Ayacucho region demonstrate evidence of Paracas cultural influence. Some possible mechanisms which might explain the observed variability in exchange patterns are explored. / Este artículo examina la evidencia sobre el intercambio de obsidiana y cinabrio, recursos altamente codiciados que viajaron en la prehistoria del Perú, desde la sierra centro-sur a la zona de la sociedad Paracas. La evidencia del intercambiode estos materiales se compara con evidencia de intercambio cultural entre la costa sur y la sierra centro-sur, material cerámico descubierto de excavaciones en el sitio arqueológico Atalla, ubicado en la región de Huancavelica, Perú. El artículo sostiene que la sierra centro-sur era parte integral de las redes de intercambio de obsidiana y cinabrio de la costa sur. En particular, el sitio de Atalla, un centro ceremonial regional conectado a las redes de interacción del Horizonte Temprano, estaba conectado económicamente con la costa sur y participaba en la esfera de interacción regional de la sierra centro-sur, pero mantuvo conexiones culturales muy fuertes con el centro de Chavín de Huántar También se sugiere que la naturaleza de las interacciones entre la sociedad de Paracas y las de la sierra centro-sur varió según la región; la interacción entre Paracas y Atalla parece concentrarse principalmente en el intercambio económico y no cultural, mientras que sitios como Campanayuq Rumi, de la región de Ayacucho, demuestran evidencia de la influencia cultural de Paracas.Se exploran algunos posibles mecanismos que podrían explicar la variabilidad observada en los patrones de intercambio.