Terrorism, as an act of war, has produced new challenges for states and their militaries in the modern era. A typical response for governments that face a terrorist threat is to reassess their institutional posture toward handling such assaults on their territorial sovereignty, to include a redefinition of the conditions under which their militaries may be used to defend and protect domestic interests. This study aims to determine the conditions under which and to what degree a civilian authority's restructuring of its counterterrorism policy alters civil-military relations within that state, specifically examining the institutional and constitutional constraints under which governments formulate their military's role in counterterrorism policy; the type of institutional arrangement that seems most conducive to a powerful military role in a state's counterterrorism policy; and an exploration of the expansion of military authority in response to terrorism in the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom, and Spain. I argue that democratic states will expand the role and responsibilities of their militaries into what were formerly civilian areas of responsibility as a key tool in the implementation of their counterterrorism policy when military authority is only loosely circumscribed by state constitutional and legislative documents; the military has a history of strong participation in the formulation (versus simply implementation) of a state's national security doctrine; and the military maintains an exalted role in national history and is viewed by the citizenry as a core institution of national identity, and the government is facing both high internal and external threat levels. This study is based on the assumption that institutional arrangements play a significant role in the policymaking process, employing the paradigm of Historical Institutionalism to explain how changes within institutions alter civil-military relations in the context of counterterrorism policy, and vice versa. / text

Traditional models including the factionalism, professionalism, and the symbiosis models have helped the field for over two decades to study civil-military relations in China. New conditions of the 90s and beyond, however, have required new tools for examining this issue. Approaching China's civil-military relations from multiple approaches to include PLA conservative nationalism is better than using one explanation to understand China's civil-military relations. / text

This thesis seeks to answer the question: how healthy, relatively speaking, are civil-military relations in South America? To answer this, key variables from three of the touchstone works in civil-military literature, namely, Samuel Huntington’s “The Soldier and the State,” Morris Janowitz’s “The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait,” and Samuel Finer’s “The Man On Horseback.” and journal articles were gleaned. A total of twenty-two variables were identified and divided into three categories: State Comparative, Civilian and Military variables that are connected to “healthy” civil-military relations in the literature. These variables were then applied to all twelve South American states. The results were then compared to the United States, which the literature suggests is the closest to having “ideal” civil-military relations. To ensure that the paper comparison matches practice, this thesis reviewed Colombia in-depth. Its military is not only the second largest in the region, but also one that plays a vital role in society. The overall results from this comparative assessment indicate that there is a bimodal distribution among South American states in terms of the variables indicating healthy civil-military relations. Although it is clear that all States still need major improvements, half have healthier civil-military relations than the other half.

Thesis (Ph.D) -- Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1989. / Typescript (photocopy). Vita. Bibliography: leaves 545-564. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-137). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p.135-148). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005. / Thesis Advisor(s): Donald Abenheim, John Leslie. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also available online.

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. / Title from title screen (viewed Sept. 10, 2004). "March 2004." Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-120). Also issued in paper format.

Thesis (M.A. in International Security and Civil-Military Relations)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002. / Thesis advisor(s): James Holmes Armstead, Thomas Bruneau. Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-134). Also available online.

Thesis (M.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.