本研究從幼兒園第二代經營者的角度出發，以研究者家族所經營，位在相對弱勢社區中的幼兒園為對象，從批判教育學的角度，探討透過教育消弭階級差異的方法，以及課程模式與階級文化間的關係。批判教育學探討在資本主義制度下，教育對中下階層學生的壓迫，進一步主張透過覺醒與轉化的教育模式，消弭階級差異彰顯人性的價值。呼應這樣的概念，近年來台灣的幼兒教育現場，在幼托整合的政策引領下，也開始施行以遊戲為主的統整課程模式，宣稱可透過根植於學生經驗的方式，使學習更有意義。然這樣的政策在教育現場施行並不順利，台灣幼兒教育現場，長期以私立幼兒園為主，多數幼兒園在激烈競爭下，不得不呼應家長需求崇尚讀、寫、算，為進入小學做準備的教學模式。因此統整課程的驟然推行，受到來自基層教師、家長與學生的抗拒。研究者透過自己長年在幼兒園中的觀察，與家長及教師的訪談，釐清這些抵抗背後的原因，並引述批判教育學者Freire覺察、解放，以及Giroux轉化型知識份子的概念，透過與教師取得觀念上的共識，幫助其了解自身在社會中的角色，進一步改變其教學方式。在得到幼兒園教師的初步共識後，進一步使轉化的意識擴及家長。期望透過由下而上的基進方式，達成課程改革並拉近階級差異的目的。 / From the perspective of the second generation manager of kindergarten, this study, with the kindergarten operated by the researcher family’s in a disadvantage community, explores methods to eliminate the class difference through education, and relationship between curriculum model and class cultures based on the viewpoint of critical pedagogy. Critical pedagogy investigates the oppression of the lower class students through education in the capitalist system. Furthermore, it advocates eliminating class differences and highlighting the value of humanity through awareness and transformation of education. Echoing this concept, in recent years, the field of early childhood education in Taiwan begins to implement play-based integrated curriculum model under the guidance of preschools integration policy, and claims that learning can become more significance from student’s perspective. However, such policy does not work well. Early childhood education in Taiwan is mainly private kindergartens. Under the intense competition, most kindergartens have to respond to the demands of parents to advocate reading, writing, counting, implementing teaching mode preparing for entry into primary school. Therefore, the sudden implementation of integrated curriculum gets resistance from teachers, parents and students. The researcher clarifies reasons of the resistance by observation in kindergarten for many years, interviews with parents and teachers, quoted from critical pedagogy such as concepts of conscious and liberation by Paulo Freire and transformative intellectuals by Henry Giroux, to realize the consensus with teachers to help them understand their position in society and further change their teaching methods. After build-up the preliminary consensus with teachers in kindergarten, the researcher make transformation expanded into parents. The study expects to reach the purpose of curriculum reform and eliminate class difference through the radical approach.

This thesis, based on 14 months of fieldwork, examines middle-class Lahore, a milieu that is not only anxious about the growing religious violence in the country but also feels disappointed by the state and its false promises of progress. The ethnography explores how such tensions shape ideas on personal and public piety which, in turn, influence conceptions of modernity and a ‘successful life’. I examine the growing presence of a form of religiosity that emphasises the personal study of the Quran and other Islamic texts. The rising popularity of Quran schools and study circles, talks by television-based Islamic scholars, and discussions in homes are indicative of a sensibility which encourages individuals to discover the ‘real’ and ‘rational’ Islam by understanding the Quran for themselves. Although this religiosity centres around the individual and the cultivation of personal ethics, it also has a significant public aspect. Many believe that acquired Islamic ethics will not only help attain success in this life and the hereafter but also solve societal problems such as corruption, nepotism and economic disorder. Although such ideas have developed alongside a belief that the state is incompetent, they nevertheless reproduce many state-produced discourses on religion, morality and modernity. At a broader level, my thesis is concerned with how middle-class Pakistan perceives itself and its position in the world. I argue that prevailing ideas on Islam have been shaped by increased communication with the South Asian diaspora abroad and have developed in response to two struggles. First, the emerging middle-class uses this religiosity to contest the moral and economic domination of the established old-money elite. Second, anxieties about the gaze of an abstracted outsider – usually the West on the Muslim world – shape middle-class representations of self.

The purpose of this study was to trace the reflections of critical issues, such as neo-liberalism, cultural differences based on social class, gender stereotyping, and nationalism in the elementary mathematics education in Turkey. Critical discourse analysis was conducted to examine these possible reflections. By researching mathematics education from a critical perspective, this study aimed to contribute constructing a starting point for socially responsible mathematics education. There were four main data sources in the study: elementary mathematics curriculum, 6th, 7th, and 8th grade elementary mathematics textbooks, workbooks and teacher&rsquo / s guide books, 7th grade mathematics classroom observations, and pre- and post-interviews with participant teacher. The discourse analysis of mathematics education contexts implied that elementary mathematics discourse: (i) oriented students to use their mathematical abilities and skills for the benefit of private corporations instead of public welfare / (ii) replaced the &lsquo / real life&rsquo / in mathematics problems with the life of middle and upper middle classes / (iii) included sexist expressions / and (iv) fostered nationalism via ignoring ethnic and non-Muslim groups living in Turkey. It appeared that teachers might not be aware of such discourse. Findings have addressed that policy makers and textbook writers should consider these critical issues in order to reach all students and teachers&rsquo / awareness should be increased. Future research should clarify these issues in a broad sense including pre-service teachers, teachers, students, and mathematics instruction in schools.

ARAÚJO, Jormana Maria Pereira. Tecendo memórias: resistência e luta das operárias da fábrica Santa Cecília (Fortaleza, 1998-1993). 2013. 239f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em História, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-11T12:13:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-JMPARAUJO.pdf: 3204652 bytes, checksum: 9fe049da16a59f1b822c2fee2fcfae7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-10-11T13:20:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-JMPARAUJO.pdf: 3204652 bytes, checksum: 9fe049da16a59f1b822c2fee2fcfae7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-11T13:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013-DIS-JMPARAUJO.pdf: 3204652 bytes, checksum: 9fe049da16a59f1b822c2fee2fcfae7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This study examines the experience of women textile workers in the Santa Cecilia factory in the city of Fortaleza (Ceara, Brazil) between 1988-1993 and how issues of migration, domestic work and urban life shaped thier experience as workers. Drawing on thier memories I explore the muliple demensions of the female world of work based on notions of trust and solidarity within a broader structure of social segregation experienced within the working class communities and the city, where they lived and worked. Their experience, shaped by high levels of employment in the textile industry spurred by the transfer of large sectors of the textile industry to Ceara. Specifically factory life at Santa Cecilia was shaped by harsh working conditions, the deadening routine and ever demanding productive process which in turn caused large scale illness and mutilation among women workers. Focusing on the harsh working condition this study explores the processes of resistence and the struggles for basic rights within the larger context of expanding trade union activity and the incorporation of specific female demands and political activity in daily life. Methodolgically, this study is based on the social history of labor and intertwines a variety of sources, such as interviews, photographs, labor union, and legal documents, proccedings from UNITEXTIL, data bases, census data from IBGE and academic studies. / O ponto de partida desta investigação é a experiência das operárias têxteis da fábrica Santa Cecília na cidade de Fortaleza, entre os anos de 1988 e 1993, observando os nexos da migração, do emprego doméstico e da vida na cidade. Através de suas memórias, analiso de modo articulado, as dimensões do mundo do trabalho feminino examinando a cultura operária baseada em laços de confiança e de solidariedade em meio à segregação social vivida na cidade, no bairro e nas vilas operárias onde moravam e trabalhavam. Num contexto de elevado recrutamento de mão-de-obra feminina na indústria, e de transferência industrial têxtil para o Ceará, destaca-se na fábrica Santa Cecília as péssimas condições de trabalho, a rotina, os ritmos e as normas, o adoecimento e a mutilação dos corpos operários. Face ao duro cotidiano dessa experiência fabril, este estudo também examina os processos de resistência e luta por direitos face à conjuntura de construção de um novo vocabulário de educação sindical quando da incorporação das demandas femininas e politização do cotidiano. Metodologicamente fundamentado na História Social do Trabalho, este estudo congrega variada tipologia de fontes: entrevistas, fotografias, documentos sindicais, leis, processos, jornais, atas de assembleia do Grupo UNITÊXTIL, anuários, cadastros e recenseamento industrial, dados do IBGE, estudos monográficos, dentre outros.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O ponto de partida desta investigaÃÃo à a experiÃncia das operÃrias tÃxteis da fÃbrica Santa CecÃlia na cidade de Fortaleza, entre os anos de 1988 e 1993, observando os nexos da migraÃÃo, do emprego domÃstico e da vida na cidade. AtravÃs de suas memÃrias, analiso de modo articulado, as dimensÃes do mundo do trabalho feminino examinando a cultura operÃria baseada em laÃos de confianÃa e de solidariedade em meio à segregaÃÃo social vivida na cidade, no bairro e nas vilas operÃrias onde moravam e trabalhavam. Num contexto de elevado recrutamento de mÃo-de-obra feminina na indÃstria, e de transferÃncia industrial tÃxtil para o CearÃ, destaca-se na fÃbrica Santa CecÃlia as pÃssimas condiÃÃes de trabalho, a rotina, os ritmos e as normas, o adoecimento e a mutilaÃÃo dos corpos operÃrios. Face ao duro cotidiano dessa experiÃncia fabril, este estudo tambÃm examina os processos de resistÃncia e luta por direitos face à conjuntura de construÃÃo de um novo vocabulÃrio de educaÃÃo sindical quando da incorporaÃÃo das demandas femininas e politizaÃÃo do cotidiano. Metodologicamente fundamentado na HistÃria Social do Trabalho, este estudo congrega variada tipologia de fontes: entrevistas, fotografias, documentos sindicais, leis, processos, jornais, atas de assembleia do Grupo UNITÃXTIL, anuÃrios, cadastros e recenseamento industrial, dados do IBGE, estudos monogrÃficos, dentre outros. / This study examines the experience of women textile workers in the Santa Cecilia factory in the city of Fortaleza (Ceara, Brazil) between 1988-1993 and how issues of migration, domestic work and urban life shaped thier experience as workers. Drawing on thier memories I explore the muliple demensions of the female world of work based on notions of trust and solidarity within a broader structure of social segregation experienced within the working class communities and the city, where they lived and worked. Their experience, shaped by high levels of employment in the textile industry spurred by the transfer of large sectors of the textile industry to Ceara. Specifically factory life at Santa Cecilia was shaped by harsh working conditions, the deadening routine and ever demanding productive process which in turn caused large scale illness and mutilation among women workers. Focusing on the harsh working condition this study explores the processes of resistence and the struggles for basic rights within the larger context of expanding trade union activity and the incorporation of specific female demands and political activity in daily life. Methodolgically, this study is based on the social history of labor and intertwines a variety of sources, such as interviews, photographs, labor union, and legal documents, proccedings from UNITEXTIL, data bases, census data from IBGE and academic studies.

社會大眾普遍認為台灣乃是一個開放的社會，階級之間存在著流動的可能。然而，由文獻資料以及近期報導皆可發現，台灣的工人確實存在著階級流動障礙，這使得工人階級複製的現象產生。 階級複製不僅確保了資本主義的生產，更延續優勢階級的利益。在此過程中，意識形態扮演了重要角色。對此，文化馬克思主義主張以「文化」作為分析的類別，以瞭解特定階級的常識與生活方式，並進而解構意識形態對特定階級的作用。本研究藉由文獻資料與個案訪談方法，探討工人家庭與學校教育所傳遞的意識形態在階級複製過程中的作用。 雖然，現今本研究無法發掘這些受訪的工人階級，具有後馬克思主義所提的真正解放特質的反抗。然而，即使如此，以葛蘭西的觀點來看，我們可以相信工人階級潛藏的工人意識，將可藉由知識份子的表達與行動而被激發成形。觀察近來台灣的社會運動，我們知道已有知識份子起而行動，進行改革了，而這正是台灣社會開始改變的基礎。 / It is generally believed that Taiwan is an open society in which it is possible to move among classes. However, according to both recent news reports and research literature, there are in fact substantial barriers against class mobility, which, in turn, lead to the emergence of the phenomenon of working class reproduction. Class reproduction not only ensures the proper functioning of the capitalist production process, but also the preservation of the interest of the privileged classes. In this process, ideology plays an important role. Regarding this, cultural Marxism proposes using “culture” as a category for analysis in order to understand the common sense and life style of specific classes and to further deconstruct the effect of ideology on those classes. In this study, we use both reference materials from the literature as well as case studies to investigate the effect of ideology transmitted through working class families and school education on the process of class reproduction. Even though our research cannot ascertain if the working class people interviewed indeed possess the “authentic emancipatory promise” as proposed by the post-Marxists, we still could believe, in accordance to Gramsci’s point of view, the hidden class consciousness of the workers will be realized through stimulation by the expressions and actions of the intellectuals. Through observations of recent social movements in Taiwan, we realize members of the intelligentsia have already started to act to introduce reforms. This will sow the seed for the beginning of a wave of change in the Taiwanese society.