Construction on problematic soils is challenging owing to the potential of volume changes due to variation of moisture content. Lime stabilisation can be used to treat problematic soils. The main drawbacks of lime addition to the clayey soils are the need for lengthy curing periods and relatively large quantities of lime for significant improvement and also loss in ductility. Using eco-friendly agricultural and industrial wastes, that can partially be substituted by the material responsible for greenhouse gases such as lime, can overcome these drawbacks and decrease global warming. In the current study, variables controlling the unconfined compressive strength of lime treated clay with a focus on assessing the effects of moisture content were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of adding agricultural waste (Dried Athel Leaves (DAL)) and industrial waste (Silica Fume (SF)) on hydromechanical properties of lime treated clay were assessed. The performance of the treated mixtures was examined based on results attained from unconfined compressive strength, swelling pressure and permeability. Specimens were treated with deferent percentages of lime and cured at different periods and temperatures to observe the strength behaviour. In oedometer tests, the specimens were prepared and tested immediately after compaction. The failure patterns were also studied to better understand the ultimate behaviour of lime stabilised clays. The appearance and presence of cementitious products were identified by using the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer techniques to elucidate their strength development. The findings indicated that the effect of moisture content is controlled by the clay content and unit weight. The addition of 7% lime to clay caused a remarkable increase in the unconfined compressive strength by 363%. The incorporation of 2% DAL and 5% SF within lime treated clay further increased the strength by 6% and 33% respectively after curing of 28 days at 20 °c in comparison with those attained by lime treatment only. The improvement of the strength of the lime­ treated clay augmented with both wastes continued in long term. Temperature and lime content have positive effects on the improvement of strength, however, increasing lime content to 11% negatively affected the strength of lime treated specimens with 2% DAL. The formation of cementitious products was observed in SEM images and detected quantitatively through EDS analysis. The results of the recorded oedometric tests for lime-DAL and lime-SF mixtures revealed that incorporation of the 2% DAL and 5% SF reduced the clay swelling pressures by 25% and 10% compared to that attained by lime treatment only resulting in total reductions of 93.6% and 68% from that recorded on untreated clay. In addition, the impermeable clay transformed into permeable material by adding DAL and SF. Of the two types of wastes considered in this research, DAL demonstrated more superior improving capability. A further study was conducted to develop ANN model based on collated laboratory data for the prediction of the UCS values of lime treated soils. The promising outcomes of this research suggest that the drawbacks of lime stabilisation can be overcome by the addition of agricultural and industrial wastes. Consequently, the findings attained could be considered in future practice standards with regards to the requirement of lime stabilisation. / Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Libya

La Presente investigación tiene la finalidad de analizar cómo influye la adición de ceniza de totora en las muestras de subrasante arcillosa. Para el desarrollo de la investigación, se realizó el procedimiento correspondiente que nos indica el manual de ensayos brindado por el MTC, el cual comienza con la realización de calicatas, caracterización de las muestras y ensayos de laboratorio, para obtener datos como el porcentaje de humedad, índice de plasticidad, óptimo contenido de humedad, máxima densidad seca y el índice de CBR, para lo cual se adiciono ceniza de totora en porcentajes de 2,4,6,8 y 10 %. En esta investigación experimental se determinó que el porcentaje óptimo de adición de ceniza de totora es del 8%, en la cual se presenta el mejor aumento del CBR hasta 3 veces su valor inicial de la muestra patrón en los tres puntos de muestreo realizados. Además, se determinó que a mayor aumento de porcentaje de ceniza el Límite líquido, el óptimo contenido de humedad e índice de plasticidad disminuyen, a diferencia de la máxima densidad seca que aumenta a mayor porcentaje de ceniza de Totora, convirtiendo así a una subrasante pobre de categoría S1 a una de categoría S3, siendo esta una subrasante buena. / The present investigation has the purpose of analyzing how the addition of reed ash influences the samples of clayey subgrade. In order to develop the investigation, the corresponding procedure indicated in the test manual provided by the MTC was carried out, which begins with the realization of test pits, characterization of the samples and laboratory tests, to obtain data such as the percentage of humidity, plasticity index, optimal moisture content, maximum dry density and the CBR index, for which reed ash was added in percentages of 2,4,6,8 and 10%. In this experimental investigation, it was determined that the optimum percentage of reed ash addition is 8%, in which the best increase in CBR is presented up to 3 times its initial value of the standard sample in the three sampling points carried out. In addition, it was determined that the higher the ash percentage increase, the liquid limit, the optimum moisture content and plasticity index decrease, unlike the maximum dry density that increases with a higher percentage of Totora ash, thus making it a poor subgrade. from category S1 to one of category S3, this being a good subgrade.

Na agricultura irrigada, a qualidade da água utilizada é de fundamental importância para o perfeito funcionamento dos sistemas de irrigação e de seus componentes. A utilização de água contendo sedimentos em suspensão tem sido a causa de sérios problemas em sistemas de irrigação, reduzindo a vida útil de seus componentes, promovendo o entupimento de tubulações e emissores, ocasionando como conseqüência, irrigações não uniformes e queda na eficiência dos mesmos. A escolha do tipo e capacidade do sistema de filtragem é de fundamental importância, evitando-se assim, aumento nos custos de operação e manutenção do sistema de irrigação, devido a necessidade de limpeza e trocas freqüentes de seus componentes. Pré-filtros, como os hidrociclones, desempenham importante papel, pois se caracterizam por significativo poder de separação de partículas, maiores do que 100 mm, presentes na água; mantendo constante a perda de carga ao longo do tempo, o que não ocorre com os outros tipos de filtros normalmente utilizados nos sistemas de irrigação. Apesar de algumas referências feitas aos hidrociclones em literatura internacional, não se dispõe, no Brasil, de dados do desempenho dos hidrociclones, quando empregados em pré-filtragem da água utilizada nos sistemas de irrigação. Assim, um experimento conduzido no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP, compreendeu a construção de quatro hidrociclones do tipo Rietema, com diâmetro de 50 mm, um com bocal de alimentação circular e os demais com bocais de seção retangular, cujas seções foram decrescentes. A avaliação do desempenho dos mesmos foi realizada utilizando-se suspensões de areia fina e solo argiloso, sob diferentes diferenciais de pressão, adotando-se como critério de comparação, a capacidade de vazão e o poder de separação, medido pela eficiência total e eficiência total reduzida. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o hidrociclone dotado com bocal de alimentação circular apresentou os maiores índices nos critérios de comparação, tanto para a suspensão de areia, quanto para a de solo. / Good water quality is uppermost in irrigated agriculture for the perfect functioning of irrigation systems and their components. The use of water containing suspended sediments has caused serious problems to irrigation systems, reducing the useful life of their components, clogging pipes and emitters, consequently causing non-uniform irrigations and low efficiency. Choosing the right filtering system type and capacity is essential to avoid increases in operational and maintenance costs of irrigation systems due to the need for cleaning and frequent replacing of their components. Pre-filters, such as hydrocyclones, are important for their significant capability to retain particles larger than 100 mm present in water, keeping the head loss constant with the time, unlike other filters normally used in irrigation systems. Despite being present in the international literature, data on the performance of hydrocyclones used for pre-filtering irrigation water in Brazil are not available. Therefore, four Rietema type hydrocyclones (50 mm diameter) were construction in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Rural Engineering Department - ESALQ/USP- one presenting circular-end feeding tube and the other three presenting rectangular-end feeding tubes with decreasing sections. The evaluation of the hydrocyclones performance was conducted by using suspensions of fine sand and clay soil under various pressure differentials. The comparison criteria used were the discharge and the separation capability, given by total efficiency and reduced total efficiency. Results showed that the hydrocyclone with circular-end feeding tube presented the highest indexes for the comparison criteria adopted, considering sand and soil suspensions.

Cada vez mais freqüente, a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cimento tornase atrativa quando o melhoramento das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se em uma alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cimento encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra, como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais, como remediação de solos contaminados e como barreiras de contenção de contaminantes. Desta forma, esta tese tem por objetivo analisar a influência da quantidade de cimento, da porosidade e da umidade de moldagem sobre o comportamento físico e químico de um solo argiloso artificialmente cimentado e contaminado. O programa experimental consiste em caracterizar os materiais utilizados, analisar fisicamente as misturas solo-cimento e solo-cimento-contaminante, através de ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, medidas de sucção e condutividade hidráulica. Quimicamente serão realizados ensaios de lixiviação em coluna e análises químicas e físico-químicas do lixiviado. Os resultados, quanto à caracterização, apresentam um material argiloso, oriundo de rochas riodacitos (riolito/dacito); quanto à resistência à compressão simples houve um aumento de resistência com o aumento da quantidade de cimento e com o aumento do peso especifico de compactação; quanto ao solo contaminado e cimentado ocorreu o mesmo comportamento, porém, com queda de resistência. A condutividade hidráulica obteve um decréscimo quando aumentado o peso especifico de moldagem, tanto para solo-cimento como para solo-cimento-contaminante. Para as análises químicas, a partir do ensaio de lixiviação, contatou-se redução de parâmetros de contaminação com a adição de cimento, principalmente com o aumento significativo do pH, devido ao aumento da quantidade de cimento. Concluiu-se que a quantidade de cimento e a diminuição da porosidade ocorrida pela maior densificação influenciam em ganho de resistência, à uma baixa permeabilidade e à uma baixa concentração de contaminante no lixiviado. / More and more the use of traditional techniques of the geotechnical engineering comes across obstacles of economic and environmental character. The technique of the soil-cement becomes attractive when the improvement of the properties of the local soil constituted in a project alternative. The technique of treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of bases for pavements, in the protection of talus in land dams, as support layer for superficial foundations, as remediation of polluted soils and as barriers of contention of pollutants. This way, this theory has as objective to analyze the influence of the amount of cement, of the porosity and of the molding humidity over the physical and chemical behavior of a loamy soil artificially cemented and polluted. The experimental program consists of characterizing the used materials, to analyze the mixtures soil-cement and soil-cement-pollutant physically, through resistance samples to the simple compression, suction measures and hydraulic conductivity. The lixiviation samples will be chemically accomplished in column and chemical and physiochemical analyses of the lixiviated. The results, according to the characterization, present a loamy material, originating from rocks rhyodacite (rhyolite/dacite); according to the resistance to the simple compression there was a resistance increase with the rise of the amount of cement and with the increase of the weight specific of compaction; as for the polluted soil and cemented happened the same behavior, however, with resistance fall. The hydraulic conductivity suffered a decrease when increased the specific weight of molding, for soil-cement and for soil-cement-pollutant. (Continue For the chemical analyses, starting from the lixiviation samples, it was reached a reduction of parameters of contamination with the cement addition, mainly with the significant increase of the pH, due to the increase of the amount of cement. It was concluded that the amount of cement and the decrease of the porosity happened by the largest densification influence in resistance adding, as well as they provide a low permeability and a low pollutant concentration in the lixiviated. / Cada vez más la utilización de técnicas tradicionales de la ingeniería geotécnica se depara con obstáculos de carácter económico y ambiental. La técnica del suelo-cemento se vuelve atractiva cuando el mejoramiento de las propiedades del suelo local se constituye en una alternativa de proyecto. La técnica de tratamiento de suelos con cemento encuentra aplicación, por ejemplo, en la construcción de bases para pavimentos, en la protección de taludes, en presas de tierra, como camada de soporte para fundaciones superficiales, como remediación de suelos contaminados y como barreras de contención de contaminantes. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo analizar la influencia de la cantidad de cemento, de la porosidad y de la humedad del molde, sobre el comportamiento físico y químico de un suelo arcilloso artificialmente cementado y contaminado. El programa experimental consiste en caracterizar los materiales utilizados, analizar físicamente las mezclas suelo-cemento y suelo-cementocontaminante a través de ensayos de resistencia a compresión simple, medidas de succión y conductividad hidráulica. Químicamente serán realizados ensayos de lixiviación en columna y análisis químicos y físico-químicos del lixiviado. Los resultados, con respecto a la caracterización, presentan un material arcilloso, oriundo de rocas riodacitos (riolito/dacito). En cuanto a la resistencia el aumento de la misma es directamente proporcional al aumento de la cantidad de cemento y del peso especifico de compactación, referente al suelo contaminado y cementado ocurrió el mismo comportamiento, pero con disminución de resistencia. La conductividad hidráulica obtuvo una reducción cuando se produjo el aumento del peso específico, tanto para suelo-cemento como para suelo-cemento-contaminante. Para los análisis químicos, a partir del ensayo de lixiviación, se constato reducción de parámetros de contaminación con la adición de cemento, principalmente con el aumento significativo del pH. Se concluyó que la cantidad de cemento y la disminución de la porosidad ocurrida por l mayor compampactacion influencio en el aumento de resistencia, asi como porporciono baja permeabilidad y baja concentración de contaminante en el lixiviado.

Abstract The chemical characteristics of spent wash, an effluent from the distillation of ethanol from molasses, can vary, depending on the initial feed stock and the operations of the factory. Spent wash from Australia contained large quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), K, N and Cl with moderate to low concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and S, and small amounts of trace elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn). Spent wash from Thailand was obtained from whisky distillation and generally had similar chemical attributes to the spent wash from ethanol production, although the Zn concentration was much higher (399-974 mg Zn L-1). Large differences in EC and pH were found between Australian (pH: 4.08-4.49; EC: 40.4-42.2 dS m-1) and Thai spent wash (pH: 7.86-9.20; EC: 11.3-82.4 dS m-1). However, the high concentration of K in spent wash from both manufacturing processes indicates the unique chemical characteristic of wastewater produced from molasses-based distillation. While chemical characterisations of spent wash have shown its potential value as a fertilizer, its utility needs to be more practical than by direct application. This is due to its dilute nature, associated with the presence of organic carbon (OC) and nutrients in soluble form, thus making direct application susceptible to leaching losses of nutrients, especially in soils of low cation exchange capacity (CEC). It was hypothesized that capturing OC and nutrients on a high activity exchanger would overcome this problem. Since the charge on organic components in spent wash is important to the capturing process, pH manipulation is one of the major factors affecting the efficiency of this capture. The study of the influence of pH on development of charge on organic components in spent wash was undertaken using potentiometric titration. The potentiometric titration, and derived pH buffer curve, showed that the organic components in spent wash comprised a wide range of ionizable organic functional groups behaving like a mix of weak acids. While the inflection point (s) could not be obtained from the potentriometric titration, the absorbance of spent wash in the UV waveband (250 to 400 nm) confirmed the presence of phenolic groups in spent wash. The charge on organic components in spent wash was strongly pH dependent, and highest in the pH range of 4.0-5.0. The manipulation of pH and salt concentration (EC) was shown to have an effect on flocculation/dispersion and it is inferred that this was due to changes in the molecular arrangement of organic components in spent wash. A coiled configuration is suggested at acidic pH, whereas a linear flexible configuration and macromolecular structure tending to occur at neutral and alkaline pH respectively. Ca-saturated bentonite, originally sourced from Mantuan Downs, Central Queensland, was used in an investigation of the capture of OC and nutrients from Sarina spent wash at different pH values (4.5, 6.0, 8.0). This study demonstrated that manipulation of pH and electrolyte concentration had a small effect on adsorption of OC by the clay, probably the result of effects on the charge characteristics of both clay mineral surfaces and organic molecules and also on molecular sizes of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). The highest absorption of OC was only 28% for dewatered spent wash, suggesting Ca-saturated bentonite may not be a strong sorbent for DOM from a wastewater of high EC and which contains high concentration of DOC of the composition found in spent wash. The study of the adsorption of K by bentonite in a pure inorganic system (without DOM) indicated sufficiently high concentrations of K can compete with divalent Ca2+ for exchange sites on the clay surface. The adsorption of K in an organic system (the DOM component in spent wash) showed that DOM had a positive influence on adsorption of inorganic ions (e.g. K+). Characterisation of the spent wash/ clay mixture demonstrated its potential to be used as a soil ameliorant on the basis of the large quantity of OC and nutrients it contained (especially N and K). Wet and dry organic clays were produced and assessed as ameliorants in a glasshouse trial using forage oat (Avena sativa var. Coolobah) as test species. This pot study indicated a positive influence of application of either wet or dry organic clay on crop biomass at the high application rate (equivalent to 40 tonnes ha-1). The high proportional K recovery from this high application rate application suggests that organic clays can be used as K fertilizer. The crop nutrient uptake data also indicated its use as a source of S and Mn.

Le réchauffement climatique et le coût élevé des matériaux de construction conventionnels (ciment, chaux, acier) nous obligent à recourir aux matériaux locaux, disponibles et sans effet négatif sur l’atmosphère. Il s’agit de blocs de terre comprimée (BTC) stabilisés par de la gomme arabique et renforcés avec de la paille de riz. L’objectif principal de ce travail est la valorisation des matériaux locaux et écologiques pour la construction des habitations durables. L’étude concerne la caractérisation mécanique, thermique et la durabilité des éprouvettes fabriquées avec de l’argile, du sable, de la gomme arabique, de la paille de riz et de l’eau en des différentes proportions. A cet effet, les pourcentages massiques de gomme arabique sont de 5%, 10% et 15%. Ceux de la paille de riz sont de 0,5%, 1%, 1,5% et 30% de sable sont retenus pour ce travail de recherche. Des briques en BTC de 30 x 15 x 8 cm et des éprouvettes de dimension 4 x 4 x 16 cm sont fabriquées pour réaliser les essais mécaniques. Une méthode « fil chaud » adaptée sur les éprouvettes cylindriques de 16 cm de diamètre sur 32 cm de hauteur est utilisée pour la détermination des conductivités thermiques. L’utilisation de la gomme arabique comme liant dans la construction a donné des résultats satisfaisants. A un taux de 15% de gomme arabique associée à une contrainte de compactage beaucoup plus élevée, nous permettent d’obtenir des BTC ayant une résistance mécanique acceptable ainsi qu'une meilleure résistance à l’eau de pluie. Les résultats mécaniques montrent que la gomme arabique améliore la résistance mécanique de même que la contrainte de compactage. Par contre l’utilisation de paille de riz dans le mélange fait chuter sa résistance mécanique et allège le matériau. Les valeurs de conductivité thermique mesurées, montrent que les différents échantillons ne peuvent pas être considérées comme étant des matériaux isolants. Les éprouvettes exposées aux aléas climatiques (pluie et humidité) pendant un mois montrent que les blocs de terre non stabilisés se sont détériorés sous la pluie. Par contre les éprouvettes stabilisées par la gomme arabique ont conservé leurs bonnes tenues. De même, des éprouvettes stabilisées et non stabilisées sont immergées dans l’eau. A partir de 15 min, toutes les éprouvettes sont détériorées. Les matériaux argileux stabilisés par la gomme arabique ne pourront pas servir en fondation dans la construction. Ce travail de recherche sera complété par des essais de vieillissement du matériau sur des différents échantillons pour sa validation comme nouveau matériau de construction durable / Global warming and the high cost of conventional building materials (cement, lime, steel) force us to use local, available materials with no negative effect on the atmosphere. These are compressed earth blocks (BTC) stabilized with arabic gum and reinforced with rice straw. The main objective of this work is the valorization of local and ecological materials for the construction of sustainable homes. The study concerns the mechanical, thermal and durability characterization of specimens made of clay, sand, arabic gum, rice straw and water in different proportions. For this purpose, the percentages of gum Arabic are 5%, 10% and 15%. Those of rice straw are 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 30% of sand are retained for this research work. BTC bricks measuring 30 x 15 x 8 cm and specimens measuring 4 x 4 x 16 cm are manufactured to perform the mechanical tests. A "hot wire" method adapted to cylindrical specimens 16 cm in diameter and 32 cm in height is used for the determination of thermal conductivities. The use of arabic gum as a binder in the construction has given satisfactory results. At a rate of 15% gum Arabic associated with a much higher compressive stress, allow us to obtain BTCs having an acceptable mechanical strength as well as a better resistance to rainwater. Mechanical results show that gum Arabic improves mechanical strength. As is the compaction constraint. By cons the use of rice straw in the mixture reduces its mechanical strength and lightens the material. The measured thermal conductivity values show that the different formulations cannot be considered as insulating materials. The specimens exposed to the climatic hazards (rain and moisture) for a month show that the unstabilized earth blocks have deteriorated in the rain. On the other hand, samples stabilized by gum Arabic have retained their good habits. Similarly, stabilized and unstabilized specimens are immersed in water. From 15 min, all test pieces are deteriorated. The clay materials stabilized by gum Arabic can not be used as a foundation in construction. This research work will be completed by aging tests on the various formulations for validation as a new sustainable building material

Cada vez mais freqüente, a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cimento tornase atrativa quando o melhoramento das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se em uma alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cimento encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra, como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais, como remediação de solos contaminados e como barreiras de contenção de contaminantes. Desta forma, esta tese tem por objetivo analisar a influência da quantidade de cimento, da porosidade e da umidade de moldagem sobre o comportamento físico e químico de um solo argiloso artificialmente cimentado e contaminado. O programa experimental consiste em caracterizar os materiais utilizados, analisar fisicamente as misturas solo-cimento e solo-cimento-contaminante, através de ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, medidas de sucção e condutividade hidráulica. Quimicamente serão realizados ensaios de lixiviação em coluna e análises químicas e físico-químicas do lixiviado. Os resultados, quanto à caracterização, apresentam um material argiloso, oriundo de rochas riodacitos (riolito/dacito); quanto à resistência à compressão simples houve um aumento de resistência com o aumento da quantidade de cimento e com o aumento do peso especifico de compactação; quanto ao solo contaminado e cimentado ocorreu o mesmo comportamento, porém, com queda de resistência. A condutividade hidráulica obteve um decréscimo quando aumentado o peso especifico de moldagem, tanto para solo-cimento como para solo-cimento-contaminante. Para as análises químicas, a partir do ensaio de lixiviação, contatou-se redução de parâmetros de contaminação com a adição de cimento, principalmente com o aumento significativo do pH, devido ao aumento da quantidade de cimento. Concluiu-se que a quantidade de cimento e a diminuição da porosidade ocorrida pela maior densificação influenciam em ganho de resistência, à uma baixa permeabilidade e à uma baixa concentração de contaminante no lixiviado. / More and more the use of traditional techniques of the geotechnical engineering comes across obstacles of economic and environmental character. The technique of the soil-cement becomes attractive when the improvement of the properties of the local soil constituted in a project alternative. The technique of treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of bases for pavements, in the protection of talus in land dams, as support layer for superficial foundations, as remediation of polluted soils and as barriers of contention of pollutants. This way, this theory has as objective to analyze the influence of the amount of cement, of the porosity and of the molding humidity over the physical and chemical behavior of a loamy soil artificially cemented and polluted. The experimental program consists of characterizing the used materials, to analyze the mixtures soil-cement and soil-cement-pollutant physically, through resistance samples to the simple compression, suction measures and hydraulic conductivity. The lixiviation samples will be chemically accomplished in column and chemical and physiochemical analyses of the lixiviated. The results, according to the characterization, present a loamy material, originating from rocks rhyodacite (rhyolite/dacite); according to the resistance to the simple compression there was a resistance increase with the rise of the amount of cement and with the increase of the weight specific of compaction; as for the polluted soil and cemented happened the same behavior, however, with resistance fall. The hydraulic conductivity suffered a decrease when increased the specific weight of molding, for soil-cement and for soil-cement-pollutant. (Continue For the chemical analyses, starting from the lixiviation samples, it was reached a reduction of parameters of contamination with the cement addition, mainly with the significant increase of the pH, due to the increase of the amount of cement. It was concluded that the amount of cement and the decrease of the porosity happened by the largest densification influence in resistance adding, as well as they provide a low permeability and a low pollutant concentration in the lixiviated. / Cada vez más la utilización de técnicas tradicionales de la ingeniería geotécnica se depara con obstáculos de carácter económico y ambiental. La técnica del suelo-cemento se vuelve atractiva cuando el mejoramiento de las propiedades del suelo local se constituye en una alternativa de proyecto. La técnica de tratamiento de suelos con cemento encuentra aplicación, por ejemplo, en la construcción de bases para pavimentos, en la protección de taludes, en presas de tierra, como camada de soporte para fundaciones superficiales, como remediación de suelos contaminados y como barreras de contención de contaminantes. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo analizar la influencia de la cantidad de cemento, de la porosidad y de la humedad del molde, sobre el comportamiento físico y químico de un suelo arcilloso artificialmente cementado y contaminado. El programa experimental consiste en caracterizar los materiales utilizados, analizar físicamente las mezclas suelo-cemento y suelo-cementocontaminante a través de ensayos de resistencia a compresión simple, medidas de succión y conductividad hidráulica. Químicamente serán realizados ensayos de lixiviación en columna y análisis químicos y físico-químicos del lixiviado. Los resultados, con respecto a la caracterización, presentan un material arcilloso, oriundo de rocas riodacitos (riolito/dacito). En cuanto a la resistencia el aumento de la misma es directamente proporcional al aumento de la cantidad de cemento y del peso especifico de compactación, referente al suelo contaminado y cementado ocurrió el mismo comportamiento, pero con disminución de resistencia. La conductividad hidráulica obtuvo una reducción cuando se produjo el aumento del peso específico, tanto para suelo-cemento como para suelo-cemento-contaminante. Para los análisis químicos, a partir del ensayo de lixiviación, se constato reducción de parámetros de contaminación con la adición de cemento, principalmente con el aumento significativo del pH. Se concluyó que la cantidad de cemento y la disminución de la porosidad ocurrida por l mayor compampactacion influencio en el aumento de resistencia, asi como porporciono baja permeabilidad y baja concentración de contaminante en el lixiviado.

Cada vez mais freqüente, a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cimento tornase atrativa quando o melhoramento das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se em uma alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cimento encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra, como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais, como remediação de solos contaminados e como barreiras de contenção de contaminantes. Desta forma, esta tese tem por objetivo analisar a influência da quantidade de cimento, da porosidade e da umidade de moldagem sobre o comportamento físico e químico de um solo argiloso artificialmente cimentado e contaminado. O programa experimental consiste em caracterizar os materiais utilizados, analisar fisicamente as misturas solo-cimento e solo-cimento-contaminante, através de ensaios de resistência à compressão simples, medidas de sucção e condutividade hidráulica. Quimicamente serão realizados ensaios de lixiviação em coluna e análises químicas e físico-químicas do lixiviado. Os resultados, quanto à caracterização, apresentam um material argiloso, oriundo de rochas riodacitos (riolito/dacito); quanto à resistência à compressão simples houve um aumento de resistência com o aumento da quantidade de cimento e com o aumento do peso especifico de compactação; quanto ao solo contaminado e cimentado ocorreu o mesmo comportamento, porém, com queda de resistência. A condutividade hidráulica obteve um decréscimo quando aumentado o peso especifico de moldagem, tanto para solo-cimento como para solo-cimento-contaminante. Para as análises químicas, a partir do ensaio de lixiviação, contatou-se redução de parâmetros de contaminação com a adição de cimento, principalmente com o aumento significativo do pH, devido ao aumento da quantidade de cimento. Concluiu-se que a quantidade de cimento e a diminuição da porosidade ocorrida pela maior densificação influenciam em ganho de resistência, à uma baixa permeabilidade e à uma baixa concentração de contaminante no lixiviado. / More and more the use of traditional techniques of the geotechnical engineering comes across obstacles of economic and environmental character. The technique of the soil-cement becomes attractive when the improvement of the properties of the local soil constituted in a project alternative. The technique of treatment of soils with cement finds application, for instance, in the construction of bases for pavements, in the protection of talus in land dams, as support layer for superficial foundations, as remediation of polluted soils and as barriers of contention of pollutants. This way, this theory has as objective to analyze the influence of the amount of cement, of the porosity and of the molding humidity over the physical and chemical behavior of a loamy soil artificially cemented and polluted. The experimental program consists of characterizing the used materials, to analyze the mixtures soil-cement and soil-cement-pollutant physically, through resistance samples to the simple compression, suction measures and hydraulic conductivity. The lixiviation samples will be chemically accomplished in column and chemical and physiochemical analyses of the lixiviated. The results, according to the characterization, present a loamy material, originating from rocks rhyodacite (rhyolite/dacite); according to the resistance to the simple compression there was a resistance increase with the rise of the amount of cement and with the increase of the weight specific of compaction; as for the polluted soil and cemented happened the same behavior, however, with resistance fall. The hydraulic conductivity suffered a decrease when increased the specific weight of molding, for soil-cement and for soil-cement-pollutant. (Continue For the chemical analyses, starting from the lixiviation samples, it was reached a reduction of parameters of contamination with the cement addition, mainly with the significant increase of the pH, due to the increase of the amount of cement. It was concluded that the amount of cement and the decrease of the porosity happened by the largest densification influence in resistance adding, as well as they provide a low permeability and a low pollutant concentration in the lixiviated. / Cada vez más la utilización de técnicas tradicionales de la ingeniería geotécnica se depara con obstáculos de carácter económico y ambiental. La técnica del suelo-cemento se vuelve atractiva cuando el mejoramiento de las propiedades del suelo local se constituye en una alternativa de proyecto. La técnica de tratamiento de suelos con cemento encuentra aplicación, por ejemplo, en la construcción de bases para pavimentos, en la protección de taludes, en presas de tierra, como camada de soporte para fundaciones superficiales, como remediación de suelos contaminados y como barreras de contención de contaminantes. Esta tesis tiene por objetivo analizar la influencia de la cantidad de cemento, de la porosidad y de la humedad del molde, sobre el comportamiento físico y químico de un suelo arcilloso artificialmente cementado y contaminado. El programa experimental consiste en caracterizar los materiales utilizados, analizar físicamente las mezclas suelo-cemento y suelo-cementocontaminante a través de ensayos de resistencia a compresión simple, medidas de succión y conductividad hidráulica. Químicamente serán realizados ensayos de lixiviación en columna y análisis químicos y físico-químicos del lixiviado. Los resultados, con respecto a la caracterización, presentan un material arcilloso, oriundo de rocas riodacitos (riolito/dacito). En cuanto a la resistencia el aumento de la misma es directamente proporcional al aumento de la cantidad de cemento y del peso especifico de compactación, referente al suelo contaminado y cementado ocurrió el mismo comportamiento, pero con disminución de resistencia. La conductividad hidráulica obtuvo una reducción cuando se produjo el aumento del peso específico, tanto para suelo-cemento como para suelo-cemento-contaminante. Para los análisis químicos, a partir del ensayo de lixiviación, se constato reducción de parámetros de contaminación con la adición de cemento, principalmente con el aumento significativo del pH. Se concluyó que la cantidad de cemento y la disminución de la porosidad ocurrida por l mayor compampactacion influencio en el aumento de resistencia, asi como porporciono baja permeabilidad y baja concentración de contaminante en el lixiviado.

Na agricultura irrigada, a qualidade da água utilizada é de fundamental importância para o perfeito funcionamento dos sistemas de irrigação e de seus componentes. A utilização de água contendo sedimentos em suspensão tem sido a causa de sérios problemas em sistemas de irrigação, reduzindo a vida útil de seus componentes, promovendo o entupimento de tubulações e emissores, ocasionando como conseqüência, irrigações não uniformes e queda na eficiência dos mesmos. A escolha do tipo e capacidade do sistema de filtragem é de fundamental importância, evitando-se assim, aumento nos custos de operação e manutenção do sistema de irrigação, devido a necessidade de limpeza e trocas freqüentes de seus componentes. Pré-filtros, como os hidrociclones, desempenham importante papel, pois se caracterizam por significativo poder de separação de partículas, maiores do que 100 mm, presentes na água; mantendo constante a perda de carga ao longo do tempo, o que não ocorre com os outros tipos de filtros normalmente utilizados nos sistemas de irrigação. Apesar de algumas referências feitas aos hidrociclones em literatura internacional, não se dispõe, no Brasil, de dados do desempenho dos hidrociclones, quando empregados em pré-filtragem da água utilizada nos sistemas de irrigação. Assim, um experimento conduzido no Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da ESALQ/USP, compreendeu a construção de quatro hidrociclones do tipo Rietema, com diâmetro de 50 mm, um com bocal de alimentação circular e os demais com bocais de seção retangular, cujas seções foram decrescentes. A avaliação do desempenho dos mesmos foi realizada utilizando-se suspensões de areia fina e solo argiloso, sob diferentes diferenciais de pressão, adotando-se como critério de comparação, a capacidade de vazão e o poder de separação, medido pela eficiência total e eficiência total reduzida. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o hidrociclone dotado com bocal de alimentação circular apresentou os maiores índices nos critérios de comparação, tanto para a suspensão de areia, quanto para a de solo. / Good water quality is uppermost in irrigated agriculture for the perfect functioning of irrigation systems and their components. The use of water containing suspended sediments has caused serious problems to irrigation systems, reducing the useful life of their components, clogging pipes and emitters, consequently causing non-uniform irrigations and low efficiency. Choosing the right filtering system type and capacity is essential to avoid increases in operational and maintenance costs of irrigation systems due to the need for cleaning and frequent replacing of their components. Pre-filters, such as hydrocyclones, are important for their significant capability to retain particles larger than 100 mm present in water, keeping the head loss constant with the time, unlike other filters normally used in irrigation systems. Despite being present in the international literature, data on the performance of hydrocyclones used for pre-filtering irrigation water in Brazil are not available. Therefore, four Rietema type hydrocyclones (50 mm diameter) were construction in the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Rural Engineering Department – ESALQ/USP- one presenting circular-end feeding tube and the other three presenting rectangular-end feeding tubes with decreasing sections. The evaluation of the hydrocyclones performance was conducted by using suspensions of fine sand and clay soil under various pressure differentials. The comparison criteria used were the discharge and the separation capability, given by total efficiency and reduced total efficiency. Results showed that the hydrocyclone with circular-end feeding tube presented the highest indexes for the comparison criteria adopted, considering sand and soil suspensions.

MSc (Botany) / Department of Botany / See the attached abstract below