There are many studies about how the addition of lime and rice husk ash (RHA) gives the soil a better mechanical behavior, particularly on clayey soils, where usually fine particles reach more than 75%. However, the soils with a small presence of fine particles (59-60%) do not have much research. This analysis evaluates the influence that RHA has on this kind of soil stabilized with 3% of lime. After the initial mix of soil-lime, CBR increased 11.2 times its initial value; within the addition of the ash, the CBR averaged between 45-50% up until 28% of RHA was added, where the results decreased considerably. Soil workability improved and the specimens with more ash resulted in a more granular material, with a group index value 0 following the AASHTO standards. The greatest CBR record was obtained with the specimen of 16% RHA, 3% lime and soil, reaching a 51.3% CBR, 1.58g/cm3 of MDD and 16.5% of OMC. Yet, it only showed a 1.55% more resistance than the lime-soil specimen. The CBR with more presence of RHA tends to decrease its value, therefore for silica-rich clayey soils, the addition of lime by itself should be enough for an adequate performance.

La sécheresse, accentuée par le réchauffement climatique actuel et à venir, induit des phénomènes de retrait et de gonflement dans de nombreux sols argileux. Ces phénomènes se traduisent principalement par deux conséquences majeures : la modification des propriétés physiques du sol qui influe directement sur l’agriculture et les déformations induisant souvent des tassements différentiels aux niveaux des structures et des ouvrages. Jusqu’à aujourd’hui, ces phénomènes ont été étudiés principalement à l’échelle mésoscopique (échelle « classique » de laboratoire) et macroscopique (échelle de l’ouvrage). Des recherches ont été menées à l’échelle microscopique mais dans des contextes particuliers (argiles destinées au stockage des déchets radioactifs). Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire de thèse constitue par conséquent une des premières études sur des argiles naturelles, prélevées in situ sur des sites affectés par le retrait-gonflement : la montmorillonite grecque et l’argile verte de Romainville. Ces deux argiles ont été soumises à des cycles d’humidification-séchage dans le Microscope Electronique à Balayage Environnemental (MEBE) afin de quantifier le retrait-gonflement et d’en étudier la cinétique. Un protocole expérimental a été établi, basé sur l’application de l’humidification et du séchage par paliers avec des temps d’équilibre et une fréquence d’application réguliers. Ces essais ont été menés dans le but d’analyser : l’influence de la composition minéralogique, l’étude de l’effet d’échelle et l’influence du type de pilotage (pression ou température). En parallèle à ces essais, des expérimentations ont été menées à l’échelle mésoscopique afin d’établir d’éventuels liens entre les deux échelles. Ils ont consisté en l’étude de l’évolution de la microstructure, de la microporosité et de l’établissement des courbes de rétention. Les observations effectuées à ces deux échelles ont mené à la mise au point de deux méthodes, volontairement simplifiées pour des facilités de mise en œuvre et d’une investigation rapide (études préliminaires, bureaux d’étude). Ces deux méthodes sont, l’une analytique, l’autre numérique, permettant la transition vers l’échelle macroscopique et pour pouvoir estimer le retrait et le gonflement possibles sur un site donné. L’analyse des résultats des essais effectués à l’échelle microscopique (essais MEBE) conduit aux remarques suivantes : la majeure partie des déformations se produit aux fortes humidités relatives ; les déformations mesurées à l’échelle microscopique sont similaires à celles mesurées à l’échelle mésoscopique ; la cinétique de gonflement et de retrait est marquée par plusieurs phases distinctes selon l’argile considérée ; la composition minéralogique, la taille des agrégats et le type de pilotage présentent une influence au niveau de l’amplitude du retrait-gonflement et de la cinétique. L’analyse des résultats des essais effectués à l’échelle mésoscopique (essais de laboratoire) conduit aux remarques suivantes : la limite de retrait (Wr) correspond à une teneur en eau de 13 % et un indice des vides de 0,52 ; aux fortes et moyennes succions, le sol présente une microstructure compacte avec une macroporosité augmentant avec la succion ; aux faibles succions, la microstructure compacte évolue de contours nets et saillants des agrégats à des contours plus doux et réguliers ; des microorganismes ont été observés, engendrant une porosité à la surface très importante, pouvant entraîner un vieillissement du sol et la création de chemins préférentiels pour la pénétration de l’eau ; avec la diminution de la succion, une diminution de la surface spécifique externe et du volume microporeux est observée ; l’humidification et le séchage des échantillons ne semblent pas induire pas de conséquences irréversibles sur la microstructure. / The drought, emphasised by the current global warming and to come, leads phenomena of shrinkage and swelling of many clayey soils. These phenomena are mainly translated by two major consequences: the modification of the physical properties of the soil which influences directly the agriculture and the deformations leading often differential compaction at the levels of the structures and the buildings. Until today, these phenomena were mainly studied at the mesoscopic level (laboratory classical level) and macroscopic level (buildings scale). Research was led to the microscopic level but in particular contexts (clays intended for the confinement of the radioactive waste). The research work presented in this thesis manuscript constitutes consequently one of the first studies on natural clays, taken in situ from sites affected by the swelling-shrinkage: the Greek montmorillonite and the clay of Romainville. These two clays were subjected to wetting-drying cycles in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) in order to quantify the swelling-shrinkage and to study kinetics. An experimental protocol was established, based on the application of the wetting and the drying by stages with regular time of stabilisation and frequency of application. These tests were led in order to analyse: the influence of the mineralogical composition, the study of the effect of scale and the influence of the type of piloting (pressure or temperature). In parallel to these tests, some experiments were led to the mesoscopic level to establish possible links between both levels. They consisted of the study of the evolution of the microstructure, the microporosity and the establishment of the retention curves. The observations made in these two levels led to the development of two methods, voluntarily simplified for ease of implementation and of a fast investigation (preliminary studies, engineering consulting firms). These two methods are, the one analytics, the other numerical, allowing the transition towards the macroscopic level and to be able to estimate the possible shrinkage and the swelling on a given site. The analysis of the results of the tests made in the microscopic level (ESEM tests) leads to the following remarks: the major part of the strains occurs in the high relative humidities; the strains measured in the microscopic level are similar to those measured in the mesoscopic level; the kinetics of swelling and shrinkage are marked by several different phases according to the considered clay; the mineralogical composition, the size of the aggregates and the type of piloting present an influence at the level of the amplitude of the shrinkage - swelling and the kinetics. The analysis of the results of the tests made in the mesoscopic level (laboratory tests) leads to the following remarks: the shrinkage limit (Wr) corresponds to a 13 % moisture content and a void index of 0,52; in the high and medium suctions, the soil presents a compact microstructure with a macroporosity increasing with the suction; in the low suctions, the compact microstructure evolves of sharp outlines of the aggregates in rounder outlines; microorganisms were observed, engendering a very important porosity on the surface, being able to pull an ageing of the ground and the creation of preferential paths for the penetration of the water; with the decrease of the suction, the decrease of the external specific surface and of the microporous volume is observed; the wetting and the drying of samples do not seem to lead no irreversible consequences on the microstructure.

Submitted by Marianna de Miranda null (mariannademiranda@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-24T23:30:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Marianna Miranda.pdf: 3138555 bytes, checksum: 1d7818abac44e97748cf39a30d5f7514 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucilene Cordeiro da Silva Messias null (lubiblio@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-07-25T12:14:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 miranda_m_me_bauru.pdf: 3138555 bytes, checksum: 1d7818abac44e97748cf39a30d5f7514 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T12:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 miranda_m_me_bauru.pdf: 3138555 bytes, checksum: 1d7818abac44e97748cf39a30d5f7514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 / Outra / As geomembranas de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) têm grande aplicação em obras que necessitam de estanqueidade, nas quais predominam processos difusivos de fluxo de líquidos ou gases. Face a essa importância e considerando o pouco estudo destinado a esse processo na literatura, este trabalho objetivou a avaliar o processo difusivo em geomembranas de PEAD, utilizando um equipamento previamente projetado, conforme estudos anteriores sobre o assunto. Dessa forma, foi possível avaliar o processo difusivo a que se submetem geomembranas de PEAD de 1mm de espessura quando em contato com chorume, gasolina e óleo diesel, simulando o processo em obras reais. Na avaliação do processo difusivo, buscou-se a determinação da concentração de íons cloreto, sulfato, nitrito, concentração de DBO (demanda bioquímica de oxigênio) na contaminação pelo chorume, além da determinação da concentração dos compostos BTX (benzeno, tolueno e xileno) na contaminação por combustíveis. Para tanto, foram utilizados o método de Mohr, ensaios de espectrofotometria e espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado indutivamente, o método respirométrico para avaliação da DBO e a cromatografia gasosa para determinação de BTX nas amostras de água destilada/deionizada (livres de qualquer substância) retiradas do ensaio. Os equipamentos utilizados no ensaio de difusão, bem como as técnicas de medição, foram capazes de avaliar o processo de difusão pela geomembrana de PEAD. Os principais resultados mostram que não houve contaminação por íons cloreto, sulfato e nitrito, uma vez que as respectivas concentrações encontradas estavam abaixo da taxa máxima permitida por lei (Resolução N°357 do Conama). Porém os resultados para concentração de DBO e compostos BTX demonstraram que a água das amostras, anteriormente livre de qualquer composto, apresentou taxas de DBO e BTX superiores às permitidas pelas Resoluções 357 e 396 do CONAMA (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente), ou seja, estava contaminada e imprópria para consumo humano. / High density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes have great application in works that require waterproofing, in which diffusive processes of liquid and/or gas flow predominate. Considering this importance and considering the little study destined to this process in the literature, this work aimed at evaluating the diffusive process in HDPE geomembranes by using equipment previously designed in previous studies on the subject. This way, it has been possible to evaluate the diffusive process to which 1mm-HDPE geomembranes are exposed when in contact with slurry, gasoline, and diesel oil, simulating the process in real works. In the evaluation of the diffusive process, the concentration of chloride, sulphate, nitrite, BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) concentration in the slurry, and the concentration of BTX compounds (benzene, toluene, and xylene) in fuel contamination have been determined. For this purpose, the Mohr method, spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, the Respirometric method for BOD evaluation, and Gas Chromatography have been used to determine BTX in the samples of distilled/deionized water (free of any substance) removed from the test. The equipment used in the diffusion test, as well as the measurement techniques, have been able to evaluate the process of diffusion by the HDPE geomembrane. The main results show that there has been no contamination by chloride, sulphate, and nitrite ions, since the respective concentrations found were below the maximum allowed by law (Conama Resolution No. 357). However, the results for BOD concentration and BTX compounds have shown that the water of the samples, previously free of any compound, presented BOD and BTX rates higher than those allowed by Resolutions 375 and 396 of CONAMA (National Council for the Environment), had been contaminated and was unfit for human consumption.

Les sols argileux peuvent présenter des variations importantes de volume lors d’un changement hydrique, tel une période de sécheresse. Ce phénomène de retrait-gonflement des sols argileux est à l’origine de nombreux préjudices aux bâtis ce qui le situe, après les inondations, au second rang des aléas naturels français en matière de coût des dommages : 5 milliard d’euros entre 1988 et 2007. Les maisons individuelles sont les plus touchées par ce phénomène qui provoque un tassement différentiel du bâti à l’origine de sa dégradation (fissures dans les éléments de maçonnerie non armée en particulier). L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier la vulnérabilité des bâtis vis-à-vis de l’aléa retrait-gonflement à travers une analyse de l’interaction sol-structure. Ce travail s’est porté sur les trois grands volets suivants : 1 - le comportement hydromécanique des sols argileux, 2 - l’interaction sol-structure, 3 - l’évaluation des dommages structuraux. Le comportement hydromécanique des sols argileux a été modélisé par le concept de surface d’état et intégré dans un modèle d’interaction sol-structure inspiré du modèle de Winkler, avec des approches de plus en plus complexes : cas unidimensionnel tout d’abord, 2D ensuite en assimilant la structure à une poutre, puis en 3D en représentant la structure par une plaque. Ces modèles d’interaction sol-structure permettent de calculer la déflexion relative d’un bâti, en fonction d’une valeur de succion imposée et des propriétés mécaniques ou hydromécaniques de la structure et du sol d’assise. La déflexion relative du bâti est alors comparée à des valeurs seuils afin d’évaluer le dommage.La dernière partie de cette thèse consiste en une étude de faisabilité pour le développement de courbes de vulnérabilités adaptées à la problématique du retrait gonflement. Ces courbes représentent la moyenne des dommages d’un type de bâti conçu sur un type de sol gonflant pour une valeur de succion imposée. Ces courbes ont été développées à partir d’une typologie des sols gonflants et d’une typologie des bâtis issue des bases de données des maisons sinistrées. La moyenne des dommages est calculée par la méthode de Monte-Carlo, en prenant en compte la variabilité des paramètres du bâti. / Clayey soils can present large volumetric deformations in response of water content change. This phenomenon of shrinkage and swelling of clayey soils is recognized as a costly natural hazard throughout the world. In France, this cost is reported between 1988 and 2007 to 5 million Euros, ranking in second class of the French natural hazards in terms of cost of damage after the floods. The individual masonry buildings with shallow foundations are the most affected by this phenomenon that causes a differential settlement of the building leading to cracks in facades and structural elements, especially in unreinforced masonry elements.The objective of this thesis was to study the vulnerability of the building, against the shrink-swell hazard through an analysis of soil-structure interaction. This work was focused on three major points: - Hydro-mechanical behavior of clay soils - Soil-structure interaction - Evaluation of structural damage.The hydro-mechanical behavior of clay soils was considered by the concept of state surface and integrated into a soil-structure interaction model, based on the Winkler model, with increasingly complex approaches: 1D, 2D and 3D by modeling the building behavior respectively by a spring system, the beam element and the plate element. These models of soil-structure interaction are able to calculate the relative deflection of the building, according to the values of imposed suction, mechanical properties of the structure and hydro-mechanical properties of the soil. The relative deflection of the building is then compared to threshold values of the classical damage categories to assess the building damage.Finally a feasibility study was conducted on the development of vulnerability curves adapted to the problem of shrinkage – swelling of clayey soils. These curves represent the average of structural damage versus suction, for each type of building. These curves were developed based on a classification of expansive soils and a building typology outcome from databases of affected buildings. The average damage is calculated by the Monte-Carlo method, taking into account the variability of the building parameters.

Desiccation-induced soil cracking is of significant interest in several engineering disciplines, which include geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, mining engineering, and agriculture engineering. The hydraulic, mechanical, thermal and other physico-chemical properties of unsaturated soils can be predominantly influenced due to cracks. Reliable information of these properties is required for the rational design and maintenance of earth structures taking account of the influence the soil-atmosphere interactions (e.g., for expansive soil slopes, earth dams, and embankments). In spite of significant research studies published in the literature on the desiccation-induced cracks during the past century, the fundamental mechanism of crack initiation and propagation of soils induced by drying and shrinkage is still elusive. For this reason, the focus of this thesis is directed towards understanding the tensile strength of unsaturated soils which is associated with soil crack initiation criterion (i.e. maximum tensile stress criterion). Tensile strength is the key property of soils for interpreting the initiation of soil cracking from a macroscopic point of view. A semi-empirical model is proposed for predicting the tensile strength of unsaturated cohesionless soils taking into account the effect of both the negative pore-water pressure in saturated pores and the air-water interfacial surface tension in unsaturated pores. The proposed model is calibrated and validated by providing comparisons between the model predictions and the experimental measurements on 10 cohesionless soils (i.e. five sandy soils and five silty soils) published in the literature. The proposed model is simple and requires only the information of Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC) and Grain Size Distribution curve (GSD), which can be obtained from conventional laboratory tests. To investigate the influence of microstructure, a practical and reliable estimation approach for predicting the evolution of the microstructural void ratio of compacted clayey soils subjected to wetting and drying paths is proposed. The microstructural evolution of 13 examined soils were investigated quantitatively using the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results. The investigated soils include four high-plasticity clays, eight low-plasticity clays and a glacial till which is a relatively coarse-grained soil with some fines. Based on this study, a novel criterion has been developed for identifying different pore populations of compacted clayey soils. The “as-compacted state line” (ACSL) was proposed to estimate the initial microstructural void ratio based on the compaction water ratio. A constitutive stress is derived to interpret and predict the volumetric deformation of compacted clay aggregates. The linear elastic constitutive model is used for predicting the microstructural void ratio of the examined compacted soils following monotonic wetting and drying paths. The developed approach (i.e. the ACSL and the linear elastic constitutive model) is validated by providing comparisons between the predicted and interpreted microstructural void ratios for all the examined soils. In addition to the matric suction and microstructure, the confining pressure also influences the tensile strength of unsaturated compacted clayey soils. The tensile strength tests on a compacted clayey soil by both the direct method (i.e. triaxial tensile test) and the indirect method (i.e. Brazilian split test) were performed. It is found that the tensile strength increases as the compaction water content decreases for the range investigated in this study, which could be explained by the variation of the inter-aggregated capillary bonding force and the change in microstructure. The increase in the confining pressure has been found to induce the change in failure mode (i.e. from pure tensile failure mode to combined tensile-shear failure mode). In spite of limitations associated with the Brazilian split test, tensile strength is widely determined using this test due to the simple procedure of specimen preparation and wide availability of test equipment in conventional laboratories. However, the Brazilian tensile strength is found to overestimate the tensile strength of compacted specimens with water content greater than the plastic limit. This is due to the considerable plastic deformation associated with the ductile failure instead of brittle failure. In summary, this thesis is devoted to providing insight into the fundamental mechanisms associated with the desiccation-induced crack initiation by quantitatively investigating the various factors that influence the tensile strength of unsaturated soils, which include the matric suction, the microstructure, and the confining pressure from theoretical studies and laboratory investigations.

O crescimento do setor industrial brasileiro, na última década, tem demandado a fabricação de maior volume de máquinas e peças metálicas. Como resultado, a produção de fundidos metálicos aumentou e foi acompanhada da geração de maiores volumes de resíduos. O processo de fundição mais comum emprega areia natural, misturada com ligantes orgânicos e inorgânicos, para conformar os moldes que dão forma às peças metálicas. Após certo número de ciclos de fundição, a areia não apresenta mais as características apropriadas para seu emprego nessas indústrias e passa a ser o principal resíduo das siderúrgicas. Assim, a areia de fundição residual (AFR) deve ser descartada em aterros sanitários licenciados a elevados custos. Por tal motivo, pesquisadores e engenheiros têm procurado alternativas que permitam reaproveitar esse resíduo em atividades da construção civil. A construção de estradas consume elevados volumes de recursos naturais, portanto, fornece a oportunidade de reutilizar o resíduo em quantidades significativas. Nesse sentido, nesta pesquisa, o objetivo principal foi avaliar a possibilidade de reaproveitar a areia de fundição residual na construção de camadas de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego. A areia de fundição residual utilizada foi coletada no município de Piracicaba/SP, que apresenta elevada concentração de siderúrgicas. Esse resíduo foi utilizado na composição de misturas do tipo solo areia, solo areia cal e areia asfalto usinada a quente (AAUQ). Essas misturas foram avaliadas à luz das propriedades de interesse à engenharia rodoviária para determinar a viabilidade de seus empregos em camadas estruturais de pavimentos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios mecânicos mostram que composições de solo areia e solo areia cal com AFR de 20% a 60% poderiam ser utilizadas em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos, assim como as misturas de AAUQ, que consumiriam quantidades consideráveis de areia residual, também poderiam ser utilizadas em bases de pavimentos. Ensaios ambientais também foram executados na AFR e em algumas misturas para determinar o risco de poluição do meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que a AFR atende aos requisitos exigidos para seu reuso; contudo algumas misturas apresentaram concentração de poluentes superior aos valores máximos permitidos. Portanto, concluiu-se que a areia de fundição residual apresenta características para ser reaproveitada nas atividades de construção de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego, mas recomenda-se a construção de trechos experimentais para monitoramento por longos períodos de tempo para garantir que o resíduo não comprometa a segurança ambiental. / The Brazilian industry grew up considerably last decade, increasing the needing of machinery and metal production. As a result, the metal casting production raised and also the amount of the residues. The most common foundry system uses natural sand mixed with organic and inorganic binders, to produce the cores of the metal products. After a certain number of foundry cycles, the sand losses its properties and remain as the main residue of the foundry industry. Thereby, the waste foundry sand (WFS) must be discarded in licensed landfills at high costs. Hence, researchers and engineers have researched for alternative solutions to reuse this residue in civil construction activities. Pavement construction uses high volumes of natural resources, thus, provides an opportunity to reuse significant amounts of WFS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of use the waste foundry sand as construction material of pavement bases and sub-bases courses with low volume traffic. The waste foundry sand used here was collected close to the city of Piracicaba/SP, region which has a high concentration of foundry industries. The residue was used to compose soil-sand, soil-sand-lime and sand-asphalt mixtures. Tests commonly used in pavement research were used to evaluate the mixtures containing waste foundry sand and determine their potential as road construction material. The results showed that mixtures of soil-sand and soil-sand-lime containing 20% to 60% of WFS could be used as pavement bases and sub-bases courses. On the other hand, sand-asphalt-hot-mix could consume higher volumes of the residue and also could be used as bases courses. The waste foundry sand and some mixtures were also analyzed through environmental tests. The results showed that the WFS has suitable characteristics to be reused in alternative activities. However, some metals were detected in the mixtures at higher concentrations than the allowed by specifications. Therefore, it is concluded that the waste foundry sand has characteristics that encourage its reuse in low volume traffic pavements, but, it is recommended the construction of experimental pavement sections using WFS to assess the environmental impact of the residue in long term periods.

O crescimento do setor industrial brasileiro, na última década, tem demandado a fabricação de maior volume de máquinas e peças metálicas. Como resultado, a produção de fundidos metálicos aumentou e foi acompanhada da geração de maiores volumes de resíduos. O processo de fundição mais comum emprega areia natural, misturada com ligantes orgânicos e inorgânicos, para conformar os moldes que dão forma às peças metálicas. Após certo número de ciclos de fundição, a areia não apresenta mais as características apropriadas para seu emprego nessas indústrias e passa a ser o principal resíduo das siderúrgicas. Assim, a areia de fundição residual (AFR) deve ser descartada em aterros sanitários licenciados a elevados custos. Por tal motivo, pesquisadores e engenheiros têm procurado alternativas que permitam reaproveitar esse resíduo em atividades da construção civil. A construção de estradas consume elevados volumes de recursos naturais, portanto, fornece a oportunidade de reutilizar o resíduo em quantidades significativas. Nesse sentido, nesta pesquisa, o objetivo principal foi avaliar a possibilidade de reaproveitar a areia de fundição residual na construção de camadas de bases e sub-bases de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego. A areia de fundição residual utilizada foi coletada no município de Piracicaba/SP, que apresenta elevada concentração de siderúrgicas. Esse resíduo foi utilizado na composição de misturas do tipo solo areia, solo areia cal e areia asfalto usinada a quente (AAUQ). Essas misturas foram avaliadas à luz das propriedades de interesse à engenharia rodoviária para determinar a viabilidade de seus empregos em camadas estruturais de pavimentos. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios mecânicos mostram que composições de solo areia e solo areia cal com AFR de 20% a 60% poderiam ser utilizadas em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos, assim como as misturas de AAUQ, que consumiriam quantidades consideráveis de areia residual, também poderiam ser utilizadas em bases de pavimentos. Ensaios ambientais também foram executados na AFR e em algumas misturas para determinar o risco de poluição do meio ambiente. Os resultados mostraram que a AFR atende aos requisitos exigidos para seu reuso; contudo algumas misturas apresentaram concentração de poluentes superior aos valores máximos permitidos. Portanto, concluiu-se que a areia de fundição residual apresenta características para ser reaproveitada nas atividades de construção de pavimentos de baixo volume de tráfego, mas recomenda-se a construção de trechos experimentais para monitoramento por longos períodos de tempo para garantir que o resíduo não comprometa a segurança ambiental. / The Brazilian industry grew up considerably last decade, increasing the needing of machinery and metal production. As a result, the metal casting production raised and also the amount of the residues. The most common foundry system uses natural sand mixed with organic and inorganic binders, to produce the cores of the metal products. After a certain number of foundry cycles, the sand losses its properties and remain as the main residue of the foundry industry. Thereby, the waste foundry sand (WFS) must be discarded in licensed landfills at high costs. Hence, researchers and engineers have researched for alternative solutions to reuse this residue in civil construction activities. Pavement construction uses high volumes of natural resources, thus, provides an opportunity to reuse significant amounts of WFS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibility of use the waste foundry sand as construction material of pavement bases and sub-bases courses with low volume traffic. The waste foundry sand used here was collected close to the city of Piracicaba/SP, region which has a high concentration of foundry industries. The residue was used to compose soil-sand, soil-sand-lime and sand-asphalt mixtures. Tests commonly used in pavement research were used to evaluate the mixtures containing waste foundry sand and determine their potential as road construction material. The results showed that mixtures of soil-sand and soil-sand-lime containing 20% to 60% of WFS could be used as pavement bases and sub-bases courses. On the other hand, sand-asphalt-hot-mix could consume higher volumes of the residue and also could be used as bases courses. The waste foundry sand and some mixtures were also analyzed through environmental tests. The results showed that the WFS has suitable characteristics to be reused in alternative activities. However, some metals were detected in the mixtures at higher concentrations than the allowed by specifications. Therefore, it is concluded that the waste foundry sand has characteristics that encourage its reuse in low volume traffic pavements, but, it is recommended the construction of experimental pavement sections using WFS to assess the environmental impact of the residue in long term periods.

Le changement climatique et les événements climatiques sévères tels que les périodes de sécheresse/humidification prolongées sont à l'origine du phénomène de retrait-gonflement dans les sols argileux. Ce phénomène est affecté par les interactions sol-végétation-atmosphère (SVA) et peut causer d’importants dommages structurels aux constructions légères telles que les bâtiments résidentiels. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de modéliser le comportement in situ du retrait-gonflement des sols gonflants dans un contexte SVA en se basent sur des outils numériques. Une méthode d'interaction sol-atmosphère est initialement présentée accompagnée d’un modèle couplé hydro-thermique du sol. Cette approche a été principalement mise en place afin de déterminer les conditions aux limites temporelles à la surface du sol en se basent sur la notion du bilan de masse et d'énergie pour déterminer a posteriori, les modifications spatio-temporelles de la succion du sol, de la teneur en eau et de la température. Cette approche a été validée à l'aide des observations in situ des sites instrumentés. Par la suite, l’influence de l’absorption d’eau par les végétations a été intégrée dans le terme source de l’écoulement de l’eau dans un milieu non saturé, à l’aide d’un modèle d’absorption d’eau de racine existant.Les variations temporelles de succion ont été postérieurement reliées au comportement volumique du sol en appliquant une approche simple développée à partir des résultats expérimentaux des essais de séchage/humidification réalisés dans la littérature. Les indices associés dans le plan indice des vides-log succion, ainsi que les paramètres complémentaires du modèle linéaire ont été corrélés aux paramètres géotechniques de base. L'approche proposée a été ultérieurement validée avec des données in situ fournies par la surveillance d’un site expérimental. Le site expérimental de Roaillan a été instrumenté afin de surveiller les modifications physiques du sol ainsi que le comportement structurel du bâtiment. Les comparaisons entre les résultats de la modélisation et les observations in situ de la succion du sol, la teneur en eau, la température et les mouvements du sol dans le temps ont montré une performance acceptable du modèle. L’approche a ensuite été appliquée pour étudier l’influence des projections climatiques futures (2050) sur les variables physiques et les mouvements du sol sur ce site. Trois scénarios RCP relatifs aux changements climatiques ont été examinés dans cette étude, qui ont révélé des différents comportements possibles à court terme et à long terme. Finalement, l'approche développée a été appliquée au territoire français en le divisant en six régions climatiques. Différents paramètres de sol ont été attribués à chacune de ces régions climatiques afin de définir les conditions de référence. En conséquence, l’influence de différents facteurs externes sur les mouvements du sol a été analysée sur une période donnée. Enfin, l’étude suggère les mesures adéquates à prendre pour minimiser l’amplitude du phénomène de retrait et de gonflement dans un contexte SVA. / Climate change and severe climatic events such as long drought/rehydration periods are at the origin of the shrinkage and swelling phenomenon in expansive soils. This phenomenon is affected by Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere (SVA) interactions and can cause severe structural damage to lightly loaded constructions such as residential buildings. The objective of this re-search work is to simulate the in-situ behavior of the shrinkage-swelling in expansive soils in a SVA context using numerical tools. A soil-atmosphere interaction method is primarily presented along with a coupled hydro-thermal soil model. This approach was established in order to determine primarily, the natural time variable boundary conditions at the considered soil surface based on the mass and energy balance concept, and secondly to determine the spatial-temporal changes of the soil suction, water content and temperature. This approach was validated using in situ observations of monitored sites. Thereafter, the influence of the water uptake by vegetation was incorporated in the source term of the unsaturated water flow theory, using an existing root water uptake model. Subsequently, the temporal variations of the soil suction were related to the volume change behavior using a simple approach developed based on the experimental results of drying/wetting tests performed in the literature. The associated volumetric indices in the void ratio-log suction plan, along with the complementary parameters of the linear model were correlated with basic geotechnical parameters. The proposed approach was validated with in situ data provided from an experimental site. The Roaillan experimental site was instrumented in order to monitor the soil’s physical changes along with the structural behavior of the building. Comparisons between the simulated and observed soil suction, soil water content, temperature and soil movements in time and depth showed an acceptable performance of the predictions. The approach was then extended to study the influence of future climate projections (2050) on the soil’s physical variables and movements. Three RCP climate change scenarios were considered in this analysis which revealed different possible behavior in both short term and long term. Finally, the developed approach was applied to the French territory by dividing it to six different climatic regions. Different soil parameters were attributed to each of these climatic regions in order to set the reference condition. Thereafter, the influence of different external factors was analyzed on the soil movements over a chosen period. The study finally suggests the adequate actions to take for minimizing the amplitude of the shrinkage and swelling phenome-non in a SVA context.

On s'intéresse dans le présent travail au comportement au gel des sols fins limono-argileux traités à la chaux seule, sols valorisables qui sont couramment rencontrés sur les chantiers de terrassement. Trois sols appartenant aux classifications A1, A2, A3 selon la norme NF P 11300, ont été choisis pour cette étude. Ces sols sont traités à 3 dosages en chaux correspondant à 3 objectifs : 1) amélioration (dosage en chaux minimal), 2) stabilisation et insensibilité à l'eau (dosage en chaux intermédiaire), 3) stabilisation et résistance au gel (dosage en chaux le plus élevé). Les sols traités sont ensuite conservés pendant quatre périodes de cure : 7 jours, 28 jours, 90 jours et 365 jours. Les deux processus de gel - le géligonflement et la gélifraction sont étudiés, parallèlement à l'évaluation des performances mécaniques, hydrauliques et microstructurales. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés hydrauliques (la succion au front de gel, sp et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé, kunsat) sont les paramètres qui gouvernent le phénomène de géligonflement des sols, traités ou non. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence le lien direct existant entre la microstructure (la distribution porale) et les propriétés hydrauliques du sol, principalement en termes de capacité de rétention d'eau et conductivité hydraulique. Le traitement augmente les performances mécaniques des sols d'une part, et amène d'autre part à des modifications de leur microstructure ; ceci induit des changements vis-à-vis de leur sensibilité au gel. Les sols sont plus gélifs directement après le traitement, cette sensibilité au gel diminuant avec le temps de cure. Une modélisation simple permettant d'estimer le gonflement au gel à partir de la succion au front de gel et de la valeur de conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé a été proposée et validée. Vu que la détermination de la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé n'est pas un essai couramment pratiqué au sein de la plupart des laboratoires, un critère basé sur la succion au front de gel, sp, et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état saturé, ksat a été proposé pour évaluer la sensibilité des sols au gel. L'essai de gélifraction consiste à évaluer un coefficient de résistance de l'éprouvette de sol après 10 cycles de gel/dégel, RFT (%) - « retained strength factor after freeze-thaw testing ». Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la valeur RFT des sols traités varie de 0% (lorsque les éprouvettes de sol perdent totalement leur résistance à la compression simple et sont détruites après 10 cycles de gel/dégel) à 90%. Quand RFT ≥ 60%, aucune dégradation visuelle de la surface des éprouvettes des sols traités n'est constatée. Ainsi, cette valeur est proposée comme critère d'acceptation des matériaux constitutifs d'une couche de forme subissant le gel avant son recouvrement. L'étude de l'effet du nombre des cycles de gel/dégel montre une diminution importante de la performance mécanique (RFT) durant trois premiers cycles de gel/dégel, et ce paramètre se stabilisant après 10 cycles. A l'aide de la technique de µ Tomographie X, l'endommagement interne des éprouvettes de sol ayant subi des cycles de gel/dégel a été quantifié. Une corrélation directe entre la diminution de performance mécanique et l'augmentation de l'indice de l'endommagement de l'éprouvette a été mise en évidence. Enfin, un modèle d'endommagement permettant d'évaluer la dégradation de la performance mécanique avec l'augmentation de l'indice d'endommagement a été établi / The present work deals with the behaviour of fine-grained silty and clayey soils treated with lime under frost. Those soils are frequently encountered in earthworks. Three soils corresponding to A1, A2, A3 classes according French NF P 11-300 standard were chosen for this study. These soils were treated with 3 lime dosages corresponding to three objectives: 1) improvement (minimum dosage), 2) stabilization and insensitivity to water (intermediate dosage), 3) stabilization and frost resistance (highest dosage). Lime-treated soils were subsequently cured for different times: 7, 28, 90, 365 days. Two frost processes, frost heave and freeze-thaw cycles, were applied in parallel with the assessment of mechanical, hydraulic and microstructural properties. Experimental results evidenced that it is the hydraulic properties (suction at frost front, sp and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, kunsat) that govern the frost heave phenomenon of soils, treated or not. In addition, this study demonstrates the direct link between the microstructure (the pore size distribution) and the hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity). The treatment on one hand improves the mechanical performances of soils, and on the other hand modify their microstructure, and thus changes their frost sensitivity. The frost susceptibility increases directly after treatment, and then decreases with curing time. Based on the suction at frost front and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, a simple model was proposed and validated allowing to estimate the frost heave. Considering that the determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is not a test commonly performed by most laboratories, a criterion based on the suction at frost front and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was proposed to estimate the frost sensibility of soils. The second frost resistance test consists of measuring the retained strength factor after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, RFT (%). The results obtained show that RFT of lime treated soil varies from 0% (when soil specimen completely loses its resistance and collapses after 10 freezethaw cycles) to 90%. When RFT is higher than 60%, no visual damage was observed on the specimen surface; consequently, this value is proposed as a criterion for acceptance of lime treated soil in capping layer before covering. In addition, the study of effect of freeze-thaw cycles showed a significant decrease of mechanical performance (RFT) during the first three cycles, and a stabilization after 10 cycles. Using X-ray Tomography, the intern damage of specimens due to freeze-thaw cycles was quantified. A correlation between the decrease of mechanical performance and the increase of damage index was evidenced. A model was then developed to evaluate the degradation of mechanical performance with the increase of damage index

On s'intéresse dans le présent travail au comportement au gel des sols fins limono-argileux traités à la chaux seule, sols valorisables qui sont couramment rencontrés sur les chantiers de terrassement. Trois sols appartenant aux classifications A1, A2, A3 selon la norme NF P 11300, ont été choisis pour cette étude. Ces sols sont traités à 3 dosages en chaux correspondant à 3 objectifs : 1) amélioration (dosage en chaux minimal), 2) stabilisation et insensibilité à l'eau (dosage en chaux intermédiaire), 3) stabilisation et résistance au gel (dosage en chaux le plus élevé). Les sols traités sont ensuite conservés pendant quatre périodes de cure : 7 jours, 28 jours, 90 jours et 365 jours. Les deux processus de gel - le géligonflement et la gélifraction sont étudiés, parallèlement à l'évaluation des performances mécaniques, hydrauliques et microstructurales. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que les propriétés hydrauliques (la succion au front de gel, sp et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé, kunsat) sont les paramètres qui gouvernent le phénomène de géligonflement des sols, traités ou non. Les résultats ont également mis en évidence le lien direct existant entre la microstructure (la distribution porale) et les propriétés hydrauliques du sol, principalement en termes de capacité de rétention d'eau et conductivité hydraulique. Le traitement augmente les performances mécaniques des sols d'une part, et amène d'autre part à des modifications de leur microstructure ; ceci induit des changements vis-à-vis de leur sensibilité au gel. Les sols sont plus gélifs directement après le traitement, cette sensibilité au gel diminuant avec le temps de cure. Une modélisation simple permettant d'estimer le gonflement au gel à partir de la succion au front de gel et de la valeur de conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé a été proposée et validée. Vu que la détermination de la conductivité hydraulique à l'état non-saturé n'est pas un essai couramment pratiqué au sein de la plupart des laboratoires, un critère basé sur la succion au front de gel, sp, et la conductivité hydraulique à l'état saturé, ksat a été proposé pour évaluer la sensibilité des sols au gel. L'essai de gélifraction consiste à évaluer un coefficient de résistance de l'éprouvette de sol après 10 cycles de gel/dégel, RFT (%) - « retained strength factor after freeze-thaw testing ». Les résultats expérimentaux montrent que la valeur RFT des sols traités varie de 0% (lorsque les éprouvettes de sol perdent totalement leur résistance à la compression simple et sont détruites après 10 cycles de gel/dégel) à 90%. Quand RFT ≥ 60%, aucune dégradation visuelle de la surface des éprouvettes des sols traités n'est constatée. Ainsi, cette valeur est proposée comme critère d'acceptation des matériaux constitutifs d'une couche de forme subissant le gel avant son recouvrement. L'étude de l'effet du nombre des cycles de gel/dégel montre une diminution importante de la performance mécanique (RFT) durant trois premiers cycles de gel/dégel, et ce paramètre se stabilisant après 10 cycles. A l'aide de la technique de µ Tomographie X, l'endommagement interne des éprouvettes de sol ayant subi des cycles de gel/dégel a été quantifié. Une corrélation directe entre la diminution de performance mécanique et l'augmentation de l'indice de l'endommagement de l'éprouvette a été mise en évidence. Enfin, un modèle d'endommagement permettant d'évaluer la dégradation de la performance mécanique avec l'augmentation de l'indice d'endommagement a été établi / The present work deals with the behaviour of fine-grained silty and clayey soils treated with lime under frost. Those soils are frequently encountered in earthworks. Three soils corresponding to A1, A2, A3 classes according French NF P 11-300 standard were chosen for this study. These soils were treated with 3 lime dosages corresponding to three objectives: 1) improvement (minimum dosage), 2) stabilization and insensitivity to water (intermediate dosage), 3) stabilization and frost resistance (highest dosage). Lime-treated soils were subsequently cured for different times: 7, 28, 90, 365 days. Two frost processes, frost heave and freeze-thaw cycles, were applied in parallel with the assessment of mechanical, hydraulic and microstructural properties. Experimental results evidenced that it is the hydraulic properties (suction at frost front, sp and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, kunsat) that govern the frost heave phenomenon of soils, treated or not. In addition, this study demonstrates the direct link between the microstructure (the pore size distribution) and the hydraulic properties (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity). The treatment on one hand improves the mechanical performances of soils, and on the other hand modify their microstructure, and thus changes their frost sensitivity. The frost susceptibility increases directly after treatment, and then decreases with curing time. Based on the suction at frost front and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, a simple model was proposed and validated allowing to estimate the frost heave. Considering that the determination of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is not a test commonly performed by most laboratories, a criterion based on the suction at frost front and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was proposed to estimate the frost sensibility of soils. The second frost resistance test consists of measuring the retained strength factor after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, RFT (%). The results obtained show that RFT of lime treated soil varies from 0% (when soil specimen completely loses its resistance and collapses after 10 freezethaw cycles) to 90%. When RFT is higher than 60%, no visual damage was observed on the specimen surface; consequently, this value is proposed as a criterion for acceptance of lime treated soil in capping layer before covering. In addition, the study of effect of freeze-thaw cycles showed a significant decrease of mechanical performance (RFT) during the first three cycles, and a stabilization after 10 cycles. Using X-ray Tomography, the intern damage of specimens due to freeze-thaw cycles was quantified. A correlation between the decrease of mechanical performance and the increase of damage index was evidenced. A model was then developed to evaluate the degradation of mechanical performance with the increase of damage index