Studies show that the use of cleaning products is related to adverse respiratory health effects ranging from irritation to asthma. Yet exposure to these chemicals is poorly understood. This dissertation summarizes the current state of knowledge of inhalation exposure to toxic chemicals in consumer cleaning products. An improved two-zone model that treats personal air space as distinct from bulk room air is presented. The model accounts for air exchange between the two zones, dynamic source characteristics (i.e., the time-varying liquid concentrations and emission rates of pollutants within a mixture), and the characteristics of chemical use (e.g., how frequently a cleaning chemical is applied to a new area). To assess exposure to cleaning products and validate the improved two-zone model twenty-three experiments, encompassing six cleaning scenarios, were completed in an environmentally-controlled chamber with a thermal mannequin. Then, the model was used to predict exposure for four hypothetical cleaning scenarios and compared against other models. The model's applicability is restricted by limited data available for parameterization. At low air exchange rates gas-phase experimental results show concentrations in the breathing-zone of the mannequin exceeded concentrations predicted by the well-mixed model by factors up to 2.1. Breathing-zone concentrations also exceed those measured at centralized room monitors by factors up to 6.1. Thus, studies that use the centralized room monitors or the well-mixed model as a surrogate for breathing-zone concentrations could potentially underpredict exposure at low air exchange rates. The two-zone model provides the best prediction of exposure to cleaning tasks, at low air exchange rates. The next best model is the well-mixed model with an exponentially decreasing emission rate, followed by the well-mixed model with a constant emission rate. At high air exchange rates the well-mixed assumption appears to be valid. The inner-zonal volume and inter-zonal air exchange were independent of fresh air ventilation rate. But both were dependant on the mannequin's body position, with standing having the highest inner-zonal volume and lowest intra-zonal air exchange rate of the three body positions investigates (standing, bent over 45°, and hands and knees). / text

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This study focused on the investigation of the impact of household cleaning and personal care products on the quality of grey water and the assessment and optimisation of grey water treatment by a novel constructed wetland design. The prototype wetland design which comprised three-stage cascading beds (0.27 m 2 by 0.20 m deep) with sand media, (d10: 1.0 mm and d90: 4.0 mm) was tested for treatment performance to meet non-potable reuse standards in three versions, unplanted open beds, unplanted covered beds, and planted beds (comprising mixtures of Iris pseudacorus, Iris chrysographes, Carex elata Aurea and Mentha aquatica). The prototypes were benchmarked against a standard single-pass wetland (6 m 2 by 0.7 m) planted with Phragmites australis. Performance was measured in terms of removal of conventional water quality determinant parameters, as well as Total coliforms and E coli, and surfactants. Microbial dynamics were also monitored during the study by looking at variations in microbial compositions with time for the different wetlands. All the wetland versions effectively removed more than 98 % turbidity and organics meeting the most stringent reuse wastewater reuse standards of < 2.0 NTU and < 10 mg BOD5/L respectively. The influent grey water had low BOD:COD ratio ranging from 0.27 – 0.45, which is indicative of low biodegradability. The comparison of the cascade wetland performances showed the following: open beds > planted = covered, with the open beds version meeting reuse standards virtually throughout the monitoring period, despite recurrence of schmutsdecke in the top bed. All wetland technologies supported viable populations of microorganisms. Only phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) of lower carbon chain length (< C20) had concentrations greater than 1 mol %, in all the wetlands beds, confirming that the majority of the PLFAs in the media were from contribution of microbial organisms and not plant organic matter. Characterisation of microbial organisms was carried out to understand the constructed wetlands functioning and thus the treatment processes. The household products showed nutrient deficiency signifying low treatability. Product branding did not show correlation with any water quality parameters. In terms of toxicity, laundry and cleaning products were more inhibiting to soil microorganisms than were personal care products.

Environmental management with the managing of waste and other environmental aspects are basic tools in order to a positive environmental performance is achieved. This study outlines how to propose a model of environmental management for a Cleaning Industry of Santa Maria. The methodology used was an exploratory qualitative research literature, in technical case study. Data collection took place spot through systematic observation as well as individual assisted by the staff. An initial environmental assessment was made including the following items: laws and applicable environmental regulations, aspects and environmental impacts and reverse engineering of incidents, including the environmental liabilitiy. Thus, suggestions and proposals have been established, the creation of an environmental policy for industry; indicators to quantify and study the techniques, reagents and solutions used, action plans and a program of security management. Thus, this proposal would bring a framework both environmental and security industry and serve as a model-based management to other industries in the sector, resulting in benefits to stakeholders and society. / A gestão ambiental com o gerenciamento dos resíduos e outros aspectos ambientais constituem ferramentas básicas para que um desempenho positivo seja atingido. Esse estudo tem como objetivo propor um modelo de gestão ambiental para uma Indústria de Produtos de Limpeza de Santa Maria. A metodologia utilizada foi de pesquisa exploratória qualitativa com investigação bibliográfica, com técnica de estudo de caso. A coleta de dados se deu in locu por meio de observação assistemática individual como também assistida pelos funcionários. Foi feito uma avaliação ambiental inicial contemplando os seguintes itens: legislação e regulamentações ambientais aplicáveis, aspectos e impactos ambientais e retroanálise de incidentes, incluindo passivo ambiental. Com isso, sugestões e propostas foram estabelecidas, como a criação de política ambiental para indústria; indicadores como a quantificação e estudo das técnicas de produção, reagentes e soluções utilizadas; planos de ação como um programa de gerenciamento de segurança. Assim, este trabalho faz um enquadramento tanto ambiental como de segurança da indústria e servir como um modelo base de gestão a outras indústrias do setor, originando benefícios aos envolvidos e a sociedade.

1 Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the numbers, severity and causes of accidents, occurring in the households due to the cleaning products. Among the groups of potentially dangerous cleaning products, the highest proportion of accidents was caused by cleaning products containing sodium hypochloride (37 %), descalers containing acids (29 %) and dishwasher tablets (25 %). A lower percentage of inquiries appeared due to hydroxides containing drain cleaning products (7 %). In the year 2009, there were 251 inquiries to the Toxicological Information Centre due to cleaning products in defined categories studied. Among them, there were 133 children and 118 adult patients, who ingested cleaning product accidentally (86%) or for suicidal purposes (3%); inhaled (9%) or had an eye contact with the product (2%). There were 23% children and 27% adults hospitalized; the children most frequently due to accidental ingestion of hydroxides (92%), the adults due to the inhalation of irritant vapors (64%). Among them 14% children (86% due to the ingestion of cleaning products containing hydroxides) have been examined using the endoscopy (in the total anesthesia), in addition to 5% adults. The study has shown that the most common cause of the accidents in children is the distraction of the adults; nevertheless, the...

<p>U okviru disertacije izvr&scaron;ena je identifikacija<br />ključnih hemijskih toksiĉnih supstanci poreklom iz<br />higijenskih sredstava i njihove ambalaţe na životnu<br />sredinu. Spektrofotometrijskom metodom izvr&scaron;ena<br />je analiza sadržaja fosfora u pra&scaron;kastim detergentima,<br />komunalnim otpadnim vodama Ni&scaron;kog<br />kanalizacionog sistema i u reci Ni&scaron;avi. Nakon<br />proračuna sadržaja fosfora izvr&scaron;ena je procena<br />količine ukupnog fosfora generisanog iz higijenskih<br />sredstava, a koji moţe da ima izrazito negativan<br />uticaj na životnu sredinu. Teorijska saznanja i<br />eksperimentalni podaci omogućuju optimalno upravljanje<br />hemijskim toksičnim supstancama iz higijenskih<br />sredstava u skladu sa važećim zakonskim<br />propisima i dostignutim naučnim saznanjima.</p> / <p>This dissertation presents the identification of key<br />toxic chemicals originating from hygiene and<br />cleaning products and their packaging and the<br />assessment of their environmental impact. The<br />research involves a spectrophotometric analysis of<br />phosphorus content in powder detergents, in<br />municipal sewage from the City of Ni&scaron; sanitary<br />sewer, and in the Ni&scaron;ava river. Calculation of<br />phosphorus content is followed by the assessment of<br />the total amount of phosphorus generated from<br />hygiene and cleaning products, which can have<br />considerably negative environmental impact.<br />Theoretical findings and experimental data allow<br />optimal management of toxic chemicals from<br />hygiene and cleaning products in compliance with<br />current legislation and scientific knowledge.</p>

1 Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the numbers, severity and causes of accidents, occurring in the households due to the cleaning products. Among the groups of potentially dangerous cleaning products, the highest proportion of accidents was caused by cleaning products containing sodium hypochloride (37 %), descalers containing acids (29 %) and dishwasher tablets (25 %). A lower percentage of inquiries appeared due to hydroxides containing drain cleaning products (7 %). In the year 2009, there were 251 inquiries to the Toxicological Information Centre due to cleaning products in defined categories studied. Among them, there were 133 children and 118 adult patients, who ingested cleaning product accidentally (86%) or for suicidal purposes (3%); inhaled (9%) or had an eye contact with the product (2%). There were 23% children and 27% adults hospitalized; the children most frequently due to accidental ingestion of hydroxides (92%), the adults due to the inhalation of irritant vapors (64%). Among them 14% children (86% due to the ingestion of cleaning products containing hydroxides) have been examined using the endoscopy (in the total anesthesia), in addition to 5% adults. The study has shown that the most common cause of the accidents in children is the distraction of the adults; nevertheless, the...

Surfactans are synthetically made surface-active ingredients contained in washing and cleaning products. They decrease the surface tension and remove dirt. Surfactans can be divided into four basic classes: anionic, cationic, non-inonic and ampholitic. The most commonly used are the anionic ones. Thanks to the massive use they penetrate into waste water and can disturb the environment. This thesis is focused on the optimization methods and the determination of three anionic surfactants by capillary zone electrophoresis.

La presente investigación evalúa la factibilidad y viabilidad de un nuevo producto Limpiador Desinfectante multiusos eco amigable. Según el Estudio Global (2017) sobre Limpieza del Hogar en el Perú, los peruanos hacen limpieza en sus hogares, en su gran mayoría, diaria; seguido de semanal y, en menor cantidad, de frecuencia mensual. Tanto hombres y mujeres comparten responsabilidad en la limpieza del hogar y más de la mitad de los hogares del segmento alto medio realizan sus compras en supermercados. En este sentido, los usuarios emplean productos especializados para la limpieza y desinfección que no son Eco amigables. Ante ello, y en base a nuestro estudio, se encontró que si desean adquirirlo. Para validar la idea de negocio se realizó una encuesta cuantitativa. La fuente primaria estuvo conformada por 269 encuestas que, según el análisis de los resultados, se concluye que el desarrollo de Green Spartan es viable. Con ello, la propuesta de valor es atractiva para el público objetivo. Además, según el precio de fabricación del producto, permite tener un margen de ganancia sobre el precio de venta indicado por nuestro público objetivo. Como propuesta de valor, el Limpiador desinfectante ecológico será el único en el mercado capaz de limpiar y desinfectar en un solo paso. Asimismo, es biodegradable, seguro para la familia y el planeta. Vale agregar, que se encuentra elaborado con componentes que no generan desechos contaminantes. Como beneficios racionales, los usuarios experimentan que sus necesidades de limpieza pueden ser cubiertas con un limpiador desinfectante ecológico eficiente y, a su vez, tienen la seguridad de que no causa daño a su familia ni al medio ambiente. Como beneficios emocionales, los usuarios perciben una sensación de bienestar y compromiso social con el planeta. Ante ello, son conscientes que, al usar el producto de limpieza sin causar daño, contribuyen positivamente al mundo y a su hogar. Finalmente, dentro del análisis financiero y en base a nuestra proyección de ventas (calculada para lograr una cobertura del 10% del mercado meta) vemos que, al tener la capacidad instalada y no tener la necesidad de un apalancamiento, se logra una TIR de 84% cuando el COK de la empresa es de 10.8%. De igual manera, en el escenario pesimista logramos ver que la TIR es superior al COK. Además, el VPN del lanzamiento del producto con el 10% de mercado es de S/. 2,839,805.84. Por ello, el lanzamiento del mismo es bastante atractivo para Spartan Chemical. / In this Thesis assesses the feasibility and feasibility of the introduction of a new product Eco-friendly Multi-purpose Disinfectant Cleaner. According to the Global Study on Household Cleaning in Peru, the frequency with which Peruvians clean their homes is mostly daily; followed by weekly and in smaller quantity with a monthly frequency. Both men and women share responsibility in cleaning the home and more than half of the households in the upper middle segment make purchases in supermarkets. These users use specialized products for cleaning and disinfection that are not Eco friendly and based on our study, we have found that if they want to acquire it. To validate the business idea, a quantitative survey was carried out, the primary source was made up of 269 surveys that, according to the analysis of the results, we can conclude that the development of Green Spartan is viable, since the value proposition is attractive to the target audience in addition, the manufacturing price of the product allows us to have a profit margin over the sales price indicated by our target audience. As a value proposition, our ecological disinfectant cleaner is the only one in the market capable of cleaning and disinfecting in one step. It is biodegradable, safe for the family and the planet. In addition, it is made with components that do not generate polluting waste. As rational benefits, users experience that their cleaning needs can be met with an efficient ecological disinfectant cleaner and at the same time they are sure that it does not harm their family and the environment. As emotional benefits users perceive a sense of well-being and social commitment to the planet, they are aware that using a product that cleans and disinfects without causing harm positively contributes to the world and your home. In the financial analysis we see that, based on our sales projection, calculated to achieve a coverage of 10% of the target market, we see that having the installed capacity and not having the need for leverage, we achieve an TIR of 84%, When the company's COK is 10.8%, in the same way in the pessimistic scenario we can see that the TIR is higher than the COK, the VPN of the product launch with the 10% market is S /. 2,839,805.84, its launch is quite attractive for Spartan Chemical. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente Plan De Negocio Para La Introducción De Guantes De Jebe De Uso Doméstico En El Canal Tradicional En Lima Metropolitana nace a partir de haber identificado una brecha entre la penetración de los principales productos para la limpieza del hogar que maltratan las manos por el contacto directo y la penetración de los guantes de jebe como elemento protector en los hogares peruanos. Esta menor penetración de los guantes brinda una oportunidad de comercialización buscando alcanzar la penetración que tienen productos como los detergentes, lejías y limpiadores. Un catalizador relevante que contribuye con la idea de este negocio es la actual crisis sanitaria debido al COVID-19 pues tiene un impacto directo en los hábitos de su consumo. Nos concentramos en el canal tradicional que concentra el 60% de la venta de productos de esta categoría, para llegar a través de distribuidores especializados a los consumidores del NSE C que representan 1,234,250 hogares, en donde tenemos la expectativa de vender 4’800,000 pares de guantes aproximadamente por año. Nuestra estrategia es la diferenciación en el producto ofreciendo guantes de jebe de calidad a un precio competitivo que serán importados directamente de un fabricante en la región, resaltando en nuestra comunicación la importancia de la higiene, la salud y el cuidado de las manos. En cuanto al análisis financiero para este proyecto hemos determinado su factibilidad ya que hemos obtenido una tasa interna de retorno del 31% y un valor actual neto de S/ 426,322.59. / This Business Plan for the Introduction of Rubber Gloves for Domestic Use in the Traditional Channel in Metropolitan Lima was born from the identification of a gap between the penetration of the main household cleaning products that mistreat the hands by direct contact and the penetration of rubber gloves as a protective element in Peruvian homes. This lower glove penetration provides a marketing opportunity seeking to achieve the penetration that products such as detergents, bleaches and cleaners have. A relevant catalyst that contributes to the idea of ​​this business is the current health crisis due to COVID-19, since it has a direct impact on consumption habits. We focus on the traditional channel that concentrates 60% of the sale of products in this category, to reach 1,234,250 households of NSE C through specialized distributors, our expectation is to sell 4'800,000 pairs of gloves approximately per year. Our strategy is product differentiation by offering quality rubber gloves at a competitive price that will be imported directly from a manufacturer in the region, highlighting in our communication the importance of hygiene, health and hand care. Regarding the financial analysis for this project, we have determined its feasibility since we have obtained an internal rate of return of 31% and a net present value of S / 426,322.59. / Trabajo de investigación