The goal of this thesis is analysis of the existing situation of accounting statements in chosen enterprise, evaluation of processing and analysis of data usage for enterprise management. In the second part the company SILON s.r.o. which is chosen for the second part of this thesis is described. Subsequently the closure operations which SILON s.r.o. performs by the end of the year are introduced and closure of the accounting books is depicted. Final closing of the accounts is evaluated via analysis of the absolute ratios, analysis of the ratio indicators and bankrupt and creditworthy model is also used.

New optical technologies were developed to continuously measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolism (CMRO2) non-invasively through the skull. Methods and devices were created to improve the performance of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for use in experimental animals and humans. These were employed to investigate cerebral metabolism and cerebrovascular reactivity under different states of anesthesia and during models of pathological states. Burst suppression is a brain state arising naturally in pathological conditions or under deep general anesthesia, but its mechanism and consequences are not well understood. Electroencephalography (EEG) and cortical hemodynamics were simultaneously measured in rats to evaluate the coupling between cerebral oxygen metabolism and neuronal activity in the burst suppressed state. EEG bursts were used to deconvolve NIRS and DCS signals into the hemodynamic and metabolic response function for an individual burst. This response was found to be similar to the stereotypical functional hyperemia evoked by normal brain activation. Thus, spontaneous burst activity does not cause metabolic or hemodynamic dysfunction in the cortex. Furthermore, cortical metabolic activity was not associated with the initiation or termination of a burst. A novel technique, time-domain DCS (TD-DCS), was introduced to significantly increase the sensitivity of transcranial CBF measurements to the brain. A new time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) instrument with a custom high coherence pulsed laser source was engineered for the first-ever simultaneous measurement of photon time of flight and DCS autocorrelation decays. In this new approach, photon time tags are exploited to determine path-length-dependent autocorrelation functions. By correlating photons according to time of flight, CBF is distinguished from superficial blood flow. Experiments in phantoms and animals demonstrate TD-DCS has significantly greater sensitivity to the brain than existing transcranial techniques. Intracranial pressure (ICP) modulates both steady-state and pulsatile CBF, making CBF a potential marker for ICP. In particular, the critical closing pressure (CrCP) has been proposed as a surrogate measure of ICP. A new DCS device was developed to measure pulsatile CBF non-invasively. A novel method for estimating CrCP and ICP from DCS measurement of pulsatile microvascular blood flow in the cerebral cortex was demonstrated in rats. / 2018-03-08T00:00:00Z

A Tomografia de Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é um método de imagem que permite estudarmos alterações regionais de ventilação pulmonar com alta resolução temporal. Estudamos a influência da posição corporal e do esforço expiratório no esvaziamento regional pulmonar comparando dados de espirometria com os da TIE adquiridos simultaneamente. MÉTODOS: Oito voluntários monitorados continuamente com TIE, realizaram manobras de capacidade vital lenta (CVL) com washout de nitrogênio (WN2) e capacidade vital forçada (CVF) nas posições sentado, decúbito lateral direito (DLD) e esquerdo (DLE). Em todas as posições, comparamos a variação global de impedância (Z) com os volumes da espirometria. Analisamos também as variações regionais de volume do pulmão direito e esquerdo, em cada posição, e a cada 10% da expiração total através da TIE; estes dados foram comparados com análise do WN2. RESULTADOS: Na espirometria e na TIE, houve uma redução no volume total expirado na CVF e na CVL dos decúbitos laterais quando comparados à posição sentada (P = 0,001). Na análise da CVL através da TIE, observamos um fluxo maior no pulmão dependente (de 2 a 10 vezes maior), em ambos os decúbitos laterais, com inversão deste padrão aproximadamente na metade da capacidade vital. Já na CVF o Z foi semelhante entre os pulmões ao longo da expiração, independente do decúbito, semelhante à situação isogravitacional (i.e., sentado) (p<0,001). O traçado de WN2 mostrou uma inclinação precoce (fase IIIb) ocorrendo apenas nos decúbitos laterais, além da fase IV ao final. A ascensão lenta da fase IIIb esteve sempre associada a uma significativa mudança no padrão de esvaziamento observado à TIE, onde o esvaziamento preferencial do pulmão dependente dava lugar a um esvaziamento preferencial do pulmão não-dependente. CONCLUSÃO: Em indivíduos sadios e nas situações de baixo esforço expiratório (CVL), a gravidade exerce forte influência na distribuição e variação dos volumes pulmonares ao longo da expiração, sugerindo um significante gradiente vertical de pressões pleurais. O esforço expiratório máximo atenua esta influência da gravidade, sugerindo que outros fatores passam a determinar o fluxo expiratório. / Electrical Impedance Tomography, (EIT) is an imaging method that allows studying changes in regional pulmonary ventilation with high temporal resolution. We studied the influence of body position and expiratory effort on regional lung emptying comparing data from spirometry with the EIT acquired simultaneously. METHOD: Eight volunteers monitored continuously with EIT, performed slow vital capacity (SVC) with single-breath nitrogen washout (SBNW) and forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuvers in sitting position, right (RLD) and left lateral decubitus (LLD). In all three positions we compared the impedance change (Z) with spirometry absolute volumes and analyzed the regional volume variation of right and left lungs in each position and every 10% step of total expiration with EIT; this data was compared with SBNW analysis. RESULTS: In spirometry and EIT, there was a reduction in the total volume expired in FVC and SVC in lateral recumbency when compared to the sitting position (P = 0,001). In the analysis of the SVC with EIT we noticed a greater flow in the dependent lungs (from 2 to 10 times higher) on both lateral decubitus, with reversal of this pattern in approximately half of the expired vital capacity. On FVC the Z was similar between the lungs during the entire expiration, regardless of decubitus, and similar to the situation isogravitacional (ie, sitting) (p<0,001). The SBNW curves showed an early inclination (phase IIIb) occurring only in the lateral decubitus, besides the final rise of phase IV. The slow rise of phase IIIb was always associated with a significant change in the emptying pattern observed with the EIT, when the preferential emptying of the dependent lung gave place to preferential emptying in the non-dependent lung. CONCLUSION: In healthy subjects and in situations of low effort (SVC), gravity exerts strong influence on the distribution and variation of lung volume during the expiration, suggesting a significant vertical gradient of pleural pressure. The maximum expiratory effort mitigates this gravitational influence, suggesting that other factors may determine the expiratory flow

Background: Registering a true maximum bite force on the most commonly-used force transducers is problematic. It is often believed that this is related mainly to discomfort and the fear of breaking teeth. Objectives: The aim of the project was to compare the suitability of different bite force measuring transducers including ones which were designed to improve subject comfort. The transducers used were a traditional strain-gauge transducer with and without covering with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) sheets, and a newly-developed pressure transducer. Methods: Five separate studies were performed in this project. The experiments were carried out on human volunteer subjects (aged 24 to 41 years). They were all dentate with no missing anterior teeth and with no crowns on these teeth. The following procedures were used in some or all of the studies: measurement of MVBF, electrical stimulation of the masseter muscle, and EMG recording from two pairs of jaw closing muscles. Results: The highest MVBF values were recorded on the pressure transducer, mean (± S.D.) 464 N ± 224 N; followed by the strain-gauge transducer with EVA sheets, 243 ± 80 N; and last of all the strain-gauge transducer with silicone indices, 165 ± 35 N; or acrylic indices, 163 ± 82 N. Significantly higher maximum potential bite forces were predicted by twitch interpolation for the pressure transducer (730 ± 199 N) than for the strain-gauge transducer with EVA sheets, 354 ± 67 N (Paired t test, P < 0.05). Significantly higher EMGs of the masseter and anterior temporalis muscles were found to be associated with MVBFs on the pressure transducer than with MVBFs on the strain-gauge transducer with EVA sheets (Paired t test, P < 0.05). Conclusions: It is concluded that: a) the pressure transducer system and to a lesser extent the strain-gauge transducer covered with EVA sheets seemed to overcome the fear associated with biting on the hard surfaces of the strain-gauge transducer alone; b) the pressure transducer may have some multi-directional capabilities which allow for total bite forces, or at least larger parts of them, to be recorded than on a uni-directional strain-gauge transducer.

Submitted by Heloisa Silva (heloisa.silva@utp.br) on 2018-05-08T14:44:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A POLÍTICA DE FECHAMENTO.pdf: 4222953 bytes, checksum: 2331571bf09c707d25359b6246cafa88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T14:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A POLÍTICA DE FECHAMENTO.pdf: 4222953 bytes, checksum: 2331571bf09c707d25359b6246cafa88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research problematizes the schools closing in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba (Parana State, Brazil). It aims to analyze the policy of closing public schools located in the countryside in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba and understand which the motivations for this policy are. This research is based on historical-dialectical materialism using the method of quantitative-qualitative approach, with the following procedures: 1) collection of documentary data of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba 2) documentary analysis of the documents that register the closing of rural schools, and the Guidelines of countryside Education, 3) bibliographical review, 4) theoretical discussion considering reference authors. The fundamental category of analysis is contradiction. It was observed that the closure of schools located in the metropolitan region is an expression of the concept of Rural Education, since it is carried out from the governmental sphere. It was observed the existence of educational policies that leads to the closing of schools and can be highlighted: the policy to consolidate isolated schools until the decade of 1985, the policy of school centralization and children transport to school. This situation is due to the existing field project, closely linked to the capitalist production structure. In this sense the closing of schools is the result of a field option, taking into consideration the concentration of land and wealth generates inequalities and express negative consequences to peasants. It can be seen that the policy of closing schools in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba is marked by several motivations: political, social and economic. These include: the advance of capitalist agriculture, the promotion of children transport to school policy, the denial of peasant social practices, the lack of attention from the governmental sphere, the similarity with urban-centric pedagogical practices that deny the potential of a work focused on human formation, demobilization of community about school issues. We believe that in order to modify such relationships it is necessary to mobilize the subjects of the field. It is necessary to act from the context and reflect on it by democratically incorporating the social function of the school in dialogue, regarding the principles of countryside Education. / Esta pesquisa problematiza o fechamento de escolas na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Objetiva analisar a política de fechamento de escolas públicas localizadas no campo na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba e compreender como os determinantes dessa política se expressam. A pesquisa ancora-se no método do materialismo histórico-dialético com a abordagem metodológica quantitativa-qualitativa, com os seguintes procedimentos: 1) levantamento de dados documentais da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba 2) análise documental dos documentos de fechamento de escolas rurais, das Diretrizes da Educação do Campo, 3) estudo bibliográfico, 4) discussão teórica com autores que sustentam a construção teórica da investigação. A categoria fundamental de análise é a contradição. Constata-se que o fechamento de escolas localizadas no campo é uma expressão da concepção da Educação Rural uma vez que é realizada desde a esfera governamental. Coexistem políticas educacionais que forjam o fechamento de escolas, com maior expressividade a política de consolidação de escolas isoladas até a década de 1985, a política de nucleação de escolas e a política de transporte escolar. Esta realidade se efetiva mediante ao projeto de campo existente, intimamente ligado ao modo de produção capitalista. Nesta lógica o fechamento de escolas é o resultado de uma opção de campo, no sentido que a concentração de terra e de riqueza gera desigualdades e expressa consequências negativas aos camponeses. Constata-se que a política de fechamento de escolas na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba é marcada por diversos determinantes: políticos, sociais e econômicos. Destacam-se: o avanço da agricultura capitalista, o impulso à política de transporte escolar, a negação das práticas sociais dos camponeses, a falta de atenção da esfera governamental, a vinculação à práticas pedagógicas urbanocêntricas que nega a potencialidade de um trabalho voltado à formação humana, distanciamento da comunidade escolar. Acreditamos que para modificar tais relações torna-se necessária a mobilização dos sujeitos do campo. É preciso atuar desde a realidade e refletir sobre ela incorporando democraticamente a função social da escola em diálogo aos princípios da Educação do Campo.

In this thesis the synthesis of several hydrolytically stable carbohydrate mimics with the potential to function as glycosidase or lectin inhibitors are described. This work is presented in Chapters 2-5. Chapters 2 and 3 describe synthetic efforts for producing carbasugars, and include the first synthesis of 1,2-bis-epi-valienamine and the preparation of two previously known aminocarbasugars. All three compounds were synthesised starting from D-mannose, using ring-closing metathesis as the key step. 1,2-Bis-epi-valienamine was found to inhibit Cellulomonas fimi β-mannosidase with a Ki value of 140 mM. Also included is the development of a novel synthetic route from cheap D-fructose to three mannose-mimicking carbasugars using a ring-closing metathesis strategy. Two of the compounds are potential inhibitors of the FimH adhesin. In Chapters 4 and 5 the synthesis of a number of pseudodisaccharides are presented; valienamine- and epi-valienamine-containing pseudodisaccharides and a small library of S-linked pseudodisaccharides were prepared. Various synthetic strategies were explored, including an alkylation strategy, Mitsunobu couplings, and sulfonate displacements. This is the first report on the synthesis of a valienamine pseudodisaccharide with β-lyxo-configuration. Two of the S-linked pseudodisaccharides were found to bind to Concanavalin A with high affinity. The final chapter (Chapter 6) of this thesis focuses on the development of a carbohydrate epimerisation method using transition metal catalysis. Two equilibrium constants involving gluco/manno- and gluco/allo-alcohols were determined via this method. / At the time od doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

This study investigates the extent and nature of the interaction between the political, institutional andeconomical development in the Swedish railway sector 1920-1980. The work deals with two main issuse,which may be summarized in the following question: has the Swedish railway policy contributed to orcounterbalanced the stagnation of the railways, especially in the post-war period? The basic premise has beenthat the institutional framework from the 19th century, was well adjusted to the requirements in thecontemporary industrialization process. The adaption of the regulations, obligations and economic principlesfrom the inter-war years and henceforth was more problematic. A growing discrepancy between economicconditions and policy goals emerged. Ulis affected the function of the Sate Railways (SJ).The interesting issue is to explain the process of renewal and abandonment of the original institutionalarrangements. There are two distinctive driving forces in this process. Firstly the demand for transport in theeconomy of the society changed. This interacted with the expansion of motorvehicles. Motor vehicles, and lateron civil aviation, have taken over parts of traditional railway transports. Of greater significance though, is thefact that railways have not been able to compete with motorvehicles on a number of growing markets in theeconomy of society. This has been of major importance to the diminishing economic returns and the decliningcompany profitability in the railway sector. The second driving force is to be found in the institutional setting inthe railway sector. The institutional principles and the railway policy gave social and economic responsibilitypriority over business profitability as the managerial strategy for SJ. SJ was used to fulfil regional and generaleconomic policy goals. As a consequence the unprofitable private railways were nationalized to save theregional transport system. To succeed on the competitive transport market in the post-war period it becamenecessary for SJ to act as a profit-seeking company. This created a long period of political struggle inParliament concerning the institutional principles. In order to keep the social economic principles, the monetaryclaims were reduced. Subsidies were given to try to save SJ s profitability as a business company. The mixtureof social and monetary principles from 1960 and onwards, could neither solve the railway's market problems,nor could they keep the regional railway system intact. This failure led to the abandonment of the originalinstitutional framework. In the late 1980 s it was totally replaced. Hie guiding rules for the State Railways arenow concentrated on competition and company profitability. / digitalisering@umu

Among nature's creation, terpenoids are more versatile and exciting natural products. In a remarkable display of synthetic ingenuity and creativity, nature has endowed terpenes, more so sesquiterpenes, with a bewildering array of carbocyclic frameworks with unusual assemblage of rings and functionality. This phenomenal structural diversity of this class of natural products makes them ideal targets for developing and testing new synthetic strategies for efficient articulation of carbocyclic frameworks. The present thesis entitled "Synthesis of sesquiterpenes containing two vicinal quaternary carbon atoms" describes the synthesis of a number of herbertane sesquiterpenoids, antimicrobial sesquiterpenes enokipodins A and Bf and spirocyclic sesquiterpenes acorone and isoacorones based on ring-closing metathesis reaction. In the thesis, the compounds are sequentially numbered (bold), and references are marked sequentially as superscript and listed at the end of thesis. All the figures included in-the thesis were obtained by DIRECT XEROX OF THE ORIGINAL NMR SPECTRA, and in some of them uninformative areas have been cut to save the space. The herbertane sesquiterpenes are relatively a new class of aromatic sesquiterpenes, containing sterically crowded l-aryl-l,2,2-trimethylcyclopentane carbon framework incorporating two vicinal quaternary carbon atoms on a cyclopentane ring. The sterically crowded molecular framework coupled with the novel biological properties associated with the phenolic herbertanes made the herbertenoids challenging synthetic targets. In the present investigations, to begin with, a formal total synthesis of (±)-herbertenediol and (±)~ mastigophorenes A-D was developed starting from vanillin, based on a combination of Wacker oxidation and intramolecular aldol reactions. A general ring-closing metathesis (RCM) based methodology was developed for a-cuparenone and the herbertane sesquiterpenes herbertene, a-herbertenol, f)~herbertenol and herbertenediol starting from the appropriately substituted acetophenones. The acetophenones on Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction followed by regioselective reduction generated 5-arylbut-2-enols, which on Claisen rearrangement furnished 3~aryl-3-methylpent-4-enals. Grignard reaction with vinylmagnesium bromide followed by RCM reaction and oxidation transformed 3-aryl-3-methylpent~4-enals into 4~aryl-4-methylcylopentenones, which were further transformed into 3-aryl-2,2,3-trimethylcyclopentanones, thus, completing the formal synthesis of the sesquiterpenes (±)-a-cuparenone, (±)-herbertene, (±)-a-herbertenol, (±)-pherbertenol and (±)'herbertenediol. In continuation of the synthesis of herbertane sesquiterpenes, a Claisen rearrangement and RCM reaction based strategy was developed for the synthesis of (±)~lt14-herbertenediol and (±)-71-epi-herbertenolide, and marine sesquiterpenes {£)-tochuinyl acetate and (±)-dihydrotochuinyl acetate. Ortho ester Claisen rearrangement of 3-arylbut-2~ enols generated 3-aryl~3-methylpent-4-enoates, which on allylation and RCM reactions generated 2~methyl-2-arylcyclopent-3-encarboxylates. Stereoselective alkylation followed by functional group manipulations transformed 2-methyl'2-arylcyclopent'3-encarboxylates into the marine sesquiterpenes (±)-tochuinyl acetate and (±)-dihydrotochuinyl acetate, (±)-ll-epiherbertenolide and (±)~l,,14-herbertenediol. Total synthesis of (±)-lt13-herbertenediol has been accomplished employing an RCM reaction as the key step. The requisite starting material 2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl acetate was obtained from p-cresol. Two sequential allylation reactions followed by RCM reaction transformed 2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl acetate into 1 -arylcyclopent-3-en-l-carboxylate. Allylic oxidation and alkylation followed by functional group manipulation transformed I-arylcyclopent-3-en-l-carboxylate into (±)-U3-herbertenediol. For the enantiospecific synthesis of (+)-a-herbertenol, an aromatic Claisen rearrangement based strategy was developed starting from the readily available monoterpene (R)-limonene. To begin with, limonene was converted into 5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclopent-l-enemethanol which on Mitsunobu reaction with p-cresol followed by Claisen rearrangement of the resultant aryl ether generated a mixture of3-isopropenyl-3a,7,8b-trimethyl-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]benzofurans. Degradation of the isopropenyl group and cleavage of the central ether ring transformed the major cyclopentabenzofuran into 3-aryl-2,3-dimethylcyclopentanone, which was further elaborated into (+)-a-herbertenol. The general RCM reaction methodology developed for the herbertenoids has been further extended to the first total synthesis of the antimicrobial sesquiterpenes (±)~ enokipodins A andB, and a formal total syntheses of (±)-cuparene-l,4-diol, (±)-cuparene-lt4-quinone and (±)~HM-1 methyl ether star*w« from 2,5~dimethoxy~4-methylacetophenone. It has been further extended to the formal synthesis of spirocydic sesquiterpenes (±)-acorone and (±)-isoacorones starting from cyclohexane-1,4-dione.

beta-Turns in many biologically active peptides are important secondary structural elements which are critical for their biological activities. Hence, it is not surprising that beta-turn based pharmacophore design including beta-turn mimetics has become a central topic in medicinal chemistry in addition to alpha-helix or helical peptides. One of the advantages of such beta-turn mimetics is that they can better control torsion angles of the backbone of peptides and to some degree dihedral angles chi (X). These beta-turn mimicking scaffolds are designed to have a higher avidity for the acceptor by overcoming what otherwise is the inherent entropic cost paid for beta-turn formation upon binding to the acceptor. Among different synthetic strategies to bicyclic structures as beta-turn mimetics, consecutive formation of bicyclic structures using tandem acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium ion cyclization is attractive since this methodology was well established in the synthesis of natural product alkaloids. 1,3,6,8-Substituted tetrahydro-2H-pyrazino[1,2-a]pyrimidine-4,7-diones were designed and synthesized as internal beta-turn mimetics through an acid-catalyzed tandem acyliminium ion cyclization. Its development and synthesis are decribed in Chapter 2 to Chapter 4. Its application toward the development and synthesis of a small molecule ligand for melanocortin receptors is described in Chapter 5. In addition, the development of peptidomimetics for opioid receptors is explained in Chapter 6. On the other hand, a dicarba analogue having opioid receptor agonist, and dicarba analogues for MCRs were synthesized through solid phase synthesis including a ring closing metathesis reaction using Grubbs' catalyst (I) in Chapter 8.

Thesis (Ph, D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2008. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-83).