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Yes / We report the synthesis of halido Os(II) p-cymene complexes bearing bidentate chelating phenylazobenzothiazole (AZBTZ) ligands. Unlike the analogous phenylazopyridine (AZPY) complexes, AZBTZ-NMe2 is capable of both N,N-coordination to Os(II) and cyclometalation to form N,C-coordinated species. N,C-Coordination occurs via an azo nitrogen and an ortho carbon on the aniline ring, as identified by 1H NMR and X-ray crystallography of [Os(p-cym)(N,N-AZBTZ-NMe2)Cl]PF6 (1a), [Os(p-cym)(N,N-AZBTZ-NMe2)Br]PF6 (2a), [Os(p-cym)(N,C-AZBTZ-NMe2)Br] (2b), and [Os(p-cym)(N,C-AZBTZ-NMe2)I] (3b). The N,C-coordinated species is more stable and is not readily converted to the N,N-coordinated complex. Analysis of the crystal structures suggests that their formation is influenced by steric interactions between the p-cym and AZBTZ-NMe2 ligands: in particular, larger monodentate halide ligands favor N,C-coordination. The complexes [Os(p-cym)(N,N-Me2-AZBTZ-NH2)Cl]PF6 (4) and [Os(p-cym)(N,N-Me2-AZBTZ-NH2)I]PF6 (5) were synthesized with methyl groups blocking the ortho positions on the aniline ring, forcing an N,N-coordination geometry. 1H NMR NOE experiments confirmed hindered rotation of the arene ligand and steric crowding around the metal center. Complex 2b exhibited unexpected behavior under acidic conditions, involving regiospecific deuteration of the aniline ring at the meta position, as observed by 1H NMR and high-resolution ESI-MS. Deuterium exchange occurs only under acidic conditions, suggesting an associative mechanism. The calculated partial charges on 2b show that the meta carbon is significantly more negatively charged, which may account for the regiospecificity of deuterium exchange. / ERC, EPSRC, The Royal Society

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The original research element of this thesis consists of the study of an emerging· professional association of senior managerial employees in business and industry in Weimar Germany. This association which went by the name of VELA, Vereinigung der leitenden Angestellten, or the Organisation of Leading Salaried Employees, was founded in December 1918, and continued in existence until December 1934. Utilising a complete collection of VELA's bi-monthly members' periodical, the development of a coherent ideology of elitism is traced from 1919 to 1933, with the emphasis upon the crystallisation of a world-view compatible and congruent with that of National Socialism by 1924/25. Political convergence with, and support for, the Nazi Party then followed some time after the onset of the Great Depression. A detailed study of the process of Gleichschaltung, or co-ordination, in the spring and summer of 1933 is used to illustrate how easily, readily and enthusiastically VELA embraced the coining of a New Order in the Third Reich.

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MSc (Physiotherapy), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / In South Africa, the concept of Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD) is relatively unfamiliar and not well understood. The exact epidemiology is unknown, but the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV, 2000) indicate that the value could be between five and ten percent of the American population. Many studies on DCD have been conducted and most highlight the immense difficulties these children experience with motor activities, both in sport and daily tasks. However, few studies specifically investigated endurance and the impact it has on the child’s ability to function normally without too much effort and fatigue due to the condition. The main aim of this study was to determine the difference in submaximal endurance levels between children diagnosed with DCD and normally developing children. Children between the ages of seven and ten years were included in the study. The Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) was employed to determine the average distance covered by each of two groups that were selected to participate in the study and thus, the submaximal endurance levels of each group. The first group of participants consisted of children having a diagnosis of DCD (n=31) and the second comparative group consisted of normally developing children (n=17). The results were analysed and compared using the Student t-test. Anthropometric data of height, age, gender and weight as well as baseline data of breathing rate, heart rate and peak flow were taken. These were compared to normative data as determined by the growth charts of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as previous research on the various topics. The average distance covered by the DCD group was 375.89 metres with a standard deviation of ±73.33 and the mean distance covered by the normal comparative group was 430.48 metres with a standard deviation of ±60.85. When the two groups were compared it produced a p-value of 0.0086 which was a statistically significant difference. The normally developing group covered on average 54.6 metres more distance than the group with co-ordination difficulties. In comparison to studies that determined normal age (Lammers et al, 2008) and height (Li et al, 2007) reference values, the children within the eight-year age band for the normally developing group fell within the determined values. The other age bands fell below average for both the DCD and normally developing groups. The finding of the current study is important as it highlights the discrepancy in the submaximal endurance levels of children with DCD when compared to normally developing children of the same age. This is important when considering that most of the activities of daily living are performed at submaximal endurance levels and it is particularly important to note that these are the activities that children with DCD find challenging. The 6MWT can be performed by children as young as four years of age, with explanation and encouragement. This is particularly helpful in the clinical setting, as other tests of physical fitness require more time, equipment and generally good co-ordination in the individual being tested. The 6MWT is easy to apply and requires few tools, making it a cost and time effective means of testing submaximal fitness in children. It is thus a useful measure to determine whether therapeutic intervention has impacted endurance for activities of daily living.

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Bakgrund: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) är en motorisk koordinationsstörning som uppstår i tidig ålder. Det är vanligt att barn med diagnosen DCD undviker fysisk aktivitet, lek och även svårt att klara kraven inom skolidrotten. Interventioner med task-oriented approach har varit den behandling som främst rekommenderas för barn med DCD. De senaste åren har nyare interventioner inom task-oriented approach utvecklats och blivit allt mer populära. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie har varit att undersöka evidensläget för behandlingsmetoder med task-oriented approach för barn med DCD och sammanställa dessa metoders effekter på balans, koordination och/eller fysisk aktivitet.  Metod: Arbetet utfördes som en narrativ litteraturstudie och en systematisk sökning efter relevanta studier genomfördes i databaserna PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane samt Cinahl. Studierna kvalitetsgranskades med PEDros granskningsmall och bedömning av evidensstyrka genomfördes med GRADEstud. Resultat: Nio studier med task-oriented approach inkluderades i studien. Artiklarnas kvalitet varierade mellan god, moderat och låg. Det sammanvägda resultatets evidensstyrka gällande effekt på balans och koordination med task-oriented approach graderades som mycket låg vid jämförelse med kontrollgrupp eller process-oriented approach och som låg vid jämförelse med annan task-oriented approach. Studiernas låga kvalitet, brist på poweranalyser samt heterogeniteten mellan interventionerna bedömdes vara orsaken till resultatet av evidensgraderingen. Konklusion: De inkluderade studierna har genomgående varit små och av varierande kvalitet. Mer forskning av hög kvalitet behövs för att kunna säkerställa en högre tillförlitlighet på effekten av task-oriented approach för barn med DCD. / Background: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a motor coordination disorder that occurs at an early age. It is common for children with DCD to avoid physical activity due to their motor problems and they have difficulty meeting the demands of school sports. Interventions with a task-oriented approach have mainly been what is recommended for children with DCD. In recent years, newer interventions that fall into the task-oriented approach have become increasingly popular. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the scientific evidence of treatment methods with task-oriented approach for children with DCD and to summarize  the effects of these methods on balance, coordination and physical activity. Method: For this narrative literature study the search for relevant studies was conducted in the medical databases PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane and Cinahl. The quality was assessed with the PEDro scale and the reliability of the evidence was evaluated with GRADEstud.  Result: Nine studies were included in the study. The quality of the studies varied between good, moderate and low. The reliability of the results to the effect on balance and coordination was graded as very low and low. This was due to the low quality, lack of power analysis and heterogeneity in the interventions with task-oriented approach. Summary: The included studies are generally small and of varying quality. More high-quality research is needed to ensure a higher reliability of the effect of task-oriented approach for children with DCD.