Em 1895 ocorreu a primeira exibição cinematográfica, fruto do invento de Louis e Auguste Lumière denominado de cinematógrafo. Esse aparelho permitia a projeção de cenas para várias pessoas ao mesmo tempo, surgindo, dessa forma, o cinema. Principalmente a partir do século XXI a indústria cinematográfica brasileira encontra-se em um momento de expansão, com aumento de público e renda. Apesar do desempenho interno favorável do Brasil, o setor carece de informações no que se refere a saída de obras brasileiras para o exterior. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar como as transformações do campo do cinema no Brasil condicionaram ou oportunizaram a entrada de filmes brasileiros no mercado internacional a partir da década de 1990. O conceito de campo utilizado neste trabalho segue a perspectiva de Fligstein, onde um dado mercado é entendido como campo, tornando necessário a especificação do mercado, identificação dos jogadores e a compreensão de como o relacionamento social e o entendimento cultural criam campos estáveis como forma de resolver os problemas de competição e incerteza. Para analisar o movimento de saída de obras nacionais foi empregado a Teoria de Internacionalização da Escola de Uppsala. Neste estudo foram utilizados dados secundários, provenientes dos organismos ligados ao cinema e fontes especializadas. Além da pesquisa documental, foram aplicados questionários e foi realizada uma entrevista com os agentes presentes no campo de forma a confrontar com os dados secundários. Por meio deste trabalho, foi evidenciado a relação entre as mudanças do campo cinematográfico e a saída de obras brasileiras ao exterior. As principais mudanças do campo cinematográfico a partir da década de 1990 foram a aprovação da Lei Rouanet e as demais políticas de financiamento, o reconhecimento através das indicações das obras brasileiras nos festivais e premiações internacionais, os acordos internacionais e os programas de fomento do cinema nacional. Através destas mudanças, o Estado exerceu o papel fundamental na retomada do cinema brasileiro por meio de mecanismos de captação de recursos e no aprimoramento da legislação reguladora do cinema. No que concerne aos aspectos da Teoria de Internacionalização da Escola de Uppsala, características como a escolha dos mercados e como ocorreu a inserção no mercado global foram congruentes com a saída de obras brasileiras no mercado internacional. / In 1895, the first cinema exhibition occurred, it was the result of the invention of Auguste and Louis Lumière who were defined as cinematographers. This device allowed the projection of scenes to several persons at the same time, thus, emerging the film. Mainly from the twenty-first century the Brazilian film industry is in a boom, with a great number of new customers and better revenues every year. Despite the favorable internal performance of Brazil, the sector lacks of information related to Brazilian works presented abroad. In this context, the aim of this study is to identify how changes in the field of cinema in Brazil gave support or foster the internationalization process of the Brazilian films in the foreign market since 1990. The concept of field used in this work follows the Fligstein perspective, where a given market is understood as a field, requiring the specification of the market, player identification and understanding of how social relationships and cultural understanding create stable fields as a way to solve the problems of competition and uncertainty. To analyze the movement of the entry of national works the author employed the Theory of Internationalization of Uppsala School. This study used secondary data from agencies in the film industry and from key players. Besides the documentary research, in depth interviews were conducted with experienced agents, contrasting their point of view with the secondary data. First, this work evidenced the relationship between changes in the cinematographic field and the flow of Brazilian works abroad. The main changes in cinematographic field since 1990s were the approval of the Rouanet and other funding policies, recognition of the Brazilian’s work in international festivals and prizes awarded international agreements and promoting national cinema agenda. Through these changes, it is clear the key role of the Government to the resumption of Brazilian cinema, results achieved through mechanisms of funding and improvements in cinema legislation. Regarding aspects of Internationalization Theory of Uppsala School, features like the choice of markets and how to place the insertion in the global market were congruent with the departure of Brazilian films in the international market.

Em 1895 ocorreu a primeira exibição cinematográfica, fruto do invento de Louis e Auguste Lumière denominado de cinematógrafo. Esse aparelho permitia a projeção de cenas para várias pessoas ao mesmo tempo, surgindo, dessa forma, o cinema. Principalmente a partir do século XXI a indústria cinematográfica brasileira encontra-se em um momento de expansão, com aumento de público e renda. Apesar do desempenho interno favorável do Brasil, o setor carece de informações no que se refere a saída de obras brasileiras para o exterior. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar como as transformações do campo do cinema no Brasil condicionaram ou oportunizaram a entrada de filmes brasileiros no mercado internacional a partir da década de 1990. O conceito de campo utilizado neste trabalho segue a perspectiva de Fligstein, onde um dado mercado é entendido como campo, tornando necessário a especificação do mercado, identificação dos jogadores e a compreensão de como o relacionamento social e o entendimento cultural criam campos estáveis como forma de resolver os problemas de competição e incerteza. Para analisar o movimento de saída de obras nacionais foi empregado a Teoria de Internacionalização da Escola de Uppsala. Neste estudo foram utilizados dados secundários, provenientes dos organismos ligados ao cinema e fontes especializadas. Além da pesquisa documental, foram aplicados questionários e foi realizada uma entrevista com os agentes presentes no campo de forma a confrontar com os dados secundários. Por meio deste trabalho, foi evidenciado a relação entre as mudanças do campo cinematográfico e a saída de obras brasileiras ao exterior. As principais mudanças do campo cinematográfico a partir da década de 1990 foram a aprovação da Lei Rouanet e as demais políticas de financiamento, o reconhecimento através das indicações das obras brasileiras nos festivais e premiações internacionais, os acordos internacionais e os programas de fomento do cinema nacional. Através destas mudanças, o Estado exerceu o papel fundamental na retomada do cinema brasileiro por meio de mecanismos de captação de recursos e no aprimoramento da legislação reguladora do cinema. No que concerne aos aspectos da Teoria de Internacionalização da Escola de Uppsala, características como a escolha dos mercados e como ocorreu a inserção no mercado global foram congruentes com a saída de obras brasileiras no mercado internacional. / In 1895, the first cinema exhibition occurred, it was the result of the invention of Auguste and Louis Lumière who were defined as cinematographers. This device allowed the projection of scenes to several persons at the same time, thus, emerging the film. Mainly from the twenty-first century the Brazilian film industry is in a boom, with a great number of new customers and better revenues every year. Despite the favorable internal performance of Brazil, the sector lacks of information related to Brazilian works presented abroad. In this context, the aim of this study is to identify how changes in the field of cinema in Brazil gave support or foster the internationalization process of the Brazilian films in the foreign market since 1990. The concept of field used in this work follows the Fligstein perspective, where a given market is understood as a field, requiring the specification of the market, player identification and understanding of how social relationships and cultural understanding create stable fields as a way to solve the problems of competition and uncertainty. To analyze the movement of the entry of national works the author employed the Theory of Internationalization of Uppsala School. This study used secondary data from agencies in the film industry and from key players. Besides the documentary research, in depth interviews were conducted with experienced agents, contrasting their point of view with the secondary data. First, this work evidenced the relationship between changes in the cinematographic field and the flow of Brazilian works abroad. The main changes in cinematographic field since 1990s were the approval of the Rouanet and other funding policies, recognition of the Brazilian’s work in international festivals and prizes awarded international agreements and promoting national cinema agenda. Through these changes, it is clear the key role of the Government to the resumption of Brazilian cinema, results achieved through mechanisms of funding and improvements in cinema legislation. Regarding aspects of Internationalization Theory of Uppsala School, features like the choice of markets and how to place the insertion in the global market were congruent with the departure of Brazilian films in the international market.

Em 1895 ocorreu a primeira exibição cinematográfica, fruto do invento de Louis e Auguste Lumière denominado de cinematógrafo. Esse aparelho permitia a projeção de cenas para várias pessoas ao mesmo tempo, surgindo, dessa forma, o cinema. Principalmente a partir do século XXI a indústria cinematográfica brasileira encontra-se em um momento de expansão, com aumento de público e renda. Apesar do desempenho interno favorável do Brasil, o setor carece de informações no que se refere a saída de obras brasileiras para o exterior. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar como as transformações do campo do cinema no Brasil condicionaram ou oportunizaram a entrada de filmes brasileiros no mercado internacional a partir da década de 1990. O conceito de campo utilizado neste trabalho segue a perspectiva de Fligstein, onde um dado mercado é entendido como campo, tornando necessário a especificação do mercado, identificação dos jogadores e a compreensão de como o relacionamento social e o entendimento cultural criam campos estáveis como forma de resolver os problemas de competição e incerteza. Para analisar o movimento de saída de obras nacionais foi empregado a Teoria de Internacionalização da Escola de Uppsala. Neste estudo foram utilizados dados secundários, provenientes dos organismos ligados ao cinema e fontes especializadas. Além da pesquisa documental, foram aplicados questionários e foi realizada uma entrevista com os agentes presentes no campo de forma a confrontar com os dados secundários. Por meio deste trabalho, foi evidenciado a relação entre as mudanças do campo cinematográfico e a saída de obras brasileiras ao exterior. As principais mudanças do campo cinematográfico a partir da década de 1990 foram a aprovação da Lei Rouanet e as demais políticas de financiamento, o reconhecimento através das indicações das obras brasileiras nos festivais e premiações internacionais, os acordos internacionais e os programas de fomento do cinema nacional. Através destas mudanças, o Estado exerceu o papel fundamental na retomada do cinema brasileiro por meio de mecanismos de captação de recursos e no aprimoramento da legislação reguladora do cinema. No que concerne aos aspectos da Teoria de Internacionalização da Escola de Uppsala, características como a escolha dos mercados e como ocorreu a inserção no mercado global foram congruentes com a saída de obras brasileiras no mercado internacional. / In 1895, the first cinema exhibition occurred, it was the result of the invention of Auguste and Louis Lumière who were defined as cinematographers. This device allowed the projection of scenes to several persons at the same time, thus, emerging the film. Mainly from the twenty-first century the Brazilian film industry is in a boom, with a great number of new customers and better revenues every year. Despite the favorable internal performance of Brazil, the sector lacks of information related to Brazilian works presented abroad. In this context, the aim of this study is to identify how changes in the field of cinema in Brazil gave support or foster the internationalization process of the Brazilian films in the foreign market since 1990. The concept of field used in this work follows the Fligstein perspective, where a given market is understood as a field, requiring the specification of the market, player identification and understanding of how social relationships and cultural understanding create stable fields as a way to solve the problems of competition and uncertainty. To analyze the movement of the entry of national works the author employed the Theory of Internationalization of Uppsala School. This study used secondary data from agencies in the film industry and from key players. Besides the documentary research, in depth interviews were conducted with experienced agents, contrasting their point of view with the secondary data. First, this work evidenced the relationship between changes in the cinematographic field and the flow of Brazilian works abroad. The main changes in cinematographic field since 1990s were the approval of the Rouanet and other funding policies, recognition of the Brazilian’s work in international festivals and prizes awarded international agreements and promoting national cinema agenda. Through these changes, it is clear the key role of the Government to the resumption of Brazilian cinema, results achieved through mechanisms of funding and improvements in cinema legislation. Regarding aspects of Internationalization Theory of Uppsala School, features like the choice of markets and how to place the insertion in the global market were congruent with the departure of Brazilian films in the international market.

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The main aim of this study is to examine the interrelationship of finance and government intervention in explaining the rise of co-productions in the international film industry in the time period between 1997 and 2004. Mainstream economic geography literature presents the film industry typically as a case study for embeddedness and agglomeration effects, with successful industry clusters drawing their strength from process knowledge, networks and local interaction. However, there is an increasing disparity in the literature between what mainstream theory suggests, and what empirical studies find with respect to the importance of cluster-external relations and dynamics. This, as I will argue, is particularly evident when looking at the picture of the whole film industry production system that emerges from the literature, which fails to include the alternative and complimentary pattern of co-productions. Co-productions are collaborations between film producers from at least two different countries, pooling their resources across distance to produce a feature film project. In the past fifteen years, the number of films made as co-productions has risen continuously in Europe, with co-productions accounting for more than 30 per cent of European film production activity. As a mode of production based on temporary, cross-border collaboration that is supported in its coordination by temporary clusters, such as trade fairs and industry events, the coproduction phenomenon poses a conundrum to economic geography literature and challenges its explanatory framework. As I will argue, in order to arrive at a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon, it is necessary to look beyond social factors associated with locality, and to examine instead dynamics impacting on the industrial organization of the whole production system. I will argue that in the context of the pervasive demand uncertainty characterizing the film industry, the analytical focus should be on financial dynamics, as production activity and its organizational form are ultimately dependent on finance as an enabling force. Based on a description of the film financing process as the primary process in which the relationship between the economic categories of financial and production capital are played out, I propose that in order to explain the growth of co-productions empirically, it is necessary to examine changes in the film financing environments of the increasingly interrelated European and US film industries. As the State is the most important provider of financial capital in the European film industry through the provision of public aid, the focus will lie in particular on the consequences of a paradigm change in the rationale of State intervention in Europe moving away from funding film for cultural reason, to supporting the industry on economic grounds since the mid 1990s. As will be shown, the most important consequence of this paradigm change has been the introduction of tax incentives to encourage investment into film in a number of European and international countries within a short period of time. As will be demonstrated, this has led to the formation of significant, locally confined capital pools that can dis-embed production; and to the emergence of a distinct capital cycle in international film financing, which has strongly impacted on the productive system of the film industry. Finally, a dynamic explanation for the growth of co-productions in Europe in the time period between 1997 and 2004 will be provided. I will argue that co-productions have firstly grown in order to overcome a lack of finance, but have in the context of a capital cycle based on tax incentives from Germany and the UK, increasingly become driven by the opposite dynamic, namely an abundance of financial capital seeking profitable investment opportunities. The study will conclude with a discussion of policy implications, a summary of contributions to the literature and a brief overview of future research opportunities.