Two broad communities can be distinguished in marine systems, those attached to amorphous aggregate material dispersed throughout the water column and those that are freely suspended in the water column (planktonic). It has been suggested that two distinct microbial populations are associated with each habitat due to phenotypic adaptation to the different conditions in aggregates and the surrounding water. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of aggregate-associated and planktonic marine ammonia oxidisers (AOBs - the organisms responsible for the rate limiting step in nitrification) in both natural environments and laboratory-reared systems and to determine whether aggregate material selected for particular groups of AOBs. Detection of AOBs relied heavily on the use of molecular analysis of extracted DNA. Thus, a preliminary study was performed to assess whether preferential lysis occurred when representatives of both genera within the B-subgroup AOBs {Nitrosospira multiformis and Nitrosomonas europaea) were exposed to lysis procedures commonly applied to marine samples. Minimal bias existed, with Nitrosomonas europaea proving to be less susceptible to lysis only when the lytic agents (sodium dodecyl sulphate and lysozyme) were absent or at concentrations 100-fold less than those applied in routine environmental extraction. Environmental populations of aggregate-associated and planktonic AOBs in the NW Mediterranean Sea were assessed in summer and winter at stations both within and beyond regions of fresh water inflow (the plume). Molecular analysis involved amplification, by the polymerase chain reaction, of 16S rRNA genes from extracted DNA using AOB-specific primers. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences coupled with DGGE and specific probing revealed temporal and spatial effects in community structure of AOBs. In the summer, genus level selection of AOBs was observed with Nitrosospira dominating in the aggregate population and Nitrosomonas dominating in the planktonic phase. This was found in the surface waters of geographically distant sites within and outside the plume. Between-site differences were evident in the deeper waters with Nitrosospira-like sequences more abundant in plume diluted waters and Nitrosomonas like sequences more abundant outside this zone, while genus level selection between aggregate-associated and planktonic communities was not detected. In winter, a uniform pattern of AOB distribution emerged with an even distribution of two Nitrosospira sequences at each site on all aggregate and planktonic samples. The AOB community structure of sediment samples was not wholly resolved by application of direct molecular techniques and the culturable diversity was later examined by an enrichment-based approach. A laboratory-reared aggregate system was developed to assess the distribution and selection of inoculated pure and enrichment cultures of AOBs and to assess the effect of sampling technique on the observed community structure. Enclosed vessels containing North Sea water were rotated until aggregation of autochthonous particulate material formed discrete aggregates. No genus level selection of AOBs was observed in aggregate-associated and planktonic communities in North Sea water yet differences in the distribution of closely related sequences within cluster 1 Nitrosospira were observed between the two communities. Observed aggregate and planktonic community structure was affected by the method used to separate the two fractions. Active bacterial production was not necessary for aggregate formation if a pooled suspension of aggregates was sterilised and added to a medium of cell-free filtered sea water. Thus, the successful inoculation and retrieval of an N. multiformis culture within the cell free system suggested that it was appropriate for investigation of the colonisation dynamics of inoculated AOBs.

This thesis illustrates the specific aspects that influence or limit the application of remotely-sensed data for information retrieval from coastal marine, estuarine and riverine environments. The thesis is drawn principally from ten separate studies and is divided into discrete sections, or experiments, that provide an understanding of the fundamental aspects of the effects of the atmosphere, water surface, water column and bottom on sensor-received reflected signal.The results show the importance of precise calculation of acquisition parameters and the absolute importance of relevant reference data. Most instrumentation for remote sensing at visible wavelengths has been developed for terrestrial applications where signal is rarely limiting and target features are relatively static. For in-water applications, where signal is small and noise can be large, the features to be sensed may be temporally dynamic and obscured.However, the work presented also shows the great benefit and spatial cost-effectiveness that can be obtained if the spectral and temporal specification is adequately considered. The prime motivation for such applications usually comes from the requirement to detect and quantify water column characteristics, such as phytoplankton forming as algal blooms, and bottom stratigraphic condition, such as benthic habitat mapping for fishery or conservation purposes.

Os ambientes estuarinos, interface entre oceano e o continente, são classificados como um dos mais importantes ecossistemas existentes, tanto pela sua localização na quanto pela sua importância para as espécies locais e outras tantas espécies dependentes desse habitat. Elementos como o Ferro e Enxofre desempenham importante papel nesses ambientes, devido principalmente às condições anóxicas impostas pela constante inundação. Tais elementos são peças-chave para diversos processos biogeoquímicos relacionados metais, e a oxidação da matéria orgânica em ambiente redutor, e os processos geoquímicos relacionados a estes elementos variam com a dinâmica de marés, a presença de organismos e plantas. Embora seja evidente a importância de estuários, ainda não existem muitas medidas efetivas que previnam as descargas de poluentes diretamente nessas áreas, como metais pesados; que podem estar presentes em grandes quantidades no esgoto urbano e industrial. Além disso, metais podem ser liberados em casos isolados, como por exemplo, no rompimento da barragem da Samarco em 2015 liberando grande quantidade de rejeitos de processamento de minérios. Nesse sentido este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os efeitos da chegada do rejeito à Foz do Rio Doce no Estado do Espírito Santo, no comportamento geoquímico dos elementos Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu no ambiente estuarino. Foram coletadas amostras de solo e do rejeito depositado, ao longo do estuário do Rio Doce, nas proximidades do município de Regência (coordenadas 19º 24\' 20\" S e 40º 4\' 5\" W ), no nordeste do Estado do Espírito Santo. Em campo foram medidos os valores de pH e Eh e em laboratório determinado as frações de metais através de extrações sequenciais e a determinação do teor de MO e composição granulométrica. Também foi feito análise de DRX no rejeito, pelo método de amostra em pó seca o qual demonstra óxidos de ferro como hematita e goethita. Os resultados mostram grande variação de Eh e pH, predomínio da fração areia no solo, e teores de MO em média entre 2,67±2,31 e 6,28±3,51%. Os teores de metais como o Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn apresentaram-se consideravelmente elevados, devido principalmente, a composição do rejeito e fortemente associados às formas óxidos e pouco Fe e metais associados à fração pirítica, o que expõe o risco de biodisponibilidade de metais pela redução do Fe. / The estuarine environments, an interface between ocean and the continent lands are classified as one of the most important ecosystems existing, as much for its location as for its importance for the local species and other species dependent on that specific habitat. Elements such as iron and sulfur play an important role in these environments, mainly due to the anoxic conditions imposed by frequent flooding. These elements are key pieces for several biogeochemical processes related to metals, and the oxidation of organic matter in reducing environment, and the geochemical processes related to these elements vary with the dynamics of tides, the presence of organisms and plants. Although the importance of estuaries is evident, there are still many effective measures to prevent the discharge of pollutants directly into these areas, such as heavy metals; Which may be present in large quantities in urban and industrial sewage. Additionally, metals can be released in isolated cases, for example, in the colapse of the Samarco´s dam in 2015 releasing large amounts of ore processing tailings. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the arrival of the tailings to Rio Doce river, in the state of Espírito Santo, in the meaning of geochemical behavior of the elements Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in the estuarine environment. Soil and deposited tailings were sampled and collected along the Rio Doce estuary near the city of Regência (coordinates 19º 24 \'20 \"S and 40º 4\' 5\" W), in the northeast of the State of Espírito Santo. The values of pH and Eh were measured on field, and in laboratory were determined the fractions of metals through sequential extractions as well the determination of the content of MO and granulometric composition. XRD analysis was also carried out in the tailings by the dry powder sample method, which demonstrates iron oxides such as hematite and goethite. The results showed a great variation of Eh and pH, predominance of the sand fraction in the soil, and OM levels between 2.67 ± 2.31 and 6.28 ± 3.51%. The metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn, were considerably elevated, mainly due to the composition of the waste and strongly associated with the oxides and low Fe and metals associated with the pyritic fraction, which exposes the risk of bioavailability of Metals by the reduction of Fe.

To respond to the global issue of sea level rise, this thesis examines architectural adaptation strategies by focusing on a low-lying coastal community in Dartmouth Cove in Halifax, Canada. Without a comprehensive adaptation strategy, these residents, along with 75% of the properties surrounding the harbour, will be forced to abandon their homes, resulting in a massive retreat from the coast. This project explores ways to build that can accommodate the future rise in sea level and population growth but are sensitive to the natural environment. It includes designs for urban organizations and amphibious housing blocks. The findings presented in this thesis suggest that amphibious architecture could become a viable solution for coastal environments in urban areas.

Submitted by ULISSES SILVA GUIMARÃES null (ulissesguimaraes21@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-23T14:46:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PPGCC_Tese_Guimaraes_mar2017.pdf: 11881192 bytes, checksum: b616aff4dd851b26e6151f6a753a3e62 (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-04-25T19:47:14Z (GMT) / Submitted by ULISSES SILVA GUIMARÃES null (ulissesguimaraes21@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-27T00:35:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PPGCC_DR_UG.pdf: 11945196 bytes, checksum: 6a00a3b24776e561994802637366de42 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T13:21:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_us_dr_prud.pdf: 11945196 bytes, checksum: 6a00a3b24776e561994802637366de42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T13:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guimaraes_us_dr_prud.pdf: 11945196 bytes, checksum: 6a00a3b24776e561994802637366de42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / A Zona Costeira Amazônica (ZCA) é marcada por uma alta descarga de sedimentos e água doce sob a influência do rio Amazonas, possui ampla plataforma continental, extensas planícies de inundação e planaltos rebaixados. É uma região de clima tropical, caracterizando-se por chuvas e nebulosidade severas, além da influência de macromarés. Este estudo propõe-se a avaliar a precisão de Modelos Digitais de Superfícies (MDSs), elaborados a partir de dados de radar de abertura sintética (SAR) Cosmo-SkyMed (CSK) e TerraSAR-X (TSX), utilizando abordagens de reconstrução tridimensional por interferometria e radargrametria, para caracterizar esse relevo plano e dinâmico da costa amazônica. O estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro experimentos contemplando: i) as variações de linha de costa por meio de detecção de mudanças a partir de imagens ópticas; ii) mapeamento de ambientes costeiros; iii) elaboração e análise de MDSs interferométricos e iv) radargramétricos, por meio das suas respectivas cadeias de processamento SAR. A ZCA teve forte dinâmica nos últimos 15 anos, com acresção total de 5.582,18 km2 e sob a taxa de 372,15 km2.ano-1, erosão total de 5.475,90 km² e sob taxa de 365,06 km2.ano-1, resultando no balanço sedimentar de 106,27 km², com taxa de 7,08 km2.ano-1. O setor Insular Estuarino apresentou a maior dinâmica de linha de costa, com mudanças costeiras de 213,17±56,46 km2 e balanço sedimentar de 20,65±73,59 km2. Os ambientes costeiros amazônicos foram descritos pelo retroespalhamento e pela coerência, os quais compartilharam alta ambiguidade e dispersão elevada, sendo o pior caso de separabilidade e baixa coerência registrado para Planície Costeira. O mapeamento dos diferentes ambientes costeiros resultou em coeficiente Kappa entre 0,46 a 0,51, apontando os ângulos de incidência rasantes e o período seco como mais apropriados para o estudo. Os MDSs interferométricos e radargramétricos foram elaborados em passagens múltiplas de única revisita com compromissos entre ângulos de incidência, linha de base espacial e descorrelação temporal. A acurácia vertical foi realizada por testes estatísticos pareados com levantamentos de campo que resultou em discrepâncias, viés e precisão compatíveis com o Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica Brasileiro para Produtos Cartográficos Digitais (PEC-PCD), em adição, os MDS foram comparados por meio dos diagramas de Taylor e Alvo. Os MDSs interferométricos alcançaram RMSE entre 9,57 e 25,18 m, com melhor desempenho para o MDS CSK, adquirido com 1 dia de revisita, ângulo de incidência íngreme, no período chuvoso e compatível a escala de 1:50.000, classe A. Entretanto, a abordagem interferométrica não foi capaz de solucionar a reconstrução tridimensional de ambientes que se mostraram incoerentes. Os modelos radargramétricos obtidos pelas abordagens do SARscape e Toutin alcançaram RMSE entre 4,34 e 7,76 m, com melhor desempenho para os modelos de Toutin, que foram compatíveis com a escala 1:50.000, classe A. A radargrametria permitiu a reconstrução tridimensional contínua, incluindo a Planície Costeira de comportamento incoerente. A comparação dos MDSs por meio dos diagramas de Taylor e Alvo, mostrou variações de precisão entre os sistemas CSK e TSX, e suas respectivas condições de aquisição e modelos, com destaque à menor variabilidade e ajuste da correlação para MDSs do sistema TSX, em incidências rasantes, no período seco e gerados pelo modelo de Toutin. O Tabuleiro Costeiro e Terraço Fluviomarinho apresentaram menor erro vertical entre 3,89 e 28,59 m, e entre 3,79 e 20,33 m, respectivamente, enquanto que a Planície Costeira teve maior RMSE entre 4,16 e 26,24 m. O Tabuleiro Costeiro foi o ambiente costeiro mais adequado para estimar altura, com posições plotadas próximas as referências de campo. Os dados CSK e TSX permitiram mapear o relevo plano e dinâmico da ZCA, por meio da banda X, alta resolução espacial e revisita, o que demostrou o suporte para cartografar em detalhe de escala espacial (1:50.000) e frequente atualização (semestral a anual). / The Amazon Coastal Zone (ACZ) is marked by a high discharge of sediments and fresh water under the influence of the Amazon River, which has a wide continental shelf, extensive flood plain and lowered plateaus. It is a region of tropical climate, rainfall, severe cloudiness and macrotidal influence. This study proposes to assess the performance of Digital Surface Models (DSM) based on Cosmo-SkyMed (CSK) and TerraSAR-X (TSX) dataset, using threedimensional reconstruction by interferometry and radargrammetry approaches on the flat and dynamic relief of Amazonian coast. The method focused on four experiments: i) shoreline variations through change detection of optical images, ii) mapping of coastal environments; iii) elaboration and analyses of interferometric DMSs and iv) radargrammetric through their respective Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing chains. The ACZ had high dynamic in the last 15 years with total sediment deposition of 5,582.18 km2 and under a rate of 372.15 km2 .yr -1 , and with total erosion of 5,475.90 km² and under a rate of 365.06 km2 .yr-1 . Besides, it was obtained a sedimentary balance of 106.27 km² and under a rate of 7.08 km2 .yr-1 . The Estuarine Insular sector presented the greater dynamics of shoreline, registering coastal changes of 213.17 ± 56.46 km2 and sedimentary balance of 20.65 ± 73.59 km2 . The Amazonian coastal environments were described by backscattering and coherence which shared ambiguity and high dispersion, with the lowest separability and coherence noted for Coastal Flat. The mapping of the coastal environments obtained Kappa coefficients between 0.46 and 0.51, indicating the shallow incidence angles during the dry season as more appropriated for the study. The interferometric and radargrammetric DSMs were elaborated in multi-pass and single revisit with commitment between incidence angles, spatial baseline and temporal decorrelation. A vertical accuracy assessment was performed with paired statistical tests at surveyed elevations in the field that resulted in discrepancies, bias and precision, in accordance to the Brazilian Cartographic Accuracy Standard for Digital Cartographic Products (PEC-PCD), in addition, the DSMs were compared throughout Taylor and Target diagrams. The interferometric DMSs achieved RMSE between 9.57 and 25.18 m, with better performance for the DMS CSK, acquired with 1 day of revisit, steeper incidence, in rainy season and compatible at a scale of 1: 50,000, class A. However, the interferometric approach was not able to solve the threedimensional reconstruction in incoherent environments. The radargrammetric models of SARscape and Toutin achieved a RMSE between 4.34 and 7.76, and the best performances were for the Toutin’s models compatible at a scale of 1: 50,000, class A. The advantage of radargrammetry was to provide continuous three-dimensional reconstruction, including the Coastal Flat of incoherent behavior. The comparison of the DMSs through the Taylor and Target diagrams showed fluctuations of precision between CSK and TSX systems and their respective acquisition conditions and models, but it is remarkable the stability of the lowest variability and the correlation well fitted for the DMSs given by TSX system, shallow incidences, dry season and Toutin model. The Coastal Plateau and Fluvial Marine Terrace had the lowest vertical error between 3.89 and 28.59 m, and between 3.79 and 20.33 m, respectively. On the contrary, the Coastal Flat had the highest RMSE between 4.16 and 26.24 m. The Coastal Plateau was the most suitable coastal environment to estimate the height following the Taylor and Target diagrams, with the plotted positions close to the field references. The CSK and TSX data allowed to map the ZCA precisely, based on X-band perspective, high spatial resolution and revisit, which has demonstrated the support for detailed cartography of spatial scale (1: 50,000) and frequent updating (semiannual up to annual).

Submitted by Natalie Mendes (nataliermendes@gmail.com) on 2015-11-17T23:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o -Taiara Aguiar Caires.pdf: 5807922 bytes, checksum: c25f1e4054ec8de19fb9e5a8fc35a268 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-17T23:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o -Taiara Aguiar Caires.pdf: 5807922 bytes, checksum: c25f1e4054ec8de19fb9e5a8fc35a268 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / (Benthic filamentous cyanobacteria from the coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil). Cyanobacteria exhibit morphological and physiological characteristics that enable them to occupy different environments, such as the marine. In these environments cyanobacteria present widely different morphologies depending on the environmental characteristics such as the type of substrate and the hydrodynamics. Despite the large expanse of coastal Brazil, this group is often excluded from floristic and ecological studies of marine communities. From Bahia, which has the longest coastline of Brazil, are listed only two benthic filamentous species, highlighting the need to conduct a survey to know the real diversity of cyanobacteria in this region. Thus, this study aims to know the biodiversity, the ecological and geographic distribution of marine benthic filamentous cyanobacteria from the coast of Bahia. We analyzed samples from 23 sites along the coastline comprising four economic macro-regions of the coast of Bahia. The samples were characterized with respect to microhabitat, habit and substrate type, in addition to frequency of occurrence. The preservation of the samples was performed in formalin (4%). Hoffmann et al. (2005) with modifications Kom?rek (2006) was the classification system used. The material was deposited in the Herbarium ALCB of UFBA with duplicates in the UEFS Herbarium. We identified 33 taxa belonging to 18 genera and nine families. The order Pseudanabaenales was the less diverse (5 taxa), while Oscillatoriales was the most representative (19 taxa). Nostocales was represented by nine taxa. Possibly, 10 taxa are new species and one is a new genus to science. 23 new occurrences are reported: 10 to Bahia, 11 to the Northeast region and two to Brazil. Most taxa showed rare occurrence (23 taxa), and only six species showed uncommon occurrence. Symploca cf. hydnoides was the species with the widest distribution in the coast of Bahia. The greatest diversity was observed in the protected region reef (17 taxa), followed by tide pool (11) and supralittoral (8). The epilithic habit was the most common, with 21 occurrences, followed by epiphytic, with 15. Only two species showed epizoic habit. Only Oscillatoriales occurred in all substrate types on the beaches. The more diverse macroregion was the South Coast, with 20 taxa, followed by the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, North Coast and Extreme South, with 17, 12 and 5 taxa respectively. This study can help in the development of new studies of cyanobacteria in coastal marine environment, due to the scant literature dealing on this topic. There are beaches and coastal environments subsampled in Bahia, as well as in Brazil, highlighting the need for further studies on this subject in order to demonstrate the actual biodiversity in this group on the Brazilian coast. / As cianobact?rias apresentam caracter?sticas morfol?gicas e fisiol?gicas que as possibilitam ocupar os mais diversos ambientes, como os marinhos. Nestes ambientes as cianobact?rias apresentam ampla variedade morfol?gica em fun??o das caracter?sticas ambientais, como o tipo de substrato e o hidrodinamismo atuante. Apesar da grande extens?o litor?nea do Brasil, este grupo ? comumente exclu?do dos levantamentos flor?sticos e dos estudos ecol?gicos das comunidades marinhas. Para a Bahia, que possui o maior litoral do Brasil, s?o referidas apenas duas esp?cies bent?nicas filamentosas, evidenciando a necessidade de realizar um levantamento para se conhecer a real diversidade de cianobact?rias nesta regi?o. Deste modo, o presente estudo tem por objetivo conhecer a biodiversidade, os aspectos ecol?gicos e a distribui??o geogr?fica das cianobact?rias marinhas bent?nicas filamentosas do litoral da Bahia. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em 23 ?reas ao longo do litoral compreendendo quatro macrorregi?es econ?micas do litoral baiano. As amostras foram caracterizadas quanto ao microhabitat, h?bito e tipo de substrato, al?m da frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia. A preserva??o das amostras foi feita em solu??o de formol (4%). O sistema de classifica??o utilizado foi o Hoffmann et al. (2005) com modifica??es de Kom?rek (2006). O material foi depositado no Herb?rio ALCB da UFBA com duplicatas para o Herb?rio da UEFS. Foram identificados 33 t?xons, distribu?dos em 18 g?neros e nove fam?lias. A ordem Pseudanabaenales foi a menos diversa (5 t?xons), enquanto Oscillatoriales foi a mais representativa (19 t?xons). Nostocales foi representada por nove t?xons. Possivelmente, 10 t?xons constituem novas esp?cies e um constitui novo g?nero para a ci?ncia. S?o relatadas 23 novas ocorr?ncias, sendo 10 para a Bahia, 11 para o Nordeste e dois para o Brasil. A maioria dos t?xons apresentou ocorr?ncia rara (23 t?xons), tendo apenas seis esp?cies com ocorr?ncia pouco frequente. Symploca cf. hydnoides foi a esp?cie com mais ampla distribui??o no litoral baiano. A maior diversidade foi observada na regi?o protegida do recife (17 t?xons), seguida da po?a de mar? (11) e do supralitoral (8). O h?bito epil?tico foi o mais comum, tendo 21 ocorr?ncias, seguido do epif?tico, com 15. Apenas duas esp?cies apresentaram h?bito epiz?ico. Somente as Oscillatoriales ocorreram em todos os tipos de substrato ocorrentes nas praias. A macrorregi?o mais diversa foi o Litoral Sul, com 20 t?xons, seguida da Regi?o Metropolitana de Salvador, Litoral Norte e Extremo Sul, com 17, 12 e 5 t?xons respectivamente. Este estudo serve de subs?dio para a realiza??o de novos trabalhos com cianobact?rias em ambiente marinho costeiro, visto a escassa bibliografia versando sobre este tema. Existem ainda praias e ambientes subamostrados no litoral baiano, assim como em todo o Brasil, evidenciando a necessidade de novos estudos com esta tem?tica, de modo a demonstrar a real biodiversidade deste grupo no litoral brasileiro.

Historical records suggest that the coastlines of the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and the Sultanate of Oman have been subjected to catastrophic storm and tsunami events throughout recorded history. In 1945, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake -100 km south of Karachi, Pakistan generated a tsunami that impacted the coast of Oman and resulted in over 4000 deaths. Although the 1945 tsunami deposit has been documented, no other paleo-tsunami deposits have been identified despite the fact that historical and paleo-seismic records suggest the contrary. Similarly, the north-eastern islands of the Caribbean, particularly Anegada, BVI, have been subjected to intense hurricane strikes over the past 300 years. Due to its position relative to the Atlantic Ocean and the Puerto Rico Trench, Anegada is a potential recorder of local (e.g. 1690, 1867) and trans-oceanic tsunami events (e.g. 1755 Lisbon) as well. Potential tsunami overwash events at both locations are expected to be intermingled with marine incursions resulting from major storms and Holocene sea level change. Discerning between storm and tsunami overwash is problematic and usually favours a storm interpretation due to their frequency in the geologic record. This bias and lack of properly constrained geologic evidence has hindered the accuracy of tsunami prediction models, and subsequently, the assessment of seismic and tsunami hazards at both locations. Several studies employ the use of foraminifera to distinguish between storm and tsunami deposition; however, they are traditionally conducted in contrasting settings where differences between the terrestrial and marine realms are easily detected. Marine influenced settings lack the same degree of contrast; therefore, microfossil analysis alone is not effective. This dissertation investigates the use of foraminiferal taphonomy as an overwash indicator in two types of coastal settings: 1. a silisiclastic arid system lagoon (Sur, Sultanate of Oman), and 2. semi-tropical carbonate marine ponds (Anegada, British Virgin Islands). Although traditional microfossil taphonomic characteristics have been reported in some overwash studies, no multi-variate investigation into their usefulness as tsunami or storm indicators has previously been conducted. This dissertation shows that the surface condition (e.g. angularity, color, size, fragmentation, etc.) of foraminifera provides important information regarding the origin of overwash deposits and is useful in detecting older deposits at both locations when combined with other proxies. Several important contributions have resulted from this research: 1. Taphofacies analysis helped to constrain sediment provenance and modern nearshore hydrodynamics in an arid system lagoon that could not be achieved with traditional foraminiferal analysis alone. 2. The combined use of foraminiferal provenance and taphonomy was effective in identifying the 1945 Makran Trench tsunami at Sur Lagoon and will be a good indicator of older events at this location; a point which is particularly significant since no geologic evidence of previous tsunami events has ever been recorded. High abundances of predominantly marine taxa coupled with high abundances of large test sizes, fragments and fossil specimens were found to be indicators of tsunami deposition in contrast to lagoon deposition which was characterized by smaller test sizes and less robust lagoon taxa. 3. The preservation of the reefal dwelling Homotrema rubrum, a common encrusting foraminifer in Caribbean reef settings, provided the direction of origin of an overwash event deposited in marine ponds at Anegada and constrained the list of potential overwash candidates. Large and highly preserved Homotrema fragments that are typical of modem reef and storm wrack sediment were found in high abundances within Sand and Shell Sheet in three marine ponds at Anegada. A decrease in the abundance of highly preserved specimens from north to south throughout the ponds, coupled with mollusc taphonomic data strengthens a tsunami interpretation for the deposit. This dissertation shows that taphofacies analysis has broad application to event stratigraphy in a variety of coastal systems. Although the application of taphonomic analysis between the two contrasting environments was widely different, in both cases, taphonomic data provided indicative information regarding the origin of deposition of overwash units at Anegada, BVI and Sur, Sultanate of Oman. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

O professor é um ator fundamental para a promoção da educação de qualidade e desenvolvimento de cidadãos críticos. A formação inicial é uma etapa muito importante para que exerça com qualidade esse papel tão relevante na sociedade. Diversos programas visam fomentar essa formação inicial, como o Pibid. O presente trabalho caracterizou-se como um estudo de caso com 4 sujeitos de pesquisa. Investigou a atuação de licenciandos do Curso de Ciências Biológicas (IB-USP) envolvidos no processo de desenvolvimento e aplicação de uma sequência didática investigativa sobre ambientes costeiros durante o Pibid. Seus objetivos específicos foram: (1) investigar a Percepção Ambiental (PA) sobre ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros desses licencinados; (2) compreender suas concepções sobre Ensino por Investigação (EI); (2) Analisar a sequência didática proposta (planos de aula e roteiros) quanto às concepções de meio ambiente presentes e ocorrência das diferentes fases do ciclo investigativo proposto pelo pesquisador Pedaste e seus colaboradores em 2015; (4) analisar a aplicação de tal sequência em sala de aula por parte de cada um dos licenciandos quanto aos mesmo aspectos focados na análise da sequência. Visando atingir tais objetivos, realizamos o uso de questionários e entrevistas, análise da sequência didática e observações de aulas. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de conteúdo e quantificações simples. Quanto à PA, os 4 licenciandos posicionaram-se na categoria Preservação+Utilização- do Modelo de Valores Ecológicos. Eles declararam relações tanto globais, quanto mais utilitaristas com os ambientes marinhos e costeiros. A concepção Globalizante de meio ambiente foi detectada para dois licenciandos desde o início do Pibid. Já outros dois apresentaram concepções Naturalistas, que foram modificadas ao longo do tempo. No entanto, apenas a concepção Naturalista Reducionista foi detectada na sequência didática elaborada, bem como nas aplicações realizadas pelos licenciandos. Em relação às concepções sobre EI, os licenciandos destacam seus objetivos múltiplos (ex. promover a construção do conhecimento do estudante, desenvolver habilidades e pensamento crítico e auxiliar no entendimento da metodologia científica). Tais objetivos representam vantagens dessa abordagem. As principais desvantagens seriam a dificuldade de elaboração e a aplicação das atividades investigativas, bem como sua real inserção na escola. Pensando-se na análise da sequência didática, todas as cinco fases do ciclo investigativo estavam presentes, as subfases Levantamento de Hipótese e Experimentação foram ausentes, sendo que a dinâmica das aulas se baseou principalmente na relação Questionamento-Exploração (apesar da subfase Exploração não ser detectada para dois dos quatro temas da sequência). A Fase de Reflexão também não foi explicitada nos planos e roteiros. Referente à análise das aplicações da sequência didática, no que se refere à presença das fases e subfases do ciclo investigativo, percebemos diferenças entre o que foi planejado e o que foi efetivamente aplicado em sala de aula, bem como entre as aplicações dos 4 licenciandos. Ao final do processo, os licenciandos apresentaram uma boa avaliação sobre a própria sequência, detectando os momentos mais e menos investigativos. Também demostraram consciência sobre o papel de sua atuação como professores, percebendo que, por vezes, conduziram demasiadamente a atividade. Esta pesquisa evidencia a necessidade de atenção ao implementar-se prospostas/currículos baseados no EI, não sendo suficiente apenas fornecer aos professores sequências ou atividades prontas, mas também os preparando de forma efetiva para trabalharem adequadamente em sala de aula com o que foi proposto. Acreditamos que a situação ideal é formar esses professores para que eles próprios possam desenvolver suas atividades, valorizando sua autonomia e seu papel central no processo ensino-aprendizagem / The teacher is a key actor for the promotion of quality education and the development of critical citizens. Initial teacher training is a very important step to carry out this important role in society with quality. Several programs aim to foster this initial training, such as Pibid. The present study was characterized as a case study with 4 research subjects. It investigated the activities of the Biological Sciences (IB-USP) course graduates involved in the process of developing and applying a didactic sequence on coastal environments during the Pibid. Its specific objectives were: (1) to investigate the Environmental Perception (EP) on marine and coastal ecosystems of these licencinates; (2) understand their conceptions about Inquiry-based Learning (IL); (2) Analyze the proposed didactic sequence (lesson plans and scripts) regarding the present environmental conceptions and the occurrence of the different phases of the research cycle proposed by the researcher Pedaste et al. (2015); (4) to analyze the application of such sequence in the classroom by each of the subjects for the same aspects focused on the sequence analysis. In order to reach these objectives, we carried out the use of questionnaires and interviews, analysis of the didactic sequence and observations of classes. The data were evaluated basically by content analysis and simple quantifications. As for EP, the 4 undergraduated were placed in the category Preservation + Use - of the Ecological Values Model. They have declared both global and utilitarian relationships with marine and coastal environments. The Globalizing concept has been detected for two subjects since the beginning of the Pibid. Already two others presented Naturalist conceptions, which were modified over time. However, only the Naturalist Redutionist conception was detected in the didactic sequence elaborated, as well as in the applications made by the licenciandos. Regarding IL concepts, the licenciandos highlight their multiple objectives (eg. to promote the construction of student knowledge, to develop skills and critical thinking, and to help in understanding the scientific methodology). Such objectives represent advantages of this approach. The main disadvantages would be the difficulty of elaboration and the application of the investigative activities, as well as its real insertion in the school. Thinking on the analysis of the didactic sequence, all five phases of the investigative cycle were present, the Hypothesis survey sub-phases and Experimentation were absent, and the dynamics of classes was based mainly on Questioning-exploration relationship (despite the sub-phase exploration not be detected for two of the four tracks in the sequence). The Reflection phase was also not explicit in the plans and scripts. The analysis of the applications of the instructional sequence, with regard to the presence of phases and sub-phases of the investigative cycle perceive differences between what was planned and what was actually applied in the classroom, and between applications of 4 licensees. At the end of the process, the licenciandos presented a good evaluation on the sequence itself, detecting the moments more and less investigating. They also demonstrated an awareness of their role as teachers, realizing that they have sometimes led the activity too much. This research highlights the need for attention to implement up proposals / curriculum based on IL, it is not enough just to provide sequences teachers or ready activities, but also preparing effectively to work properly in the classroom with what has been proposed. We believe that the ideal situation is to train these teachers so that they themselves can develop their activities, valuing their autonomy and their central role in the teaching-learning process

Ce travail de doctorat a pour objectif de comprendre les mécanismes et les réponses régionales de la variabilité climatique Holocène en ciblant plus spécifiquement la Rade de Brest et la Baie de Douarnenez. Dans les environnements côtiers, la vulnérabilité des sociétés humaines face aux aléas climatiques est particulièrement élevée et les pressions anthropiques s’exerçant sur les écosystèmes sont de plus en plus fortes. Ainsi, il s’agit de discuter la part respective des forçages naturels de ceux liés aux activités humaines dans les différents signaux paléoenvironnementaux holocènes reconstruits. Pour cela, plusieurs séquences sédimentaires nous ont permis de renseigner différentes périodes au cours des 10 000 dernières années. Des études multiproxies principalement basées sur des analyses palynologiques (pollen et kystes de dinoflagellés) ont été conduites permettant de discuter en parallèle des signaux continentaux et marins. Les études polliniques permettent de caractériser l’évolution des paysages terrestres tandis que les dinokystes, dénombrés à partir des mêmes lames palynologiques que les grains de pollen et spores, permettent de discuter les conditions paléohydrologiques de surface. De plus, dans le but d’affiner la compréhension de l’enregistrement des palynomorphes dans les sédiments marins de la Rade de Brest, des échantillons de surface délivrant un message palynologique actuel ont été analysés en préambule de l’étude paléoenvironnementale Holocène. Cette thèse a mis en évidence la robustesse des études palynologiques pour l’étude des variations paléoenvironnementales à l’échelle régionale en milieu côtier, et a démontré la pertinence de l’outil pour mettre en évidence l’imbrication des influences humaines et naturelles. Ce travail apporte ainsi une contribution régionale à l’étude de la variabilité environnementale Holocène en Bretagne, fournissant des enregistrements palynologiques haute résolution sur les derniers 150 ans (résolution de 1 à 4 ans) ainsi que sur les derniers milliers d’années caractérisés par l’influence grandissante des sociétés humaines en lien avec l’accroissement de la déforestation et des pratiques agro-pastorales sur les bassins versants (résolution moyenne de 30 ans). / This PhD study aims at understanding mechanisms and regional responses of the Holocene climatic variability, targeting the Bay of Brest and the Bay of Douarnenez. In coastal environments, the vulnerability of human societies to climate hazards is particularly high and anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems are increasing. In this context, the respective part of natural forcings from those related to human activities can be discussed thanks to paleoenvironmental Holocene reconstructions carried out on sediment archives.Several sedimentary sequences allowed us to focus on different key periods across the last 10,000 years BP.Multiproxy studies mainly based on palynological analyzes (pollen and dinoflagellate cysts) allowed discussing continental and marine signals in parallel, and thus to better understand forcing mechanisms.Pollen studies are used to characterize terrestrial landscape evolutions while dinocysts, counted from the same palynological slides as pollen grains and spores, make it possible to discuss surface palaeohydrological conditions. In addition, in order to complete the understanding of our Holocene palynomorph records conducted on Bay of Brest marine sediments, Bay of Brest surface sediments were investigated so as to deliver a current palynological message.This work has demonstrated the robustness of palynological studies conducted at a regional scale and in a macro-estuarian environment, and also the relevance of our tools to highlight the intertwining of human and natural influences. This work therefore represents a regional contribution to the study of Holocene environmental variability in Brittany, providing high resolution palynological records over the last 150 years (resolution of 1 to 4 years) as well as over the last 9,500 years BP (averaged resolution of 30 years) characterized by the growing influence of human societies in relation to increased deforestation and agropastoral practices on watersheds.

Conteúdo: v. 1 Texto - v. 2 Atlas de sensibilidade ambiental a derramamentos de petróleo do sistema estuarino de Santos, estado de São Paulo / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar o mapeamento de sensibilidade ambiental a derramamentos de óleo do estuário de Cubatão e entorno, em escala de detalhe (operacional), utilizando um Sistema de Informação Geográfica. A metodologia segue as normas de padronização do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. A área do estuário em sua totalidade pode ser considerada de alta sensibilidade, pois o ecossistema predominante é o manguezal. Além de ser um ecossistema de alta biodiversidade e produtividade, o manguezal apresenta baixo hidrodinamismo e sedimento lamoso, resultando em uma significativa persistência do óleo no ecossistema. Além disso, as técnicas que permitem limpar o óleo deste ambiente são limitadas. O estuário de Cubatão e seu entorno pode ser considerado também uma área suscetível a vazamentos de óleo devido à presença de diversas fontes potenciais de poluição como oleodutos, terminais, indústrias e movimentação de navios. Isto torna a área além de muito sensível, muito vulnerável em diversos pontos. Este estudo apresenta um conjunto de sete cartas SAO, sendo uma carta tática, em escala 1: 80.000, e seis cartas operacionais, em escala 1: 25.000, além de mapas temáticos, quadros de recursos visuais e listagem das espécies encontradas no estuário. Em um cenário de vazamento de óleo, as cartas SAO são de extrema utilidade, pois fornecem informações claras para a resposta. Portanto, estes instrumentos representam uma ferramenta fundamental para o balizamento das ações de resposta a vazamentos de óleo, pois permitem o direcionamento dos recursos disponíveis e a mobilização mais eficiente das equipes de proteção e limpeza, minimizando os impactos no ambiente e reforçando os instrumentos políticos e administrativos de ordenamento territorial. / Abstract: The aim of this work is to realize the environmental sensitivity mapping for oil spills of the Cubatão estuary and surroundings areas, in detail spatial scale, using a Geographic Information System. The methodology follows the standards determined by the Brazilian Federal Environment Organ (Ministry of the Environment). The study area can be considered of high sensitivity, because the mangrove is the predominant ecosystem. The mangrove is an ecosystem of high biodiversity and productivity; it presents low hydro energy and mud sediment, resulting in a significant persistence of the oil in this ecosystem. Besides, the techniques that allow cleaning the oil of this environment are limited. The estuary of Cubatão and surroundings areas can be considered also a susceptible area to oil spills due to the presence of several potential fountains of pollution like oil pipelines, terminals, industries and traffic of ships. These turn the area sensitive and very vulnerable in several points. This article shows a set of seven ESI maps including a tactical one, scale 1: 80.000, and six in detail scale, 1:25.000. It also shows thematic maps, visual resources and a species list from the estuary. In oil spill sceneries, sensitivity maps are extremely usefulness, since the maps supply clear informations for the response likes. So, these instruments represent a essential tool for the coordination of actions in oil spills sceneries, while they allow the management of available resources and the most efficient mobilization of the protection and cleaning teams, minimizing the impacts in the environment and reinforcing the political and administrative instruments of territorial ordainment. / Obra em 2 volumes, sendo: v. 1 texto impresso com 87 folhas e v. 2 em CD-ROM (atlas) / Orientador: Gilberto José Garcia / Coorientador: João Carvalho Milanelli / Banca: Paulina Setti Riedel / Banca: Eduardo A. Yassuda / Mestre