Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 162408 bytes, checksum: 5205f0f30ad35343551ffe6ad627d350 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) is insect pest of coffee, especially in stand density in plantations. Despite the importance of C. viridis as peste coffee at the moment do not know the critical stage of their life cycle and the key factor governing mortality of their populations. The aim of this study was to determine the factors of natural mortality of C. viridis in coffee as well as determine the critical stage and key factor of mortality of their life cycle. The mortality and its causes were monitored daily in the development stages of C. viridis until the scales become reproductive females. We constructed eight scales of ecological life to C. viridis during the years of 2004 to 2006 in coffee. The total mortality of C. viridis was 96.08% and 70.47 occurred, 54.16, 53.31 and 38.06% in the first, second and third instars and adulthood. The factors of mortality of C. viridis were rainfall, parasitism, predation, and drop-leaf fungus Lecanicillium lecanii. Predation is important in all stages of C. viridis, with marginal mortality 28.76, 23.31, 17.96 and 19.03% for nymphs of the first, second, third instar and adults. The younger stages of C. viridis were more affected by parasitism with mortality of 31.86 (first instar) and 25.16% (second instar). But the fungus L. lecanii caused higher mortality in more advanced stages of C. viridis, with 15.99 and 12.07% in the third instar nymphs and adults. The fall of leaves caused high mortality in all immature stages of C. viridis, with mortality of 34.64, 11.91 and 15.99% for nymphs of the first, second and third instars. The critical level of mortality of C. viridis was the second-instar nymphs. The key factor of mortality was the action of parasitoids on second-instar nymphs, followed by deaths caused by falling leaves and rain of this instar. / Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) é uma cochonilha praga do cafeeiro, sobretudo em locais sombreados e plantios adensados. Apesar da importância de C. viridis como praga do cafeeiro até o presente momento não se conhece a fase crítica do seu ciclo de vida nem o fator-chave de mortalidade que regula suas populações. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os fatores de mortalidade natural de C. viridis no cafeeiro, bem como determinar a fase crítica e o fator-chave de mortalidade do seu ciclo de vida. As mortalidades e suas causas foram monitoradas diariamente nos estádios de desenvolvimento de C. viridis até que as cochonilhas se tornassem fêmeas reprodutivas. Foram construídas oito tabelas de vida ecológicas para C. viridis durante as estações dos anos de 2004 a 2006 em cafeeiro. A mortalidade total de C. viridis foi 96,08%, sendo que ocorreram 70,47; 54,16; 53,31 e 38,06% no primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares e na fase adulta. Os fatores de mortalidade de C. viridis foram chuva, parasitismo, predação, queda de folha e o fungo Lecanicillium lecanii. A predação foi importante em todos os estádios de C. viridis, com mortalidades marginais de 28,76; 23,31; 17,96 e 19,03%, para ninfas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro ínstar e adultos. Os estádios mais jovens de C. viridis foram mais afetados pelo parasitismo, com mortalidades de 31,86 (primeiro ínstar) e 25,16% (segundo ínstar). Já o fungo L. lecanii causou maiores mortalidades em estádios mais avançados de C. viridis, com 15,99 e 12,07%, nas ninfas de terceiro ínstar e adultos. A queda de folhas causou elevadas mortalidades durante todos os estádios imaturos de C. viridis, com mortalidades de 34,64; 11,91 e 15,99% para ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro ínstares. O estádio crítico de mortalidade de C. viridis foi o de ninfas de segundo ínstar. O fatorchave de mortalidade foi a ação de parasitóides sobre ninfas de segundo ínstar, seguido pela mortalidade causada por queda das folhas e chuvas neste ínstar.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1175860 bytes, checksum: 8d49f98b8b8a4ab64b4d0d84434f5297 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-14 / Universidade Federal de Viçosa / The green cochineal Coccus viridis (green) (Hemipetera: Coccidae) causes problems in sapling plants of Coffea arabica and in parts of the canopy under low luminosity. Plant fertilization with nutrients like nitrogen and potassium may influence the survival, the development, the growth, the reproduction and the behavior of insects. The impact of the application of nitrogen and potassium doses may have direct effects (via nutrients on leaves) and indirect (on phytochemists) on C. viridis. Another impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the interaction of C. viridis on coffee trees is on the tolerance of the plants to the losses caused by this insect-pest. So far, this work aimed to study the relation among nitrogen and potassium doses given to the plants, concentration of foliar phytochemical compounds and attack of C. viridis and also to determine the losses incurred to plants of C. Arabica by this insect. This research was conducted in a green house. Deficient, normal and excessive nitrogen and potassium fertilizations were used. Each treatment was composed of two plants (infested and uninfested). Nymphs and adults were counted every week. The phytochemical and nutrient levels on leaves were determined for infested plants, and dry material of roots, stem, leaves and overall for uninfested plants. The analysis conducted were those of Pearson´s correlation, path and multiple linear regressions. Raised the nitrogen levels in the nutritive solution, the intensity of nymph and adult attacks of C. viridis were observed throughout the experiment period. A direct impact of those nutrients was observed through the increasing levels of nitrogen on leaves. On the other hand, the indirect effect is due to the decreasing of caffeine levels, chlorogenic acid and cafeic acid on leaves that may act as alomones on C. viridis. It was also observed that plants when fertilized with larger doses of nitrogen and potassium presented smaller loss of foliar, stem and total dry material as well as a smaller diameter reduction when attacked by that pest. / A cochonilha verde Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) causa problemas em plantas jovens de Coffea arabica e em partes do dossel com baixa luminosidade. A adubação das plantas com nutrientes como o nitrogênio e o potássio pode influenciar a sobrevivência, o desenvolvimento, o crescimento, a reprodução e o comportamento dos insetos. O impacto da aplicação de doses do nitrogênio e do potássio pode ter efeitos diretos (via nutrientes na folha) e indiretos (sobre os fitoquímicos) sobre C. viridis. Outro impacto da adubação nitrogenada e potássica sobre a interação de C. viridis no cafeeiro é na tolerância das plantas às perdas causadas por este inseto-praga. Assim este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as relações entre doses de nitrogênio e de potássio fornecidas às plantas, concentração de compostos fitoquímicos foliares e ataque de C. viridis, e ainda, determinar as perdas em vigor causadas por este inseto a plantas de C. arabica. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em casa de vegetação. Utilizaram-se adubações de nitrogênio e de potássio em deficiência, normal e excessiva. Cada tratamento foi composto por duas plantas (infestada e não infestada). Semanalmente, contaram-se os números de adultos e de ninfas nas plantas. Foram determinados os teores dos fitoquímicos e nutrientes nas folhas para plantas infestadas e matéria seca das raízes, caule, folhas e total para plantas não infestadas. Realizou-se análise de correlação de Pearson, análise de trilha e regressão linear múltipla. Verificou-se que com a elevação dos teores de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva ocorreu aumento da intensidade de ataque de ninfas e de adultos de C. viridis ao cafeeiro ao longo do tempo. Verificou-se que estes nutrientes têm impacto direto através do aumento dos teores de nitrogênio nas folhas. Já o efeito indireto deve-se à redução dos teores de cafeína, ácido clorogênico e ácido cafeico nas folhas, os quais atuam possivelmente como alomônios sobre C. viridis. Observou-se que plantas adubadas com maiores doses de nitrogênio e de potássio tiveram menores perdas de matéria seca total, foliar, caule e menor redução do diâmetro quando atacadas pela praga.

This dissertation comprises three parts and is presented in two chapters. Chapter 1 concerns Arthrobacter, a bacterium with an intriguing growth cycle. Whereas most bacteria exist as either a rod or coccus, this bacterium shares the rod/coccus lifestyle. It therefore seemed important to examine the growth regulatory pathways from the rod and coccus. The committed step, that catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase), in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway was chosen. The ATCase in Arthrobacter is like the well known Pseudomonas enzyme except that it has an active dihydroorotase (DHOase) associated. Included in Chapter 1 is the description of a microorganism, Burkholderia cepacia, whose ATCase has characteristics that are at once reminiscent of bacteria, mammals, and fungi. It differs in size or aggregation based on environmental conditions. In addition, it has an active DHOase associated with the ATCase, like Arthrobacter. B. cepacia is important both medically and for bioremediation. Since B. cepacia is resistant to most antibiotics, its unique ATCase is a prime target for inhibition. Whereas the first chapter deals with the de novo pathway to making pyrimidines, which is found mainly in the lag and log phase, Chapter 2 addresses the salvage pathway, which comes more into play during the stationary phase. This section focuses on the isolation, identification, and grouping of a number of natural soil bacteria from various soil locations. These organisms are important agriculturally, medically, and industrially. Addition of these soil isolates to poor soils has been found to improve the soil. In a previous study by D.A. Beck, the salvage schemes for a number of laboratory strains of microorganisms were determined. Nine separate classes of salvage were designated by determining the salvage enzymes present. In this study emphasis has been placed on soil bacteria, which had not previously been analyzed. A number of species of soil bacteria were identified using the MIDI. The salvage enzymes were then determined for these organisms and a comparison of these isolates to the previous study was performed in order to group the new organisms into 19 salvage schemes, that is 10 more than in the previous study.

Parmi les parasites, les échinocoques revêtent une importance majeure en santé publique de par leur distribution mondiale et les maladies potentiellement très graves, qu’ils occasionnent. En Europe, les espèces présentes sont E. multilocularis, qui a un cycle sylvatique et E. granulosus spp., dont les hôtes sont essentiellement domestiques.En France, peu de données étaient disponibles quant à la distribution de ces espèces parasitaires lors de la création du LNR Echinococccus spp. en 2006. Une forte réduction supposée des zones et du niveau d’enzootie pour E. granulosus laissait envisager un risque zoonotique moindre voire désormais absent. S’agissant d’E. multilocularis, l’expansion constatée en Europe était également suspectée en France. La modification des techniques de parasitologie classique ainsi que le développement d’outils moléculaires par le LNR ont contribué à l’actualisation et à une meilleure connaissance de la distribution des espèces parasitaires en France.Une large étude de surveillance menée chez le renard avec la méthode SSCT validée par le LNR a révélé une expansion de la zone d’enzootie d’E. multilocularis jusqu’en Ille-et-Vilaine. L’analyse par microsatellite EmsB a permis d’estimer à plusieurs décennies la dispersion du parasite vers l’ouest et le nord à partir du foyer historique de l’est. Cette expansion a été confirmée à l’ouest chez des rongeurs aquatiques et rétrospectivement au sud chez le renard.Des études de surveillance d’E. granulosus en abattoir ont confirmé sa présence dans le sud de la France et en Corse. Les caractérisations moléculaires ont permis d’identifier E. granulosus sensu stricto dans le sud et E. canadensis G6-7 en Corse. Un plan de surveillance national en abattoir a ensuite montré la présence d’E. granulosus s.s. à travers l’ensemble du territoire continental. Les niveaux de prévalence d’infestation par E. granulosus s.s. estimés chez les ovins à 15,3 et chez les bovins à 8,3 cas pour 1 million de têtes abattues sont très inférieurs à ceux décrits il y a vingt ans. Deux foyers majeurs constitués par les Alpes pour E. granulosus s.s. et la Corse pour E. canadensis G6-7 demeurent, alors que l’identification d’E. ortleppi confirme le maintien de cette espèce zoonotique pourtant désormais rare en Europe.Les niveaux de prévalence d’infestation par E. multilocularis chez le chien et le chat en France confirment leurs importances mineures dans le maintien du cycle parasitaire. Le rôle zoonotique du chat semble négligeable d’après les observations d’infestations naturelles, corroborées par les données obtenues lors d’infestations expérimentales. La vermifugation régulière et adaptée des chiens, en particulier des chiens de chasse, apparait nécessaire. Cette recommandation de vermifugation canine s’applique également pour E. canadensis G6-7 en Corse, où l’accès aux viscères des porcs et des sangliers implique un volet sylvatique dans le cycle.La reconnaissance de l’expertise du LNR a permis d’initier des collaborations internationales qui ont en retour enrichi la diversité des situations épidémiologiques étudiées. Ainsi, l’étude de la diversité génétique d’E. multilocularis (microsatellite EmsB) a contribué à une meilleure compréhension de la dynamique d’expansion du parasite en Europe (Pologne, Suède, Danemark). L’étude des foyers d’hyper enzootie d’E. granulosus (Moldavie, Maroc, Algérie) et la caractérisation des espèces présentes et de leurs niveaux d’infestation chez les hôtes intermédiaires a permis d’envisager des actions de lutte adaptées. Le LNR a participé à l’expérimentation de méthodes de lutte contre E. multilocularis, démontrant la complexité des conditions requises pour leur efficacité tant par la vermifugation des renards que par la régulation de leur population. Au bilan, les nouvelles données épidémiologiques obtenues au cours des dix années de travaux ont permis d’aboutir à une meilleure appréhension du risque zoonotique actuel lié aux échinocoques en France / Among parasites, Echinococcus species are of major public health importance due to their worldwide distribution and the potential severity of the diseases they cause. In Europe, the endemic species are E. multilocularis, which has a sylvatic lifestyle, and E. granulosus spp., which the hosts are mainly domestic species. When the Echinococcus spp. NRL was created in France in 2006, few data were available on the distribution of these parasitic species. The implementation of health measures made it possible to consider a marked reduction of the endemic level and geographical distribution of E. granulosus and consequently a reduced or inexistent zoonotic risk. With regard to E. multilocularis, the parasite spread already observed in Europe was also suspected in France. The development of classical parasitology and molecular techniques for diagnosis and epidemiology has helped improve understanding of the distribution of these parasitic species in France.A large-scale surveillance study in foxes, using the SSCT method validated by the NRL, led to the description of significant westward and northward expansion from E. multilocularis’s historical endemic focus, which was estimated, using a spatio-temporal scenario deduced by EmsB microsatellite analysis, to have begun several decades ago. Molecular analyses of various types of animal samples confirmed its westward expansion in aquatic rodents. Its extension southward was confirmed thanks to fecal samples of foxes.Surveillance studies of E. granulosus at the slaughterhouse confirmed its presence in southern France and in Corsica. The first molecular characterization of this parasite in France resulted in the identification of E. granulosus sensu stricto in southern France and E. canadensis G6-7 in Corsica. The presence of E. granulosus s.s. throughout continental France was then observed on the basis of a national surveillance study at the slaughterhouse. The prevalence level of infection by E. granulosus s.s. estimated per million was 15.3 cases in sheep and 8.3 cases in cattle which was much lower than that described 20 years ago. The two main endemic foci – the Alps for E. granulosus s.s. and Corsica for E. canadensis G6-7 – still exist, while the identification of E. ortleppi confirmed maintenance of this species despite its current rarity in Europe.In France, the low prevalence of E. multilocularis infection in dogs and cats was ascertained, confirming the minor contribution of these hosts to the lifecycle. The zoonotic role of the cat appears to be negligible based on observations of natural infection cases and on data obtained from experimental infection. The regular and adapted deworming of dogs, especially hunting dogs, appears to be necessary. This deworming recommendation is also relevant against E. canadensis G6-7 in Corsica where access to viscera of pigs and wild boar adds a sylvatic component at this lifecycle.An acknowledgment of the NRL’s expertise led to several international collaborations which in turn contributed to the diversity of the epidemiological situations studied. Thus, the study of the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis by EmsB microsatellite led to a better understanding of the parasite’s expansion dynamics throughout Europe. The study of foreign foci of E. granulosus led to characterization of the endemic parasitic species and of their prevalence levels in intermediate hosts, which made it possible to plan appropriate control measures. The NRL participated in the testing of control methods against E. multilocularis, including deworming of foxes and population regulation, which demonstrated the complexity of the conditions required for these methods to be effective.The epidemiological data obtained over ten years of studies has led to a better understanding of the current zoonotic risk associated with the Echinococcus species in France

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-10-02T12:28:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1361538 bytes, checksum: 2107064ec9fd0a3e1e0676e0c9e8c6d3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T12:28:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1361538 bytes, checksum: 2107064ec9fd0a3e1e0676e0c9e8c6d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cultura do café no Brasil tem muita importância econômica e relevância no setor social, gerando divisas e empregos diretos e indiretos. Por tanto, qualquer fator que diminua a sua produtividade refletirá na economia do país. Uma das possíveis causas da redução de sua produtividade é devido às injurias que os insetos podem causar. Entre estes insetos têm-se Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae). As plantas ao serem injuriadas são capazes de aumentarem a síntese de inibidores de proteases (IPs) no local da lesão e, também, por toda a sua extensão. Estudos demonstraram que insetos alimentados com plantas previamente pulverizadas com inibidores sintéticos têm seu desenvolvimento prejudicado. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos inibidores de proteases sintéticos, benzamidina e berenil, sobre a atividade proteolítica intestinal de C. viridis e constatar quais foram as alterações na resposta bioquímica em plantas de Coffea arabica. Além disso, avaliar os efeitos destes inibidores nos aspectos biológicos desta praga. Plantas de C. arabica foram infestadas com ninfas de C. viridis e pulverizadas com benzamidina e berenil, em quatro diferentes concentrações: 0; 0,25; 0,5 e 0,75% (p/v). A resposta bioquímica do inseto e do cafeeiro foi realizada após 24 horas da pulverização, coletando-se os insetos e as folhas. A avaliação biológica foi realizada até o aparecimento de novas ninfas de o primeiro instar, sinal de que as cochonilhas chegaram à fase adulta. A atividade das serinoproteases, tripsina-like (amidásica e esterásica) e quimotripsina-like esterásica, foi reduzida devido à presença dos inibidores. O mesmo se obteve em relação à atividade das cisteino-proteases. Nos tratamentos avaliados a atividade de lipoxigenases não apresentou diferença. Entretanto, houve um incremento da produção dos IPs nas plantas com a infestação da cochonilha- verde e na ausência dos inibidores sintéticos. Já nas plantas com o inseto e pulverizadas com os inibidores sintéticos observou-se o contrário, ou seja, uma redução na produção dos IPs. Na avaliação da atividade biológica, os IPs sintéticos usados provocaram diferenças significativas no peso dos insetos, no entanto o comprimento desses insetos não foi afetado. A presença de benzamidina e berenil causou alta taxa de mortalidade, sendo o berenil mais eficiente e não apresentando diferença significativa entre as concentrações. Isto posto, os IPs sintéticos benzamidina e berenil têm potencial uso para controlar a praga cochonilha-verde. / The coffee culture is of an enormous relevance in the Brazil economics and social areas generating many currencies as direct and indirect employees. Such any factor, which decreases its productivity, will directly reflect in country economy. Being insect injuries one of the main causes of lost productivity the scale insect Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae) is a relevant pest in coffee crops. Plants when attacked increase the synthesis of protease inhibitors (PI ́s) locally or systematically. The use of pulverized synthetic proteases inhibitors prejudice insects’ development. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of synthetic proteases inhibitors benzamidine and berenil on the gut proteolytic activity of Coccus viridis and to corroborate disrupts in biochemical response of Coffea arabica plants. Furthermore, effects on C. viridis fitness were evaluated. C. Arabica plants were infested with C. Viridis nymphs then benzamidine and berenil were pulverized in concentrations: 0; 0.25; 0.5 e 0.75% (p/v). Evaluations were performed 24 hours after pulverization, insects and leaves were collected for analisys. Biological evaluation was performed until the appearance of young nymphs of the first instar, a sign that the mealybugs reached the adult stage. Serine-proteinases, trypsin-like (amida and ester), ester quimotrypsin-like, and cysteine-proteinases activities, were reduced due to inhibitors presence. There was none differences in plant lipoxygenases between treatments. While there were PI ́s increments in plants infested with C. viridis and absence of synthetic inhibitors. Opposite to plants infested with scale insects and pulverized with synthetic inhibitors in which PI’s production were reduced. Synthetic inhibitors caused significant differences in insect weight; however, the length were not affected. The presence of benzamidine and berenil caused high rates of mortality being berenil more efficient but no matter the concentrations. These results demonstrate the high potential of benzamidine and berenil for use as biological control tools.