There is much literature covering strategic change under different circumstances but very little concerning how companies act strategically under sudden and radical changes to market conditions. Based on three different events (the terrorist attack in the USA September 11th 2001, the Tjernobyl accident April 26th 1986 and the Islamic revolution in Iran 1979) with such radical changes as a result we chose three companies that were affected (SAS, Asea Atom and Atlas Copco). The result of the events that were studied in this thesis is extremely unusual to their character. The events themselves were sudden and of a temporary nature but the results were long term changes of market conditions. Through personal interviews the authors have tried to establish how the companies have perceived the events and how the top management has strategically handled the situation. It seems like the interpretation of the importance the event will have on the company's future has been the basis for what measures that where taken. Furthermore, the authors have, after having compared the actions of the companies with some already established theories concerning strategic change, been able to see that the existing theories cannotcompletely explain the actions of the companies and reactions under such extreme conditions. The time aspect and the resistance to change are factors that are affected by the radical changes of market conditions, since the planning of the changes takes place under a very compressed period of time, and the resistance to change that becomes unusually low within the company.

<p>There is much literature covering strategic change under different circumstances but very little concerning how companies act strategically under sudden and radical changes to market conditions. Based on three different events (the terrorist attack in the USA September 11th 2001, the Tjernobyl accident April 26th 1986 and the Islamic revolution in Iran 1979) with such radical changes as a result we chose three companies that were affected (SAS, Asea Atom and Atlas Copco). The result of the events that were studied in this thesis is extremely unusual to their character. The events themselves were sudden and of a temporary nature but the results were long term changes of market conditions. Through personal interviews the authors have tried to establish how the companies have perceived the events and how the top management has strategically handled the situation. It seems like the interpretation of the importance the event will have on the company's future has been the basis for what measures that where taken. Furthermore, the authors have, after having compared the actions of the companies with some already established theories concerning strategic change, been able to see that the existing theories cannotcompletely explain the actions of the companies and reactions under such extreme conditions. The time aspect and the resistance to change are factors that are affected by the radical changes of market conditions, since the planning of the changes takes place under a very compressed period of time, and the resistance to change that becomes unusually low within the company.</p>

Para responder a questão de pesquisa desta tese: “Como ocorre o processo de reconstrução da concepção de ensino e de conceitos de Matemática em uma formação continuada a distância para professoras dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental?”, este trabalho traz a análise de uma formação construída em um modelo de EaDonline de “muitos-para-muitos” com proposta de forte interação entre aluno-aluno e aluno-professor. Apoiados na teoria de Jean Piaget sobre a equilibração das estruturas, em relação às suas noções de espaço e forma, investigamos os registros de professoras em exercício, buscando indícios de reconstruções de conceitos matemáticos e de suas concepções pedagógicas. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa apontam para a importância do investimento em ações de formação continuada para professores, especialmente para professores dos Anos Iniciais. Todos os conteúdos de matemática são importantes, mas, em especial é preciso abordar geometria, uma vez que estas professoras tem pouco ou nenhum contato com geometria tanto na escola básica como em sua graduação. / To answer the research question of this thesis: "How does the process of reconstruction of the conception of teaching and concepts of Mathematics in a continuous distance formation for teachers of the Initial Years of Elementary School?", This work brings the analysis of a formation built on a "many-to-many" EaDonline model with a strong proposal between student-student and student-teacher. Based on Jean Piaget's theory on the balancing of structures, in relation to their notions of space and form, we investigate the records of practicing teachers, searching for signs of reconstruction of mathematical concepts and their pedagogical conceptions. The results obtained in this research point to the importance of investing in continuing education actions for teachers, especially for Early Years teachers. All mathematical content is important, but in particular, geometry must be addressed, since these teachers have little or no contact with geometry in both elementary school and graduate school.

Para responder a questão de pesquisa desta tese: “Como ocorre o processo de reconstrução da concepção de ensino e de conceitos de Matemática em uma formação continuada a distância para professoras dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental?”, este trabalho traz a análise de uma formação construída em um modelo de EaDonline de “muitos-para-muitos” com proposta de forte interação entre aluno-aluno e aluno-professor. Apoiados na teoria de Jean Piaget sobre a equilibração das estruturas, em relação às suas noções de espaço e forma, investigamos os registros de professoras em exercício, buscando indícios de reconstruções de conceitos matemáticos e de suas concepções pedagógicas. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa apontam para a importância do investimento em ações de formação continuada para professores, especialmente para professores dos Anos Iniciais. Todos os conteúdos de matemática são importantes, mas, em especial é preciso abordar geometria, uma vez que estas professoras tem pouco ou nenhum contato com geometria tanto na escola básica como em sua graduação. / To answer the research question of this thesis: "How does the process of reconstruction of the conception of teaching and concepts of Mathematics in a continuous distance formation for teachers of the Initial Years of Elementary School?", This work brings the analysis of a formation built on a "many-to-many" EaDonline model with a strong proposal between student-student and student-teacher. Based on Jean Piaget's theory on the balancing of structures, in relation to their notions of space and form, we investigate the records of practicing teachers, searching for signs of reconstruction of mathematical concepts and their pedagogical conceptions. The results obtained in this research point to the importance of investing in continuing education actions for teachers, especially for Early Years teachers. All mathematical content is important, but in particular, geometry must be addressed, since these teachers have little or no contact with geometry in both elementary school and graduate school.

Para responder a questão de pesquisa desta tese: “Como ocorre o processo de reconstrução da concepção de ensino e de conceitos de Matemática em uma formação continuada a distância para professoras dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental?”, este trabalho traz a análise de uma formação construída em um modelo de EaDonline de “muitos-para-muitos” com proposta de forte interação entre aluno-aluno e aluno-professor. Apoiados na teoria de Jean Piaget sobre a equilibração das estruturas, em relação às suas noções de espaço e forma, investigamos os registros de professoras em exercício, buscando indícios de reconstruções de conceitos matemáticos e de suas concepções pedagógicas. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa apontam para a importância do investimento em ações de formação continuada para professores, especialmente para professores dos Anos Iniciais. Todos os conteúdos de matemática são importantes, mas, em especial é preciso abordar geometria, uma vez que estas professoras tem pouco ou nenhum contato com geometria tanto na escola básica como em sua graduação. / To answer the research question of this thesis: "How does the process of reconstruction of the conception of teaching and concepts of Mathematics in a continuous distance formation for teachers of the Initial Years of Elementary School?", This work brings the analysis of a formation built on a "many-to-many" EaDonline model with a strong proposal between student-student and student-teacher. Based on Jean Piaget's theory on the balancing of structures, in relation to their notions of space and form, we investigate the records of practicing teachers, searching for signs of reconstruction of mathematical concepts and their pedagogical conceptions. The results obtained in this research point to the importance of investing in continuing education actions for teachers, especially for Early Years teachers. All mathematical content is important, but in particular, geometry must be addressed, since these teachers have little or no contact with geometry in both elementary school and graduate school.

Cette thèse explore le rôle de l'âge de carrière dans la détermination de la créativité au course de temps. Dans le premier article, je défie l'opinion communément répandue selon laquelle l'âge de carrière a un effet curviligne sur la créativité, suggérant plutôt que l'âge de la carrière n'a pas d'effet clair sur la créativité. Je soutiens que cela se produit parce que l'âge de carrière affecte la complexité cognitive, la flexibilité cognitive et la motivation intrinsèque des individus, qui ont des effets opposés sur la créativité. Je propose que ces effets opposés engendrent des différents besoins cognitifs et motivationnels à différents moments de la carrière, et ces besoins doivent être pris en charge afin de maximiser la créativité. Par conséquent, l'âge de carrière agit comme un modérateur important de la relation entre la créativité et certains de ses antécédents. Dans le second article, je teste empiriquement cette idée en regardant l'effet différentiel des deux dimensions de la connaissance, la profondeur et la variété, sur la créativité au cours de la carrière. Je trouve que l'effet de la profondeur de la connaissance devient de plus en plus négatif comme l'âge de la carrière progresse, tandis que l'effet de la variété devient de plus en plus positive. Enfin, dans le troisième article je teste ces idées au niveau de l'équipe, en regardant l'effet des ressources sur la créativité de l'équipe. Je trouve que ressources ont un effet plus fort lorsque l'âge de carrière et la collaboration répétée de l'équipe sont élevés. Les implications théoriques et pratiques sont discutées. / This dissertation explores the role of career age in shaping creativity over time. In the first paper, I challenge the commonly-held view that career age has a curvilinear effect on creativity, suggesting instead that career age does not have any clear effect on creativity. I argue that this happens because career age affects individuals’ cognitive complexity, flexibility and intrinsic motivation, which have opposite effects on creativity. I propose that these opposite effects engender different cognitive and motivational needs at different stages of the career, and these needs have to be attended to in order to maximize creativity. Consequently, career age acts as an important moderator of the relationship between creativity and some of its antecedents. In the second paper, I empirically test this idea by looking at the differential effect of two knowledge dimension, depth and breadth, on creativity over the career. I find that the effect of knowledge depth becomes more and more negative as career age progresses, while the effect of knowledge breadth becomes more and more positive. Finally, in the third paper I test these ideas at the team level of analysis, by looking at the effect of resources on team creativity. I find that the resources have a stronger effect when career age and repeated collaboration are high.

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