<p>Despite its importance in various industrial applications there is still a lack of experimental studies on the dynamic and thermal field of swirling jets in the near-field region. The present study is an attempt to close this lack and provide new insights on the effect of rotation on the turbulent mixing of a <i>passive scalar</i>, on turbulence (joint) statistics as well as the turbulence structure.</p><p>Swirl is known to increase the spreading of free turbulent jets and hence to entrain more ambient fluid. Contrary to previous experiments, which leave traces of the swirl generating method especially in the near-field, the swirl was imparted by discharging a slightly heated air flow from an axially rotating and thermally insulated pipe (6 m long, diameter 60 mm). This gives well-defined axisymmetric streamwise and azimuthal velocity distributions as well as a well-defined temperature profile at the jet outlet. The experiments were performed at a <i>Reynolds</i> number of 24000 and a swirl number (ratio between the angular velocity of the pipe wall and the bulk velocity in the pipe) of 0.5.</p><p>By means of a specially designed combined X-wire and cold-wire probe it was possible to simultaneously acquire the instantaneous axial and azimuthal velocity components as well as the temperature and compensate the former against temperature variations. The comparison of the swirling and non-swirling cases clearly indicates a modification of the turbulence structure to that effect that the swirling jet spreads and mixes faster than its non-swirling counterpart. It is also shown that the streamwise velocity and temperature fluctuations are highly correlated and that the addition of swirl drastically increases the streamwise<i> passive scalar</i> flux in the near field.</p>

Com a descoberta do prÃ-sal, a PetrobrÃs està cada vez mais investindo nas exploraÃÃes de petrÃleo em Ãguas profundas e ultra profundas, o que exige um grande dispÃndio em pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) na Ãrea de produÃÃo. VÃrias estruturas submarinas sÃo soldadas e possuem juntas dissimilares, como por exemplo, em conexÃo de flowlines e risers rÃgidos com os flanges presentes em manifolds e Ãrvores de natal. Esses equipamentos sÃo geralmente protegidos com proteÃÃo catÃdica galvÃnica, a qual promove a liberaÃÃo de Ãons de hidrogÃnio na superfÃcie dos materiais. Esse hidrogÃnio adsorvido migra para regiÃo da junta susceptÃveis, facilitando a propagaÃÃo de defeitos, especialmente a trinca por hidrogÃnio. De uma forma geral este trabalho possui o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do procedimento de soldagem TIG com alimentaÃÃo de arame frio aplicado no amanteigamento dos aÃos AISI 8630M e ASTM A182 F22, considerando o uso do TTPS em diferentes condiÃÃes de soldagens de juntas dissimilares, bem como avaliar as caracterÃsticas metalÃrgicas e propriedades mecÃnicas da interface dissimilar do amanteigamento. Os materiais de base utilizados foram o AISI 8630M e o ASTM A182F22, soldados com a liga de nÃquel AWS ER NiCrMo-3 utilizando o processo TIG com alimentaÃÃo de arame frio. Em uma primeira etapa foram realizados os testes de Higuchi Convencional e Modificado, onde foram levantados os parÃmetros para aplicaÃÃo da tÃcnica da Dupla Camada. Na segunda etapa foram fabricadas juntas dissimilares com diferentes tÃcnicas de amanteigamento, utilizando os parÃmetros aprovados e reprovados nos testes de Higuchi, como tambÃm o uso ou nÃo do tratamento tÃrmico pÃs-soldagem TTPS. Em seguida, foram retiradas amostras para anÃlises dos fenÃmenos ocorridos na interface dissimilar, assim como, suas caracterÃsticas metalÃrgicas e mecÃnicas. Foi possÃvel, por meio dos testes de Higuchi Convencional e Modificado, determinar para o aÃo AISI 8630M e ASTM A 182 F22 relaÃÃes de parÃmetros de amanteigamento que, sem necessidade do uso do TTPS, resulte em zonas termicamente afetada (ZTA) bem refinadas e com durezas prÃximas da indicada por normas. As ZTA dos aÃos AISI 8630M e ASTM A182 F22 foram compostas basicamente por martensita revenida e bainita, respectivamente, onde foi observado um intenso refino de grÃos nas juntas amanteigadas com as relaÃÃes aprovadas nos testes de Higuchi Convencional e Modificado, enquanto que uma granulaÃÃo grosseira foi observada nas juntas com condiÃÃes reprovadas nos mesmos. Os ensaios de fratura indicaram que, de forma geral, os maiores valores do fator de intensidades de tensÃes (K) foram obtidos quando as pontas do entalhe estÃo localizadas dentro da ZTA. / With the discovery of the pre-salt, Petrobras is increasingly investing in oil explorations in deep water and ultra deep, which requires a large expenditure on research and development in the area of production. Several underwater structures are welded and have dissimilar joints, e.g. in connection of flow lines and risers with rigid flanges present in manifolds and Christmas trees. This equipment are generally protected with galvanic cathode protection, which promotes the release of hydrogen ions on the surface of materials. This adsorbed hydrogen migrates to the joint which region, facilitating the spread of defects, especially the fissure by hydrogen. In general this work has the objective to evaluate the effects of procedure GTAW welding with wire feed cold applied in buttering of AISI 8630M and ASTM A182 F22, considering the use of Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) in different conditions for welding dissimilar joints, as well as evaluate the metallurgical characteristics and mechanical properties of dissimilar interface of buttering. The materials used were the AISI 8630M and ASTM A182F22, welded with the nickel alloy AWS ERNiCrMo-3 using the GTAW process with cold wire feed. In a first stage were carried Conventional and Modified Higuchi Test, where were raised the parameters for application of the technique of double layer. In the second stage were manufactured dissimilar joints with different buttering techniques, using the parameters approved and disapproved Higuchi tests, as well as the use of PWHT. Then, samples were taken for analysis of the phenomena occurring in dissimilar interface, as well as, metallurgical and mechanical characteristics. It was possible, through the of Conventional and Modified Higuchi Test, determine for Steel AISI 8630M and ASTM A 182 F22 buttering parameters relationships that, without the use of PWHT, resulting in heat affected zone (HAZ) well refined and hardness close indicated by standards. The HAZ AISI 8630M steel and ASTM A182 F22 were composed basically by tempering martensite and bainite, respectively, where it was observed an intense grain refining in the buttery joints with relations adopted in Higuchi tests while a coarse granulation was observed in the joints with disapproved on the same conditions. Fracture tests indicated that, overall, the highest values of stress intensity factor (K) were obtained when the ends of the notch are located inside the HAZ.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo sistemÃtico de parÃmetros de soldagem TIG com alimentaÃÃo de arame frio para aplicaÃÃo de revestimento de ligas de nÃquel (UNS N06625, UNS N06686 e UNS N10276) em substratos de aÃo C-Mn considerando a anÃlise das caracterÃsticas geomÃtricas, econÃmicas e operacionais dos depÃsitos, de forma a adequar estes revestimentos para as indÃstrias do Setor de PetrÃleo e GÃs Natural. As soldagens foram realizadas utilizando um robà industrial e um alimentador automÃtico de arame frio. Foi realizado um estudo preliminar para determinar as condiÃÃes iniciais para exploraÃÃo dos parÃmetros, em seguida realizado a soldagem de um fatorial completo. Em uma Ãltima exploraÃÃo dos parÃmetros de soldagem foi aplicado o MÃtodo Taguchi para realizar a anÃlise de diversos fatores de controle com um nÃmero reduzido de experimentos. O perfil geomÃtrico do cordÃo de solda foi levantado na seÃÃo transversal dos corpos de prova. ApÃs obtenÃÃo dos resultados, foram feitos alguns ajustes de modo a realizar soldagens dos revestimentos. Os resultados mostraram que, o correto ajuste da DistÃncia da Ponta do Arame a PeÃa (DPAP) influenciou na geometria e diluiÃÃo do cordÃo de solda e na estabilidade do arco. Foi visto tambÃm que para obter menores nÃveis de diluiÃÃo, a DistÃncia da Ponta do Eletrodo a PeÃa (DPEP) depende do nÃvel de energia utilizado, para menores energias utiliza-se menores DPEPs e, para maiores energias, maiores DPEPs devem ser utilizadas. Os nÃveis de diluiÃÃo e reforÃo foram reduzidos com o uso do tecimento. A tÃcnica da energia influenciou de forma significativa na geometria e diluiÃÃo do cordÃo de solda. Para uma mesma energia de soldagem e, consequentemente velocidade de resfriamento e aporte tÃrmico semelhantes, podem haver nÃveis distintos de diluiÃÃo sem alteraÃÃes metalÃrgicas. O gÃs de proteÃÃo influenciou na diluiÃÃo e no Ãndice de convexidade (R/L) do cordÃo de solda, de uma maneira geral, a mistura de argÃnio e Ãxido nitroso apresentou a melhor condiÃÃo para soldagem dos revestimentos. O ajuste da energia pela corrente de soldagem (Tipo I) apresentou melhor eficiÃncia de deposiÃÃo para baixa energia, jà para alta energia, o melhor ajuste se dà pela velocidade de soldagem (Tipo V). Para baixos nÃveis de diluiÃÃo, o uso do tecimento reduz de maneira significativa os tempos e custos associados a realizaÃÃo dos revestimentos. Com os resultados obtidos foi possÃvel realizar revestimentos de qualidade com baixos nÃveis de diluiÃÃo (<10 %) atravÃs do processo TIG com alimentaÃÃo de arame frio. / The aim of this work was to carry out a systematic study of GTAW welding parameters with feeding of cold wire for covering application of nickel alloys (UNS N06625, UNS N06686 and UNS N10276) in substract of steel C-Mn considering the analysis of geometric, economic and operational characteristics of layers, form to adjust these coverings for the industries of the Sector of Oil and Natural Gas. The weldings were carried out employing an industrial robot and an automatic feeder of cold covered. A preliminary study was carried out to determine the initial conditions to exploration of the parameters, after that it was carried through the welding of a complete factorial. In a last exploration of welding parameters was applied the Taguchi Method to carry out to the analysis of diverse factories of control with a reduced number of experiments. The geometric profile of weld filet was raised in the transversal section of the test specimen. After it obtained the results, some adjustments were made to carry out weldings of coverings. The results showed that the correct adjustments of the Distance of the Tip of the Wire Workpiece (DTWW) influenced in the geometry and diluition weld filet and in the arc stability. It was also seen that to obtain minors levels of dilution, a Distance of the Tip of the Electrode Workpiece (DTEW) depends of the level of energy employed, for lesser energies use lesser DTEWs and, for higher energies, higher DTEWs must be used. The levels of dilution and reinforcement were reduced with the use of the weaving technique. The technique of the energy influenced of significant way in the geometry and dilution of the weld filet. For the same energy welding and, consequently nearly equal cooling rate and heat in the sample, it can have diverse levels of the dilution without metallurgical alterations. The protection gas influenced in the dilution and the convexity index (R/L) of the weld metal, in a general way, the mixture of argon and nitrous oxide presented the best condition for welding of coverings. The adjustment of the energy for current welding (Type I) presented the best efficiency of for low energy, already for high energy, the best adjustment is for welding speed (Type V). For low levels of dilution, the use of weaving technique reduced of significant way the times and associates costs accomplishment of coverings. With the results obtained it was possible to carry out coverings of quality with low levels of dilution (<10 %) trough of GTAW process with feeding of cold wire.

This diploma thesis deals with the optimization of process parameters of welding a drainage channel using a laser beam with an additional cold wire. This channel is made of austenitic Cr Ni stainless steel X5CrNi 18-10 (1.4301, ČSN 17 240) with a sheet thickness 1,5 mm. Mechanical properties of samples were checked by using transverse tensile test. Subsequently, the samples were macroscopically inspected focusing on dimensions of the weld and the presence of weld defects. Finally, the structure of the weld metal and fundamental material was evaluated by using microscopic control. Based on evaluation tests, the optimal welding parameters were recommended.

This thesis deals with flow measuring techniques applied to steady and pulsating gas flows relevant to gas exchange systems for internal combustion engines. Gas flows in such environments are complex, i.e. they are inhomogeneous, three-dimensional, unsteady, non-isothermal and exhibit significant density changes. While a variety of flow metering devices are available and have been devised for such flow conditions, the performance of these flow metersis to a large extent undocumented when a strongly pulsatile motion is superposed on the already complex flow field. Nonetheless, gas flow meters are commonly applied in such environments, e.g. in the measurement of the air flow to the engine or the amount of exhaust gas recirculation. The aim of the present thesis is therefore to understand and assess, and if possible to improve the performance of various flow meters under highly pulsatile conditions as well as demonstrating the use of a new type of flow meter for measurements of the pulsating mass flow upstream and downstream the turbine of a turbocharger. The thesis can be subdivided into three parts. The first one assesses the flow quality of a newly developed flow rig, designed for measurements of steady and pulsating air flow at flow rates and pulse frequencies typically found in the gas exchange system of cars and smaller trucks. Flow rates and pulsation frequencies achieved and measured range up to about 200 g/s and 80 Hz, respectively. The time-resolved mass flux and stagnation temperature under both steady and pulsating conditions were characterized by means of a combined hot/cold-wire probe which is part of a newly developed automated measurement module. This rig and measurement module were used to create a unique data base with well-defined boundary conditions to be used for the validation of numerical simulations, but in particular, to assess the performance of various flow meters. In the second part a novel vortex flow meter that can measure the timedependent flow rate using wavelet analysis has been invented, verified and extensively tested under various industrially relevant conditions. The newly developed technique was used to provide unique turbine maps under pulsatile conditions through time-resolved and simultaneous measurements of mass flow, temperature and pressure upstream and downstream the turbine. Results confirm that the quasi-steady assumption is invalid for the turbine considered as a whole. In the third and last part of the thesis, two basic fundamental questions that arose during the course of hot/cold-wire measurements in the aforementioned high speed flows have been addressed, namely to assess which temperature a cold-wire measures or to which a hot-wire is exposed to in high speed flows as well as whether the hot-wire measures the product of velocity and density or total density. Hot/cold-wire measurements in a nozzle have been performed to test various hypothesis and results show that the recovery temperature as well as the product of velocity and stagnation density are measured. / QC 20120510

This thesis deals with flow measuring techniques applied on steady and pulsatingflows. Specifically, it is focused on gas flows where density changes canbe significant, i.e. compressible flows. In such flows only the mass flow ratehas a significance and not the volume flow rate since the latter depends onthe pressure. The motivation for the present study is found in the use of flowmeters for various purposes in the gas exchange system for internal combustionengines. Applications can be found for instance regarding measurements of airflow to the engine, or measurements of the amount of exhaust gas recirculation.However the scope of thesis is wider than this, since the thesis aims toinvestigate the response of flow meters to pulsating flows. The study is mainlyexperimental, but it also includes an introduction and discussion of several inindustry, common flow measuring techniques.The flow meters were studied using a newly developed flow rig, designedfor measurement of steady and pulsating air flow of mass flow rates and pulsefrequencies typically found in the gas exchange system of cars and smallertrucks. Flow rates are up to about 200 g/s and pulsation frequencies from 0 Hz(i.e. steady flow) up to 80 Hz. The study included the following flow meters:hot-film mass flow meter, venturi flowmeter, Pitot tube, vortex flowmeter andturbine flowmeter. The performance of these meters were evaluated at bothsteady and pulsating conditions. Furthermore, the flow under both steady andpulsating conditions were characterized by means of a resistance-wire basedmass flow meter, with the ability to perform time resolved measurements ofboth the mass flux ρu, and the stagnation temperature T0.Experiments shows that, for certain flow meters, a quasi-steady assumptionis fairly well justified at pulsating flow conditions. This means that thefundamental equations describing the steady flow, for each instant of time,is applicable also in the pulsating flow. In the set-up, back-flow occurred atcertain pulse frequencies, which can result in highly inaccurate output fromcertain flow meters, depending on the measurement principle. For the purposeof finding means to determine when back flow prevails, LDV measurementswere also carried out. These measurements were compared with measurementsusing a vortex flow meter together with a new signal processing technique basedon wavelet analysis. The comparison showed that this technique may have apotential to measure pulsating flow rates accurately.Descriptors: Flow measuring, compressible flow, steady flow, pulsating flow,hot-wire anemometry, cold-wire anemometry. / QC 20101208

Despite its importance in various industrial applications there is still a lack of experimental studies on the dynamic and thermal field of swirling jets in the near-field region. The present study is an attempt to close this lack and provide new insights on the effect of rotation on the turbulent mixing of a passive scalar, on turbulence (joint) statistics as well as the turbulence structure. Swirl is known to increase the spreading of free turbulent jets and hence to entrain more ambient fluid. Contrary to previous experiments, which leave traces of the swirl generating method especially in the near-field, the swirl was imparted by discharging a slightly heated air flow from an axially rotating and thermally insulated pipe (6 m long, diameter 60 mm). This gives well-defined axisymmetric streamwise and azimuthal velocity distributions as well as a well-defined temperature profile at the jet outlet. The experiments were performed at a Reynolds number of 24000 and a swirl number (ratio between the angular velocity of the pipe wall and the bulk velocity in the pipe) of 0.5. By means of a specially designed combined X-wire and cold-wire probe it was possible to simultaneously acquire the instantaneous axial and azimuthal velocity components as well as the temperature and compensate the former against temperature variations. The comparison of the swirling and non-swirling cases clearly indicates a modification of the turbulence structure to that effect that the swirling jet spreads and mixes faster than its non-swirling counterpart. It is also shown that the streamwise velocity and temperature fluctuations are highly correlated and that the addition of swirl drastically increases the streamwise passive scalar flux in the near field. / QC 20101124

This thesis deals with turbulent flows in 90 degree curved pipes of circular cross-section. The flow cases investigated experimentally are turbulent flow with and without an additional motion, swirling or pulsating, superposed on the primary flow. The aim is to investigate these complex flows in detail both in terms of statistical quantities as well as vortical structures that are apparent when curvature is present. Such a flow field can contain strong secondary flow in a plane normal to the main flow direction as well as reverse flow. The motivation of the study has mainly been the presence of highly pulsating turbulent flow through complex geometries, including sharp bends, in the gas exchange system of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). On the other hand, the industrial relevance and importance of the other type of flows were not underestimated. The geometry used was curved pipes of different curvature ratios, mounted at the exit of straight pipe sections which constituted the inflow conditions. Two experimental set ups have been used. In the first one, fully developed turbulent flow with a well defined inflow condition was fed into the pipe bend. A swirling motion could be applied in order to study the interaction between the swirl and the secondary flow induced by the bend itself. In the second set up a highly pulsating flow (up to 40 Hz) was achieved by rotating a valve located at a short distance upstream from the measurement site. In this case engine-like conditions were examined, where the turbulent flow into the bend is non-developed and the pipe bend is sharp. In addition to flow measurements, the effect of non-ideal flow conditions on the performance of a turbocharger was investigated. Three different experimental techniques were employed to study the flow field. Time-resolved stereoscopic particle image velocimetry was used in order to visualize but also quantify the secondary motions at different downstream stations from the pipe bend while combined hot-/cold-wire anemometry was used for statistical analysis. Laser Doppler velocimetry was mainly employed for validation of the aforementioned experimental methods. The three-dimensional flow field depicting varying vortical patterns has been captured under turbulent steady, swirling and pulsating flow conditions, for parameter values for which experimental evidence has been missing in literature. / QC 20120425