Motivated by the environment of their country, Colombia, the co-authors present in this paper a research and analysis about the Manufacturing Industry (MI) and its relation to the growth of the economy in the different sectors of their country. Industrial innovation is key to competitiveness and development of economies; therefore, Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is seen by the co-authors as an answer for the Manufacturing Industry in order to keep on bringing value to the society and its related sectors. To have an approach to this CE analysis, theoretical framework used in the research is based in the Four Models of CE presented by Wolcott and Lippitz (Wolcott, 2010). Within the paper, it will be introduced the Opportunist, Enable, Advocate and Producer Model as conceived by them. No surprises were found when looking to the actual state of the companies in the MI, those with more budgets are the ones that invest more in innovation and the small ones are more conservatives in the topic. As part of the response to the research question, the co-authors established the path for the different company types in order for them to have an easy way to build CE.

This study is concerned with the historical development and perpetuation of the leisure class in the Colombian society. The study is based on Thorstein Veblen's Theory of the Leisure Class. The main purpose of this study is to analyze in terms of the evolution of social institutions the problems that the Colombian society faces today. Spanish values and traditions are analyzed, as well as more recent values and modes of behavior adopted by the leisure class. Institutions such as the church, the educational, employment and political apparatus are analyzed in terms of how they contribute to the perpetuation of elites. This study concludes that as long as there is economic surplus in society, a leisure class will exist. The elites forming the leisure class may be displaced by counter-elites, which in turn will conform a new leisure class.

This research project aims to analyse the current administrative/humanitarian model of the search for missing persons in the context of the Colombian conflict and to assess how it contributes to the transitional context in Colombia post-2016 Peace Agreement. Specifically, its contribution to truth, justice, reparations, and participation will be discussed. The two existing models of the search for missing persons will be briefly compared: the administrative/humanitarian model and the judicial model, based on existing literature and using examples from conflict or violent areas of Latin America. This is followed by the discussion of the Colombian model, set up in the 2016 Peace Agreement. Then, to examine how the administrative/humanitarian model of the search for missing persons contributes to the principles of the Agreement, the analysis is based on the semi-structured interviews of individuals who actively participate in search activities, including peace signatories, professionals in the field belonging to humanitarian organizations or independent NGOs and victims’ representatives. This is followed by recommendations to both the Colombian state and humanitarian organizations. The study argues that the mixed approach of the search in Colombia, which uses a hybrid system based on the complementarity of the judicial and administrative/humanitarian model, succeeds in supporting the principles of transitional justice, but that strengthening the support and commitment of the latter model proves the better avenue to provide answers on the fate and location of missing persons.

This thesis explores the works of the Colombian writer Fernando Vallejo in terms of autobiography and fiction. Using the theoretical approaches of Philippe Lejeune in his book On Autobiography and Serge Doubrovsky in his book Fils: Roman this thesis will draw distinctions between autobiography and what Doubrovsky calls "autofiction" in Vallejo'­s collection of five texts known as El rio del tiempo. Lejeune has shown that the canonical form of autobiography is characterized by the equation author=narrator=character. However, if we apply this clear-cut definition to Vallejo's book, a series of question arise: Who is speaking in his novels? Can we unequivocally attribute the narrator's ideas to Vallejo himself? Or if his novels are mere autobiographies, why does Vallejo use some blatantly fictitious situations? Fernando Vallejo'­s work underscores the fine boundary between fiction and autobiography and the impact that this relation has on his readers. In his writing, the present time and past time are fused in the capricious channel of his memory, confirming that every autobiography, no matter how sincere it is, is also a form of storytelling. / Master of Arts

The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the use of narratives informed by the discourse of human security in the context of the Colombian conflict during the government of President Alvaro Uribe Velez (2002-2010). Its main contribution is to map the transformation of these narratives from the site of their formulation in the international institutions to the site of their appropriation into domestic settings; and then consider their role in the formation of the actors' strategies and the construction of the subjectivities of the individuals affected by the conflict dynamics. The research proceeds to this analysis through an investigation of the policies for the internally displaced and those relating to the rights of the victims informed by the framework of transitional justice. It shows that, with a combination of narratives of empowerment and reconciliation, they fulfill complementary roles in the construction of the subjectivities of individuals affected by the conflict in Colombia. The dissertation also concludes that the flexibility of the human security discourse allowed the Uribe government to reinforce its position.

In this work, superficial to the extreme, it is my purpose to offer a review of the development of lyric poetry ("poesía lírica") in Colombia throughout its history. It is logical that because of the extent of the subject it is not possible to give a complete treatment of our political history, though I have tried not to leave out points of significance. The classification of authors and of poems, as well as the division of periods I have made arbitrarily, guided by my own criteria. Thus, I have the Romantic period divided into romanticism and post-romanticism, according to the dates generally regarded as the beginning and end of these two literary movements. In reality, romanticism only ended with the beginning of modernism, and one cannot therefore distinguish romantic poets from post-romantic poets. Due to the nature of this thesis, many poets--some of them well known--will not be mentioned. However, my intention is not to write a lyric anthology, but to reveal the spirit of Columbia through her poets and her poetry.

Apesar da existência de vários estudos geológicos detalhados no segmento norte do Andes, muitos aspectos estão ainda por serem resolvidos, principalmente aqueles concernentes ao tipo, grau e evolução metamórfica, ambiente tectônico de formação e correlação com margem paleozóica do continente Gondwana e com os terrenos mesozóicos oceânicos. A Cordilheira Central dos Andes Colombianos, é representada por um complexo polimetamórfico com magmatismo associado e uma fina pilha de sedimentos suprajacente em algumas partes da cordilheira. O embasamento desta cordilheira é principalmente composto por rochas metamórficas e por isto a sua compreensão deve ser feita a partir do entendimento dos processos de metamorfismo que afetaram a área. Na Cordilheira Central, a caracterização dos distintos processos geológicos, tem sido interpretada em termos de eventos orogênicos em escala regional, pelo que muitas incongruências são percebidas na aplicação dos diferentes modelos e o análise detalhado da evolução metamórfica permitiria separar os diferentes eventos e a possibilidade de reconstruir as condições de pressão e temperatura (P-T) da crosta, podendo definir a natureza do ambiente tectônico assim como a relação entre as unidades. Nos arredores da cidade de Medellín (municípios de Caldas e El Retiro) afloram rochas metamórficas com protólitos básicos e pelíticos (Anfibólio Xistos de Caldas e Xistos de Ancón), com alguns aportes de material granítico, às vezes metamorfisado (Gnaisse de La Miel). Outro conjunto de rochas metabásicas e metapelíticas associadas apresenta-se ao oriente destas unidades. Este conjunto de rochas é nomeado Anfibolitos, Migmatitos e Granulitos de El Retiro. A termobarometria nos Anfibólio Xistos de Caldas indicam condições de pressão e temperatura próprias da facies anfibolito e descrevem uma trajetória em sentido antihorário sem ficar claro o caminho de regresso das condições de retrometamorfismo. As pressões nestas rochas variam entre ~6.3 e 13.5 Kb com variações relativamente estreitas da temperatura, com valores que estão entre ~550 e 630ºC. No caso dos Xistos de Ancón, a trajetória resultante é em sentido anti-horário e reflete aumentos de temperatura evidenciados na petrografia pela presença de sillimanita e o regresso da trajetória é pela zona da cianita. As temperaturas neste conjunto variam entre ~400 e 555ºC para pressões constantes de 5 e 6Kb en condições de metamorfismo progressivo. O retrometamorfismo apresenta pressões entre ~7.6 e 7.2Kb com temperaturas ~645 e 635ºC, além de temperaturas entre ~500 e 600ºC com pressão constante de 6Kb. No conjunto de rochas de El Retiro, apresenta-se uma forte descompressão com variações estreitas no campo da temperatura, apresentando valores de pressão entre ~8.7 e 2.7Kb com variação na temperatura de ~740 e 633ºC. As unidades conhecidas como Anfibólio Xistos de Caldas, Xistos de Ancón e Gnaisse de La Miel, evidenciam uma historia metamórfica comum de processos de tipo colisional. Os Anfibólio Xistos de Caldas e os Xistos de Ancón poderiam representam fragmentos de crosta oceânica com sedimentos pelíticos intercalados, a qual foi exumada, além de ter um corpo metagranítico relacionado (Gnaisse de La Miel) cuja geoquímica evidencia seu caráter colisional. Este corpo granítico pode ser o resultado do metamorfismo ou do processo de exumação que afetou a região e gerou o pacote de xistos ou pelo menos começou fazer parte da história geológica da área logo depois da formação dos xistos. As rochas de El Retiro (Anfibolitos, Migmatitos e Granulitos de El Retiro) sugerem que seja um bloco que colidiu com as de Caldas (Anfibólio Xistos de Caldas, Xistos de Ancón e Gnaisse de La Miel) e a partir de então têm uma história conjunta, no mínimo, a partir do Triássico, como é indicado pela geocronologia e pela ausência de estruturas regionais entre estas unidades. Finalmente um possível processo de rifteamento que da origem a pontos restritos de calor e que geram as rochas em facies granulito, assim como estruturas de cisalhamento mais marcadas em alguns litotipos. / In spite of the existence of several detailed geological studies in the northern segment of the Andes Cordillera, many aspects are still to be resolved, mainly those concerning the type, grade and metamorphic evolution, tectonic setting formation and correlation with the Palaeozoic margin of Gondwana and with Mesozoic oceanic terranes. The Central Cordillera is represented by a polimetamorphic complex with associated magmatism, and a thin pile of cover sediments in some parts of the mountain range. The basement of the Central Cordillera is mainly constituted by metamorphic rocks and for that its comprehension should be done from the understanding of the metamorphism that affected the area. In the Central Cordillera, the characterization of the different geological processes has been interpreted in terms of orogenic events in regional scale, however, a lot of incongruities are perceived in the application of the different models, and the detailed analysis from the metamorphic evolution would permit the separation distinct events and the reconstruction possibility of the crusts pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions, being able to define the nature of the tectonic setting, as well as the relation among the units. In the surroundings of the city of Medellín (Caldas and El Retiro cities) occur metamorphic rocks with basic and pelitic protolites (Amphibole Schist of Caldas and Schists of Ancón), with some contributions of granitic material, sometimes affected by metamorphic processes (Gneiss of La Miel). Another group of metabasic and metapelitic rocks associated is observed to the east of these units. This group is named Amphibolites, Migmatites and Granulites of El Retiro. The group Amphibole Schist of Caldas and Schists of Ancón could be formed in an distal environment and under reduct conditions and later inserted to the continent by a possible subduction zone. El Retiro rocks could be correspond to the continental basement of the area and it leaves of them it can correspond to impure sediments, of continental margin, formed under high grade metamorphic conditions. The metamorphism in these last rocks was more intense, originating the rocks in the granulite facies in portions of the crust in which the partial pressure of H2O was relatively lowers, as well as of migmatites, result of the anatexis of quartz-feldspatic composition rocks, in places which the partial pressure of H2O was higher. This metamorphism was accompanied of intense deformation, which to have juxtaposed both migmatites and granulites blocks. Therefore later there was intense interaction fluid-rock, as well as restricted points of heat caused by igneous intrusions and that are responsible for the variations in the size of grain of the minerals and especially by the fortress retrometamorphic reequilibrium and by the fluids transport. Thermobarometric data in Amphibole Schist of Caldas indicate pressure and temperature conditions of the amphibolite facies and they describe a counterclockwise path, with no precise retrometamorphic P-T-t trajectory. The pressures in these rocks vary between 6.3 and 13.5Kb with narrow variations of the temperature, with values between ~550 and 630ºC. In the case of the Schists of Ancón, the result is a counterclockwise path and it reflects increases of temperature evidenced by the occurence of sillimanite and the return of the path to the kyanite zone (amphibolite facies). The temperatures in this group vary between ~400 and 555ºC for constant pressures of 5 and 6Kb in prograde metamorphic conditions. The retrometamorphism presents pressures between ~7.6 and 7.2Kb with temperatures aproximately between ~645 and 635ºC, besides temperatures between ~500 and 600ºC with constant pressure of 6Kb. The El Retiro set presents a strong decompression with narrow variations in the temperature field, showing pressure values between ~8.7 and 2.7Kb with temperatures of ~740 and 633ºC.

La presente investigación aborda la novela de fin de siglo XX en Colombia entre 1990 y 2005 desde una orientación panorámica. El estudio se plantea desde el punto de vista de la escritura y se elabora a través del análisis de algunas novelas del periodo a partir de los conceptos mundo, autor, fragmento. Para ello se centra en las novelas Rosario Tijeras de Jorge Franco, Entre fantasmas de Fernando Vallejo, y Pavana del ángel de Roberto Burgos Cantor. Así las cosas el estudio presenta tres capítulos centrales. En la introducción se explica el propósito de la investigación. El primer capítulo trabaja el concepto de mundaneidad en la obra de Rosario Tijeras de Jorge Franco, dialogando con la novela Después de todo de Piedad Bonnett y El anarquista jubilado de Roberto Rubiano. El segundo capítulo intenta delimitar el concepto de autor y la forma como se configura en Entre fantasmas de Fernando Vallejo, para ello se pone en diálogo con Asuntos de un hidalgo disoluto de Héctor Abad Faciolince, Amirbar de Álvaro Mutis, Érase una vez el amor pero tuve que matarlo de Efraim Medina Reyes y Vida feliz de un joven llamado Esteban de Santiago Gamboa. El tercer capítulo analiza el modo como se presenta el fragmento en la novela Pavana del ángel de Roberto Burgos Cantor, novela que se inscribe en la tradición literaria de Colombia y, en particular, del Caribe colombiano. Dicha novela se pone en relación con la novela Opio en las nubes de Rafael Chaparro Madiedo y se relaciona también con la novela Los cuadernos de N. de Nicolás Suescún. Finalmente, en las conclusiones se busca fijar las líneas generales del camino que se ha seguido en esta investigación. / This research studies the romance on the end of the twentieth century in Colombia between 1990 and 2005 in a panoramic orientation. The analysis is approached from the point of view of writing and is made through the analysis of some novels of the period from the concepts of world, author and fragment. This research, also, is focused on the novels Rosario Tijeras by Jorge Franco, Entre fantamas by Fernando Vallejo and Pavana del angel by Roberto Burgos Cantor. On this way, the study presents three chapters; the introduction presents the purpose of the research and its explanation. The first chapter works with the concept of worldliness in the romance Rosario Tijeras by Jorge Franco, in a direct dialogue with the novel Después de todo by Piedad Bonnett and El anarquista jubilado by Roberto Rubiano. The second chapter attempts to define the concept of author and how it is configured in Entre fantasmas by Fernando Vallejo, for that purpose, it is brought into dialogue with Memorias de un hidalgo disoluto by Héctor Abad Faciolince, Amirbar by Alvaro Mutis, Érase una vez el amor pero tuve que matarlo by Efraim Medina Reyes and Vida feliz de un joven llamado Esteban by Santiago Gamboa. The third chapter discusses how the fragment is presented in Pavana del ángel by Roberto Burgos Cantor, a novel that is part of the literary tradition of Colombia and in particular, the Colombian Caribbean. This novel is set in relation to the novel Opio en las nubes by Rafael Chaparro Madiedo and also relates to the romance Los cuadernos de N., by Nicolás Suescún. The conclusion tries to define the way this research was developed.

The Conservative party ruled Colombia from 1886 to 1930. During this period, a coterie of grammarians, poets, and theologians consolidated political power by appealing to literature as a form of rhetorical expertise. The Liberal party took power in 1930 and would hold it until 1946. Recent scholarship has argued that during this period Liberal intellectuals defended the political authority of literary expertise even as they endorsed a modernizing program. Although these charges of hypocrisy are well founded, they tell a limited version of the history of the so-called Liberal Republic, failing to take into full account the work of intellectuals at the edges of the Liberal party’s patronage network. This dissertation considers a series of writer-journalists—including Luis Vidales, Luis Tejada, José Antonio Osorio Lizarazo, José Joaquín Jiménez, and Arnoldo Palacios—who were active in Bogotá between 1920 and 1950. It examines their essays, chronicles, novels, and poems in newspapers and magazines, and less often in books, to argue that they elaborated a new function for literature in Colombia, appealing to the genres of urban journalism and the emerging discipline of urban sociology in order to transform literature into a form of social investigation.

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