Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Julia A. Keen / The intent of this report is to recommend a process for legislation that can be used to identify commercial buildings that have the greatest potential to reduce energy consumption. A point-based evaluation is completed of current energy processes for existing commercial buildings. The recommended energy evaluation system is applied to an existing building, which allows for a detailed review of how the evaluation is completed for a building. The results are presented to display the value of assessing building energy performance. Additionally, the results reinforce the potential to transform the industry and energy use by buildings.

This thesis solves the new building of commercial building with flats in vacant space in Prague street in Hořovice. This building is with the cellar in a part of object and it has four floors. Commercial building has rectangular ground plan and it is covered with flat roof. The facade will be furnished with contact thermally insulated system with improved plaster and cladding tape. The object is proposed to be made with brick from block. Ceiling is made from iron-concrete ceiling panels. In the basement there are cellar boxes for the each apartments, store room and boiler room. In the ground floor there are four shops which are directly approachable from the outside. Every shops have own store room, office and restroom. There are also situated pram room for apartments and two stores for household rubbish. The first floor is constructed for offices where two companies can be located. In the second floor there are six apartments. Two of them can be adapted for the person with reduced mobility. The third floor is identical with the second floor.

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An intention of this thesis is to create a project documentation of commercial building. This house is situated at the edge of Brno. Ground plan of this three-floored partly basement house is designed as broken shape. Roof of this building is designed as flat. This building is used as a company headquarters and a stock.

I en rapport finansierad av Smart Built Environment konstateras att stora möjligheter finns att höja kvaliteten på och sänka kostnader för den slutgiltiga produkten via digitala lösningar i byggbranschen. Ett område där digitaliseringen har stor inverkan är just digitala verktyg på byggarbetsplatsen (Bygg 4.0, u.å.). Digitala verktyg definieras i studien som programvara och applikationer lämpade för byggbranschen. Syftet med examensarbetet var att kartlägga vilka digitala verktyg som används inom Skanskas produktion samt jämföra användandet av digitala verktyg inom verksamhetsgrenarna Hus respektive Väg och anläggning. Studien fokuserar på hur användandet av digitala verktyg främjas genom strategier och målsättningar i Skanskas organisation. Metoden för insamling av material var inledningsvis en litteraturstudie av teori, fortsättningsvis utfördes en kvantitativ enkätundersökning och en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning. Enkätundersökningen fokuserade på användandet av digitala verktyg och intervjuerna på hur Skanskas medarbetare uppfattar att Skanska arbetar med digitaliseringen. Resultatet av studien visar på skillnader i utsträckningen som de digitala verktygen används inom verksamhetsgrenarna. Resultatet av enkätstudien visar att verksamhetsgren Hus använder de digitala verktygen i större utsträckning. Resultatet av intervjustudien visar att orsaken till detta är att verksamhetsgren Hus arbetar proaktivt genom strategier och målsättningar som Basnivå hus, Projekt i världsklass och Smarta projekt. Verksamhetsgren Hus har även digitala ledare ute i projekt som stöds av en digital coach på regionnivå. Verksamhetsgren Väg och anläggning har inte en lika etablerad grund då enbart Projekt i världsklass är utgångspunkten för digitalt arbete. Det finns inte heller några digitala ledare i projekten. Den rollen uppstår organiskt genom engagerade individer med kunskaper i digitala verktyg. Verksamhetsgren Hus har ett mer väletablerat system för arbete med digitala verktyg vilket leder till att verksamhetsgrenens arbete med digitala verktyg har kommit längre än verksamhetsgren Väg och anläggning. / In a report financed by Smart Built Environment it was stated that there are possibilities to improve quality and reduce cost in the finished product through digital solutions in the construction industry. One area where digitization has got a high impact is in the use of digital tools on the construction site (Bygg 4.0, u.å.). Digital tools are defined as software and applications suited for the construction industry. The purpose of this thesis was to map out the digital tools used in Skanska's production and to compare the use of digital tools within the business areas infrastructure and commercial building. The study focuses on how the use of digital tools is encouraged through strategies and objectives in Skanska's organization. The method for collecting material was a literature study of theory, a quantitative survey and qualitative interviews. The survey focused on the use of digital tools and the interviews on Skanska's employees perception on Skanska's work with digitization. The results of the study show differences in the extent that the digital tools are used within the business areas. The results of the quantitative study show that the business area commercial building uses the digital tools to a greater extent. The reason for this is that the business area commercial building works proactively through recommendations such as Basnivå Hus, Projekt i världsklass and Smarta projekt. The business area commercial building also has a role called digital leader in every project, who are supported by a digital coach in every region. The business area infrastructure does not have an equally established foundation, since only Projekt i världsklass is the starting point for digital work within the business area. There are also no digital leaders in projects within the business area. This role arises organically through committed individuals with good knowledge of digital tools. The business area commercial building has a well-established system for working with digital tools, which means that the business area has come further than the business area infrastructure.

This doctoral thesis consists of three essays. In the first essay I investigate the presence of productivity convergence in eight regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada over the period of 1971-2005. Expectation of productivity convergence in the pulp and paper industries of Canadian provinces and of the states of its southern neighbour is high since they are trading partners with fairly high level of exchanges in both pulp and paper products. Moreover, they share a common production technology that changed very little over the last century. I supplement the North-American regional data with national data for two Nordic countries, Finland and Sweden, which provides a scope to compare the productivity performances of four leading players in global pulp and paper industry. I find evidence in favour of the catch-up hypothesis among the regional pulp and paper industries of U.S. and Canada in my sample. The growth performance is at the advantage of Canadian provinces relative to their U.S. counterparts. However, it is not good enough to surpass the growth rates of this industry in the two Nordic countries. It is well-known that econometric productivity estimation using flexible functional forms often encounter violations of curvature conditions. However, the productivity literature does not provide any guidance on the selection of appropriate functional forms once they satisfy the theoretical regularity conditions. The second chapter of my thesis provides an empirical evidence that imposing local curvature conditions on the flexible functional forms affect total factor productivity (TFP) estimates in addition to the elasticity estimates. Moreover, I use this as a criterion for evaluating the performances of three widely used locally flexible cost functional forms - the translog (TL), the Generalized Leontief (GL), and the Normalized Quadratic (NQ) - in providing TFP estimates. Results suggest that the NQ model performs better than the other two functional forms in providing TFP estimates. The third essay capitalizes on newly available high frequency energy consumption data from commercial buildings in the District of Columbia (DC) to provide novel insights on the realized energy use impacts of energy efficiency standards in commercial buildings. Combining these data with hourly weather data and information on tenancy contract structure I evaluate the impacts of energy standards, contractual structure of utility bill payments, and energy star labeling on account level electricity consumption. Using this unique panel dataset, the analysis takes advantage of detailed building-level characteristics and the heterogeneity in the building age distribution, resulting in buildings constructed before and after mandatory energy standards came into effect. Estimation results suggest that in commercial buildings constructed under a code, electricity consumption is lower by about 0.48 kWh per cooling degree hour. When tenants pay for their own utilities, consumption is lower by 0.82 kWh per cooling degree hour. The Energy Star effect is a 0.31 kWh reduction per cooling degree hour. Finally, peak savings for all three variables of interest occur at 2pm in the summer months, whereas peak summer marginal prices at DC's local electric utility occur at 5pm.

The architecture and urban planning study of the Ohrada sports grounds examines the possibility of building a multipurpose sports and recreation centre in the Vsetín – Ohrada location. Currently, the grounds are in a very poor condition. With respect to the dimensions of the grounds, the roofed stands of the Spartakiad stadium serving a lodging house along with the tennis club facilities fail to fulfill its potential. I approached the area layout in a way which enables a clearly identifiable morphology of the buildings with an accentuated maximum utilization of daylight, open space, greenery, and social interaction to combine ideas and needs of the future generation and thus give the location a new genius loci. The biggest challenge of the complex layout of the whole site was to find a meaningful use for the great amount of soil found in the decaying stands. I find the best solution in creating an accessible, walkable mass that provides several different sections with various atmospheres and purposes. This concept resulted in a study which uses the qualities of the premises and complements them with a number of sports and recreational activities. The fundamental idea was to create a public leisure space with a focus on a great variability of the purpose of the grounds to make it useful for a wide range of public across generations. This led to the creation of several main masses which divide the location, reduce the scale of the area and give it a different atmosphere. At the same time, the grounds are freely accessible and open to the public. A long-term, functioning society demonstrates an ability to treat public and semipublic space with respect. The area in front of and in between buildings becomes, therefore, more important than the buildings themselves. At such a moment, one can talk of a sustainable public life.