Volvo is continually updating and replacing their equipment and want to investigate the possibility to shorten the time it takes to implement changes and shorten the time in commissioning projects. The use of an emulation model of a production cell can shorten the commissioning time since the equipment and sequence of the cell can be thoroughly tested before implementation. Volvo also wants to investigate the possibility to validate equipment using emulation. The main objectives are to find an emulation software that suits Volvo’s needs and build an emulation model of an actual production cell at Volvo called G750. A literature review was performed in which the authors gained knowledge about virtual commissioning, simulation and emulation and the usage of these. A market survey was conducted in order to find emulation software that could handle Volvo’s complex production equipment consisting of ABB robots and Siemens PLC. A method for building emulation models of existing production equipment was found during the literature review. The software used to build the emulation model was Simumatik3D. Other software used to make the model as realistic as possible includes RobotStudio, WinCC and PLCSIM. The emulation model handles approximately 350 inputs and outputs. When the emulation model was finished experiments were conducted in order to answer research questions and to reach the main objectives. The experiments validate that the emulation model is representative of the real production cell regarding programming, fail scenarios and movement.

The evolution of the industry, known as industry 4.0, has introduced new technologies such as Virtual Commissioning and Industrial Internet of things. Nowadays, virtual models of automated systems are being created in order to be tested while being built in real life, what includes PLC programs, robots, etc. In order to provide a real behaviour emulation, these virtual models should be as similar to reality as possible. Currently, the components communication in a real system is done through Internet with the use of fieldbuses I/O modules. Right now, these modules are not integrated in the virtual model, as the PLC program returns an error due to the hardware not being found. This implies that the PLC project must be modified, and a workaround must be done in order to connect the I/O cards components of the modules. Furthermore, it means that two PLC projects need to be maintained at the same time, one for the real system and another for the virtual system. In this thesis, a research was done to prove if fieldbuses modules could be emulated, helping to improve Virtual Commissioning. The final goal is to allow a PLC project created for a real system to be run again the corresponding virtual model without any change. To achieve this, a driver able to emulate the communication behaviour of an Ethernet/IP fieldbus module is developed and tested against a real PLC program.

A Radiocirurgia Estereotática é a técnica de tratamento que usa feixes estreitos de radiação focalizados com grande exatidão em uma lesão pequena. A introdução dos colimadores micro multi-lâminas (mMLC) permite que essa técnica alcance um maior grau de conformação de dose na lesão alvo, possibilitando uma menor irradiação das estruturas críticas e dos tecidos normais. Este trabalho visa apresentar os resultados dos testes de aceite e do comissionamento de um acelerador linear Varian ® 6EX dedicado à Radiocirurgia, associado com o colimador multi-lâminas da BrainLab ® instalado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HC-FMUSP) e estabelecer um Programa de Garantia de Qualidade que seja exequível para os serviços que pretendem implantar essa técnica especial. Os resultados dos testes de aceitação mostraram-se coerentes e satisfatórios com as especificações definidas pelo fabricante e os testes de comissionamento ficaram dentro das recomendações internacionais. Os testes e as medidas que compõem o processo de controle de qualidade devem ser específicos para cada unidade de tratamento, assim como a necessidade, a frequência e os níveis de tolerância. / Stereotactic Radiosurgery is a treatment technique that uses narrow beams of radiation focused with great accuracy in a small lesion. The introduction of micro multileaf collimators (mMLC) allows this technique to reach a higher degree of dose conformation of the target lesion allowing a smaller irradiation of critical structures and normal tissues. This paper presents the results of the acceptance tests and commissioning of a Varian ® 6EX linear accelerator dedicated to radiosurgery associated with the BrainLab ® micro multileaf collimator installed in the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HC-FMUSP) and establish feasible quality assurance program for the services that employ this special technique. The results of the acceptance tests were satisfactory and are willing with the specifications provided by the manufacturer and the commissioning tests were within the international recommendations. The tests and measures that are part of quality control process should be specific to each treatment unit, and the need, frequency and levels of tolerance.

A Radiocirurgia Estereotática é a técnica de tratamento que usa feixes estreitos de radiação focalizados com grande exatidão em uma lesão pequena. A introdução dos colimadores micro multi-lâminas (mMLC) permite que essa técnica alcance um maior grau de conformação de dose na lesão alvo, possibilitando uma menor irradiação das estruturas críticas e dos tecidos normais. Este trabalho visa apresentar os resultados dos testes de aceite e do comissionamento de um acelerador linear Varian ® 6EX dedicado à Radiocirurgia, associado com o colimador multi-lâminas da BrainLab ® instalado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HC-FMUSP) e estabelecer um Programa de Garantia de Qualidade que seja exequível para os serviços que pretendem implantar essa técnica especial. Os resultados dos testes de aceitação mostraram-se coerentes e satisfatórios com as especificações definidas pelo fabricante e os testes de comissionamento ficaram dentro das recomendações internacionais. Os testes e as medidas que compõem o processo de controle de qualidade devem ser específicos para cada unidade de tratamento, assim como a necessidade, a frequência e os níveis de tolerância. / Stereotactic Radiosurgery is a treatment technique that uses narrow beams of radiation focused with great accuracy in a small lesion. The introduction of micro multileaf collimators (mMLC) allows this technique to reach a higher degree of dose conformation of the target lesion allowing a smaller irradiation of critical structures and normal tissues. This paper presents the results of the acceptance tests and commissioning of a Varian ® 6EX linear accelerator dedicated to radiosurgery associated with the BrainLab ® micro multileaf collimator installed in the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (HC-FMUSP) and establish feasible quality assurance program for the services that employ this special technique. The results of the acceptance tests were satisfactory and are willing with the specifications provided by the manufacturer and the commissioning tests were within the international recommendations. The tests and measures that are part of quality control process should be specific to each treatment unit, and the need, frequency and levels of tolerance.

Detection systems used to monitor reactor operations are of significant interest as tools for verification of operator declarations. Current reactor site safeguards are limited to visual inspections and intrusive monitoring systems. The recent development of antineutrino detectors may soon allow real-time monitoring from an unobtrusive location. Antineutrinos are produced through beta decay of fission products in the core. The lack of charge and small mass of the antineutrino ensures an extremely low interaction probability with all matter, effectively making the particle impossible to shield. As the fuel isotopic composition changes with burn-up, the primary fission source changes from ²³⁵U to ²³⁹Pu. Since differing antineutrino energy spectra are produced by each fissionable isotope, the antineutrino flux will also change as a function of burn-up. Supported by reactor simulations from nuclear codes, antineutrino detectors may provide a window into the reactor core and provide inspectors with tools to verify legitimate operations. This thesis is focused on the antineutrino rate produced by CANadian Deuterium Uranium reactors (CANDU) during startup. A CANDU fuel bundle model was created with the TRITON module from the SCALE6.1 code to calculate isotopic antineutrino rates for a single bundle. A full core CANDU model that incorporates refueling was also created for the first 155 days of operation after startup by using a Python 2.6 script to handle pre- and post-calculations. All simulations were calculated using operational data from Point Lepreau Generating Station produced by proprietary codes for the forthcoming fresh core startup. Dependence of the antineutrino rate on power and bundle replacement was analyzed, with a ±10% change in power causing a ±10% change in antineutrino rate, and the CANDU detector effectively measuring a 10% decrease in power within 9 hours of collection time. Bundle refueling was shown to only slightly modify the antineutrino rate, requiring a target volume more than 20 times larger than the present detector to effectively identify the change due to the bundles refueled over a one week period. Diversion of 15% or more of the total amount of bundles can be effectively measured by the CANDU detector within a one month counting period. / Graduation date: 2012

PLC kan idag vara det mest använda styrsystemet till industriella applikationer. Verifikation av programmerad PLC-logik är av stort värde och kan göras på olika sätt. ÅF Karlstad vill idag börja se över möjligheter till implementering av Virtual Commissioning som ett alternativ till minskning av ledtider. I det stora hela blev målet för detta projektarbete att i Xcelgo Experior bygga upp en 3D-miljö som liknar en saltvatten-process på Barilla i Filipstad, skriva PLC-logiken i Siemens TIA-portalen och testköra logiken i 3D-miljön. Och av detta kunna ge underlag till eventuella investeringar i denna teknik för ÅF Karlstad. Gränssnittet Xcelgo Experior visade sig var funktionellt och lättarbetat. Dock hann inte programutvecklarna få i stånd den uppdatering av modulkatologen som krävts för att tillräckligt kunna efterlikna Barillas process att det försvarbart skulle kunna verifiera PLC-logiken. Efter överläggande med min handledare på ÅF, Anders Emanuelsson, bestämdes att i stället verifiera logiken visuellt i Siemens HMI.  Då detta projektarbete endast delvis kommer uppfylla de syften och mål som satts kommer istället en verifiering av PLC-logiken för processen att utgöras av Siemens HMI. Dock har användandet och testkörning av mindre skriven kod, anpassat för nuvarande version av Xcelgo, givit en bild av möjligheterna att effektivt validera PLC-logik då en version lämpad mer för den Värmländska industrin kommit.

Through this practice based research I argue that cultural democracy as a way of thinking contests dominant models of commissioning art to effect social change. A method of generative metaphor of critical distance emerges through four projects based on a contextual and theoretical framework that tests the conditions for recognising cultural democracy as a critical practice. Cultural democracy is distinct from the democratisation of culture, which means providing free, accessible professional culture to all. The socially engaged art commission is, I argue, an example of the democratisation of culture based on predefined economic, aesthetic and social values. Cultural democracy disrupts expected forms of participation and communication of culture, drawing attention to these values. As an uninvited act of disobedience, it is thought and practised as individuals reclaim the right to express themselves, creating conflicts with expected norms of behaviour. This research project began in 2006, nine years into New Labour's administration, and reflects an urgent question of the time: what are the implications of increasing dependency on a culture of commissioning art to effect social change that might perpetuate, rather than radically rethink, social injustices' These concerns are even more significant in a political and economic climate where public funding for critical, non-conformist participation in culture slips further down the agenda. My own career is a symptom of New Labour's neoliberal policies of social inclusion and the arts. A new period of 'austerity' may imply fewer paid opportunities for this professional class of socially engaged art workers, coupled with a distancing of the recognition of cultural democracy as a possible alternative, with further reliance on free, precarious cultural labour. For this reason, I hope this research will be of use to those who also find it an urgent task to address these issues critically and practically.

This research aimed to explore how newly forming Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) were tackling health inequalities (HIs) (if at all) in the UK. In 2010 the current coalition government was formed between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. Shortly after this, the White Paper Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS (Department of Health, 2010a) was published. This was the starting point for a large variety of policy documents being published outlining the healthcare changes that were to happen within the UK. Following the ‘pause’ a number of amendments to the initial policy proposals were outlined (Department of Health 2011). These included the newly named GPCCs being restructured and renamed as CCGs. Additionally, the Government took on board the recommendations of the Future Forum (June 2011) to make tackling HIs a duty for CCGs. The concept of HIs itself is very complex with a wide variety of definitions that have been discussed within the literature. It was acknowledged early on within this project that because of the complexities and variations in people’s understandings and interpretations of HIs that a fundamental element of understanding how CCGs are tackling health inequalities would be underpinned by individual’s own and organisational conceptualisations of HIs. Three CCGs in the North of England were recruited and qualitative methods, including interviews, observations and document analysis were used to collect data, over a period of 12 months from January 2012-December 2012. The timing of the project meant that data collection was conducted when the NHS was in a state of flux; CCGs were in shadow form, preparing themselves for the authorisation process. Interviews and observations ascertained that HIs were being conceptualised and tackled differently across the three CCGs. There were several common themes that were evidentially important to CCG members when describing the wider influences on their HI understandings and strategies to tackle HIs. These included history, relationships and the role of Public Health. The history of both organisations and relationships were acknowledged by all CCGs in shaping how they had developed under the current policy agenda and how they planned to tackle HIs (if at all). The role of Public Health was a key finding from this research, three different roles were identified, defined and explored in practice, examining how the roles influenced the HIs agenda differently. The Public Health roles of ‘service provider’, ‘co-owner’ and ‘critical friend’ have the potential to shape working relationships between Public Health and the CCG and shape the HIs agenda. Weick’s (1995) concept of sensemaking was used to examine how these main findings helped define the HIs agenda. Overall, HIs conceptualisation, strategies to tackle HIs and wider organisational relationships with PH and the LA are not consciously developed by these organisations. History and local contexts help generate schemata that underpin action.

The diploma thesis deals with the virtual commissioning of robotized workplace for cold spraying. The theoretical part of the thesis contains an overview of the current state of knowledge in the field of virtual commissioning, the theory of crating HMI user environments, deals principles of the Rapid programming language as a tool for controlling industrial robots and analysis of robotic workplace components. The practical part defines the structure of the proposed user program and user environment, which are created using software tools Robotstudio and Screenmaker. The last part discusses in detail the steps during the implementation of the created program together with the HMI into commission, which is associated with the testing of functionalities on a real device for cold spraying. The diploma thesis also includes a user manual created for operating an industrial robot.

No / This paper aims to estimate the patterns of care and related resource use attributable to managing acute and chronic wounds among a catchment population of a typical clinical commissioning group (CCG)/ health board and corresponding National Health Service (NHS) costs in the UK. This was a sub-analysis of a retrospective cohort analysis of the records of 2000 patients in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. Patients’ characteristics, wound-related health outcomes and health-care resource use were quanti ed for an average CCG/health board with a catchment population of 250,000 adults ≥18 years of age, and the corresponding NHS cost of patient management was estimated at 2013/2014 prices. An average CCG/health board was estimated to be managing 11,200 wounds in 2012/2013. Of these, 40% were considered to be acute wounds, 48% chronic and 12% lacking any speci c diagnosis. The prevalence of acute, chronic and unspeci ed wounds was estimated to be growing at the rate of 9%, 12% and 13% per annum respectively. Our analysis indicated that the current rate of wound healing must increase by an average of at least 1% per annum across all wound types in order to slow down the increasing prevalence. Otherwise, an average CCG/health board is predicted to manage ~23,200 wounds per annum by 2019/2020 and is predicted to spend a discounted (the process of determining the present value of a payment that is to be received in the future) £50 million on managing these wounds and associated comorbidities. Real-world evidence highlights the substantial burden that acute and chronic wounds impose on an average CCG/health board. Strategies are required to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and healing rates. Declaration of interest: The study’s sponsors had no involvement in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, the writing of this manuscript and the decision to submit this article for publication. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the Department of Health, or any of the other sponsors. / NIHR Wound Prevention and Treatment Healthcare Technology Co-operative (National Institute for Health Research WoundTec HTC), Bradford Institute For Health Research, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK, following an open tendering process. Additional funding was provided by: 3M Health Care Limited, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK; Activa Healthcare Limited, Burton On Trent, Staffordshire, UK; Brightwake Limited, Kirkby In Ashfield, Nottinghamshire, UK; KCI Medical Limited, Crawley, West Sussex, UK; Longhand Data, Welburn, North Yorkshire, UK; Medira Limited, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK; Mölnlycke Health Care Limited, Dunstable, Bedfordshire, UK; Park House Healthcare Limited, Elland, West Yorkshire, UK; Perfectus Biomed Limited, Daresbury, Warrington, UK; Pulsecare Medical LLC, North Andover, Massachusets, US; Smith & Nephew Medical Limited, Hull, East Riding Of Yorkshire, UK; Sozo Woundcare Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK; Systagenix Wound Management Limited, Gatwick Airport, West Sussex, UK; Trio Healthcare, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, UK; Urgo Limited, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK; Willingsford Limited, Southampton, Hampshire, UK.