Institutional philanthropy (which includes the spectrum of all formalized grantmaking organizations) remains one of the least understood and researched aspects of giving. There is also limited scholarly attention to the relationship between foundation governance and grantmaking, despite normative claims about 'elite' foundation boards selecting 'elite' nonprofit's. Yet, foundations are increasingly using committees of community volunteers to allocate grants, rather than leaving grant decisions to a traditional board of directors. The goal of community involvement in grantmaking is better grant decisions, due to community members' information advantage and consequently greater knowledge of community needs. However, no one has tested whether community boards are making different decisions than traditional boards, much less whether their decisions are better. Drawing on a sample of 6 funders who use both community and traditional boards, their 616 grantees, and 955 comparable non-grantees I build on the economic model of giving to identify differences and similarities in the characteristics of nonprofit's that receive grants. Although I find much more congruence between grant decisions of community and traditional boards than literature expects I explore this finding through an in depth case study of two foundations who do this type of work. I find, similar to previous work in the public sector that simply involving community members in a grants process does not automatically generate different organizational decisions. Instead, it is only when a public participation program is effectively designed that grant decisions truly reflective community input.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1975. / Typewritten.

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

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<p>By what means can legislative committees exercise influence on policy outputs? How and why do committees in different countries differ in their abilities to do so? This dissertation argues that legislative committee power is a multidimensional concept. Committee procedures can be distinguished into three analytic dimensions: 1) committees' positive agenda power, their power to ensure the placement of legislative versions preferred by them on the floor; 2) committees' negative agenda power, their power to delay or block the progress of legislation; and 3) committees' information capacity, institutional incentives granted to them to gather and transmit information. These distinct dimensions benefit different legislative actors. Therefore, they reflect different features of a political system, and may not be consistently strong or week.</p><p>Based on an original cross-national data set, the dissertation shows that committee procedures cluster empirically in these three distinct dimensions. Furthermore, the dissertation also demonstrates how legislators' electoral incentives, the composition of multiparty governments, preexisting authoritarian incumbents' uncertainty and bargaining power, and the changes in legislative memberships affect different dimensions of committee power.</p> / Dissertation

Darbe nagrinėjamas komitologijos sistemos veikimas, analizuojami komitologija reglamentuojantys teisės aktai, komitologijos sprendimu priėmimo mechanizmai. Komitologijos komitetai atribojami nuo kitų Europos Sąjungos komitetų ir išskiriami komitetai, įtakojantys Europos Sąjungos muitų politiką. Taip pat apžvelgiamas Lietuvos atstovavimas komitologijos komitetuose ir komitologijos komitetų veiklos ateities perspektyvos. Komitologijos sistema yra grindžiama Europos Bendrijos steigimo sutarties 202 straipsniu, kuris numato, kad Taryba, priimdama teisės aktus, suteikia Komisijai įgaliojimus įgyvendinti jos nustatytas taisykles, tačiau tokiems įgaliojimams vykdyti Taryba gali nustatyti tam tikrus reikalavimus. Minėti reikalavimai ir sudaro komitologijos teisinį pagrindą: šalys narės komitologijos komitetuose prižiūri, kaip Komisija įgyvendina Tarybos ir Parlamento nustatytas taisykles. / The operation of the system of comitology is researched in the Paper. Its legal basis and decision making procedure are analyzed, comitology committees are distinguished from the rest of the committees of the Union and stress is laid upon the the ones, having the major influence on the Union’s Customs Policy. Likewise, a review of Lithuanian representation in the comitology committees is delivered and the future perspectives of these committees are anticipated. Comitology system is based on Art. 202 of the EC Treaty, providing that the Council in the legislative process shall confer on the Commission, in the acts which the Council adopts, powers for the implementation of the rules which the Council lays down. These rules constitute the legal basis for comitology: through the comitology committees Member States are supervising the way Commission is implementing the rules laid down by the Council and the Parliament. The very first comitology committees were established in 1962. They operated in the field of agriculture and adopted decisions under the management procedure. In 1968 comitology committees, with the power to adopt decisions under regulation procedure were established in the areas of customs and (later) agriculture. It is noteworthy, that the year of 1968 was not an accidental one for establishment of comitology committees conferred with the power to make decisions under the regulation procedure in the field of customs. It was the year of 1968 that the Customs Union... [to full text]

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A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Masters Degree in Technology, in the Department of Chiropractic at the Durban University of Technology, 2009. / Introduction: National Olympic Committees (NOCs) select medical personnel to support their athletes at the Olympic Games. To best support athletes the knowledge, perception and utilisation of all medical professions is assumed to be high, however literature seems to indicate that this is not so. Objective: To determine the knowledge, perception and utilisation of Chiropractic by NOCs in order to develop a better relationship so that more athletes can benefit from Chiropractic care. Methods: A questionnaire was emailed to the 205 NOCs worldwide. Respective executive committee and medical commission members were asked to complete the questionnaires. Results: 76 NOCs responded (37%), returning 27 questionnaires. 30% of the respondents were high ranking members. 93% were highly educated with a bachelor’s degree or higher and 33% had represented their country as an athlete. Both committees agreed on the importance of a post-graduate sports qualification and perceived the profession to be one of spinal care specialists. Overall knowledge of Chiropractic was poor. A trend was observed among the medical commissions in their choice of Medical Doctors or Physiotherapists over Chiropractors and other professionals. The executive committees in contrast seemed more open-minded in their choice of professionals. No association was found between the knowledge and perception of Chiropractic and use of Chiropractic Conclusion: There is confusion regarding the role and scope of practice of Chiropractic by NOCs. In order to achieve a greater level of acceptance and utilisation of Chiropractic in international sports medical teams the profession needs to clarify their role, better educate NOC members on the benefits of Chiropractic, and obtain sports specific post-graduate programmes that are recognised internationally.

This thesis analyzes the involvement of senior class pupils in self-governing committees and public organizations, discusses the participation of the pupils’ in the social processes, stressing values and social roles. Schoolchildren’s committees are reviewed in the context of changes in the Lithuanian educational system. The proportion of youth participation and non-participation in the organizations operating at the schools is also analyzed. A review is made of which organizations operate in schools and which organizations schoolchildren can actively participate in. A Pupil questionnaire was carried out, in order to find out the particularities of the senior class pupils participation in the activity of public organizations and school committees. 757 respondents were interviewed in large and small cities. The number of respondents is described by requirements of 95 percent reliable intervals and 4 percent inaccuracies, which are considered to be sufficient for representation in quantitative research. The research that was carried out revealed that according to the interview data of the senior class pupils, one quarter of the pupils takes part in a school commitee and one fifth of 16 – 18 year old schoolchildren take part in youth organizations. The proportion of children who participate both in self–governing committees and in youth organizations does not reach one tenth and about two thirds of the respondents do not participate in any activities. More schoolchildren... [to full text]

The purpose of the study was to examine critical care nurses' perceptions of the usefulness of hospital ethics committees as a coping strategy for resolving ethical dilemmas. The conceptual framework was Lazarus and Folkman's theory of stress, appraisal, and coping (1984).The convenience sample was five critical care nurses from five midwestern hospitals. Confidentiality was maintained by identifying participants as numbers.The research design for the study was an exploratory case study. The research question, nurses perceptions' of the usefulness of hospital ethics committees as a coping strategy to resolve ethical dilemmas, was analyzed using a qualitative methodology. Findings indicated that the nurses did not perceive hospital ethics committees as useful resources in ethical conflicts. Barriers to use of committees included lack of education about the committees, lack of timely intervention by committees in a crisis and risks involved in confronting physicians via committees.Conclusions were that ethics committees were not fulfilling a role as support systems empowering nurses to act as patient advocates in ethical dilemmas. Results can be used to develop strategies to increase the ethics committees' effectiveness in ethical dilemmas. / School of Nursing