Bakalauro darbe analizuojamas autistiškų mokinių komunikavimo gebėjimų ugdymas. Suformuluotas tyrimo tikslas, kuriuo siekiama išnagrinėti, autistiškų mokinių komunikavimo ugdymo ypatumus, išryškinant specialiųjų pedagogų patiriamus sunkumus bei autistiškų mokinių komunikavimo ugdymui taikomus metodus, terapijas. Tyrimas buvo atliktas interviu metodu, o jame dalyvavo 15 specialiųjų pedagogų, kurie ugdo autistiškus mokinius ir galėjo atsakyti į užduotus klausimus apie autistiškų mokinių komunikavimo gebėjimų ugdymą. Interviu metodu buvo siekiama išsiaiškinti, kaip autistiškų mokinių tėvai prisideda prie savo vaikų ugdymo. Kokių sunkumų specialieji pedagogai patiria komunikuodami su autistiškais mokiniais. Svarbiausias tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti, kaip ugdomi autistiškų vaikų komunikavimo gebėjimai. Iš gautų duomenų buvo atlikta turinio analizė. Tyrimu nustatyta, jog specialiųjų pedagogų nuomone tėvai dažniausiai įsitraukia į autistiškų vaikų komunikavimo gebėjimų ugdymą bei bendradarbiauja su pedagogais. Išskirtos didžiausios problemos, kurios trukdo autistiškiems mokiniams komunikuoti: agresyvumas, negebėjimas bendrauti, kalbėti, adekvačiai naudoti kalbą, vengia kontakto. Specialieji pedagogai įžvelgia pozityvius autistiškų mokinių komunikavimo gebėjimų ugdymo pasikeitimus. Nurodyta, jog dažniausiai specialieji pedagogai ugdydami autistiškų mokinių komunikavimo gebėjimus naudoja individualias ugdymo programas bei taiko muzikos terapiją. / He present Bachelor Thesis analyses development of communication abilities of autistic pupils. A research aim has been formulated in order to study the development peculiarities of communication abilities of autistic pupils by emphasizing difficulties encountered by special educators as well as methods, therapies applied for development of communication of autistic pupils. The research has been carried out by applying an interview method. 15 educators, who educate autistic pupils, have participated in the interview and could answer the questions about development of communication abilities of autistic pupils. The aim of the interview was to find out how parents of autistic pupils contributed to education of their children; what difficulties were encountered by special educators within communication to autistic pupils. The key aim was to find out how communication abilities of autistic pupils were developed. Content analysis has been carried out on the basis of the obtained data. By means of the research it has been determined that, according to the opinion of special educators, parents usually involved into development of communication abilities of autistic children and communicated to educators. Major problems causing difficulties for communication of autistic pupils should be emphasized: aggression, failure to communicate, speak, use of the language in an adequate manner, avoidance of contact. Special educators observe positive changes in development of communication... [to full text]

The thesis deals with communication abilities of pupils attending special elementary school. The theoretical part summarizes the general knowledge of communication, the development of speech in the healthy population and impaired communication abilities. It also deals with the description, the etiology and symptoms of mental disability, Down syndrome and combined disabilities, especially cerebral palsy. The final part summarizes knowledge of augmentative and alternative communication used for patients with severely impaired communication skills. The practical part consists of the interpretation of the results of the research, dealing with the analysis of the communication skills of pupils from special elementary school, especially comparisons of evaluations of this communication by family members and professionals who work with the specific person. The result of the research is the fact that the communication skills of students from special elementary schools are very individual and family assessment and key worker may not coincide. It always depends on the type of disability, support of families and professionals as well as the personality traits of the individual. In any event, there has to be a good cooperation between family and professionals that helps to set up communication development to...

Le maintien de performances cognitives optimales au cours du vieillissement a été associé à des changements adaptatifs au niveau de l’activité cérébrale relative à diverses habiletés qui tendent à décliner avec l’âge. Peu d’études ont toutefois évalué cette réorganisation neurofonctionnelle dans le cadre des habiletés de communication, notamment en ce qui concerne le langage expressif. Or, considérant que plusieurs composantes langagières demeurent généralement intègres chez les aînés, il s’avère nécessaire d’explorer davantage les mécanismes cérébraux sous-jacents afin de mieux cerner les déterminants du vieillissement cognitif réussi. L’objectif de la présente thèse est d’examiner en détail les effets de l’âge sur les patrons d’activations et les interactions fonctionnelles entre les substrats neuraux contribuant aux habiletés de communication expressive. Deux études en neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, ayant recours à des approches méthodologiques distinctes, ont ainsi été menées à l’aide d’un paradigme mixte novateur et d’une tâche auto-rythmée d’évocation lexicale sémantique et orthographique, effectuée par des participants jeunes et âgés présentant plusieurs années de scolarisation. S’intéressant spécifiquement aux patrons d’activations associés à un rendement élevé à cette tâche, la première étude révèle que le maintien des habiletés d’évocation lexicale lors du vieillissement s’accompagne de changements neurofonctionnels superficiels chez les adultes âgés performants. Par contre, la seconde étude indique que les interactions fonctionnelles entre les régions corticales contribuant aux productions lexicales déclinent considérablement avec l’âge, sans qu’il y ait toutefois d’impact au plan comportemental. Cet effet du vieillissement sur l’intégration fonctionnelle du réseau de l’évocation sémantique et orthographique est aussi exacerbé par la difficulté de la tâche, ce qui s’exprime par des perturbations locales de la connectivité fonctionnelle. Somme toute, cette thèse démontre qu’une réorganisation neurofonctionnelle afin de maintenir les habiletés d’évocation lexicale au cours du vieillissement s’avère superflue chez les adultes âgés instruits et performants, et ce, malgré une diminution des interactions fonctionnelles au sein des réseaux corticaux sous-jacents. Ces résultats reflètent possiblement une perte d’efficience neurale avec l’âge, toutefois insuffisante pour avoir un impact comportemental chez des individus bénéficiant de facteurs de protection susceptibles de favoriser le vieillissement réussi, ce qui est discuté à la lumière du concept de réserve cognitive. / The maintenance of optimal cognitive performance in aging has been associated with adaptive changes in cerebral activation patterns for various abilities that tend to decline with age. Yet, few studies have investigated this neurofunctional reorganization based on communication abilities, particularly with regard to the expressive side of language. Considering that a number of language components usually remain well preserved in older adults, it is, however, necessary to further explore the underlying cerebral mechanisms to better understand the determinants of successful cognitive aging. The objective of this thesis is to examine in detail the effects of aging on activation patterns and functional interactions among neural substrates contributing to expressive communication abilities. Two functional neuroimaging studies, using distinct methodological approaches, have been conducted by means of an innovative mixed design and an overt self-paced semantic and orthographic verbal fluency task, performed by well-educated young and older adults. Specifically focusing of cerebral activation patterns associated with high levels of verbal fluency performance, the first study shows that the relative preservation of lexical speech production abilities in aging is characterized by marginal neurofunctional changes in high-performing older adults. Yet, the second study indicates that functional interactions between cortical areas contributing to speech productions significantly decrease with age, without, however, having an impact at the behavioral level. In addition, this effect of aging on the functional integration of the network engaged during semantic and orthographic verbal fluency was found to be exacerbated by task demands, which is expressed by local functional connectivity disruptions. In sum, this thesis demonstrates that a neurofunctional reorganization to maintain lexical speech production abilities in aging is unnecessary in well-educated and high-performing older adults, despite an age-related decrease in functional networks integration. These results may reflect a loss of neural efficiency with age, although insufficient to have behavioral outcomes in individuals who benefited from protective factors known to promote successful aging, which is discussed in light of the concept of cognitive reserve.

This diploma thesis deals with alternative and augmentative communication systems using at the individuals with pervasive development disorders. Thesis is divided the theoretical and the experimental part. Theoretical part contains mainly informations about communication disability, speech development, diagnosis of communication abilities, alternative and augmentative communication systems and possibilities of aid to the families with child with pervasive development disorder. Experimental part presents research using questionnaire, which was send to the parents or legal representatives with child with pervasive development disorder. The research prepares base for next extensive researchs.