Le paysage associatif français de lutte contre le VIH/sida voit émerger dès la fin des années 1990 un ensemble d'associations d'immigrant-e-s, en particulier porté par des personnes nées en Afrique Subsaharienne. Lourdement affectées par l'épidémie et longtemps oubliées des programmes de lutte contre le VIH/sida, les femmes immigrantes devenues une cible prioritaire des autorités sanitaires y occupent une position particulière. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'éclairer le rôle spécifique joué par les femmes nées en Afrique Subsaharienne dans la lutte contre le VIH/sida en France et d'analyser les conséquences d'un tel engagement associatif sur les différentes sphères de leur vie. Une enquête socio-ethnographique a été réalisée en Île-de-France, entre 2011 et 2013, à partir de l'observation du quotidien de six associations, d'actions et d'événements associatifs divers. Quatre-vingt-six entretiens ont été conduits auprès de femmes rencontrées dans douze associations, afin de reconstituer leur trajectoire biographique, et auprès de médecins et assistantes sociales hospitalières pour saisir leurs représentations de ces actrices associatives. Le care et l'agency forment le cadre analytique émergeant des matériaux empiriques. L'enquête montre que les projets associatifs menés par les femmes nées en Afrique Subsaharienne répondent de manière sensible aux besoins des immigrant-e-s les plus vulnérables mais également aux besoins de soutien des professionnel-le-s de l'action sociale et de santé. Majoritairement féminins, ces collectifs s'inscrivent dans une grammaire associative du care reposant sur l'auto-support et la rencontre entre deux profils : les usagères en situation de liminalité et les aidantes aux ressources diverses. Les usagères puisent dans ces espaces les supports nécessaires à la sortie du statut liminal, tandis que les aidantes développent une expertise du terrain qui leur permet de s'insérer dans les sphères professionnelles et politiques du VIH/sida. Les analyses pointent le processus d'agence des femmes engagées au sein de ces associations. Les usagères négocient les modalités de leur insertion sociale en France en recourant de manière tactique aux associations qu'elles fréquentent. Les aidantes s'appuient sur la lutte contre le VIH/sida pour dépasser la place traditionnellement réservée aux immigrant-e-s en France et accéder à l'espace public. De plus, le positionnement spécifique des femmes aux sein des associations d'immigrant-e-s leur offre une opportunité particulière de s'approprier stratégiquement les normes de genre intégrées au fil de leur socialisation. Cependant, les enjeux sociaux de la lutte contre le VIH/sida articulés à la position sociale de ces femmes dans le contexte migratoire freinent la voix/e différente qui semble leur être ouverte par la lutte contre l'épidémie en France. / The French associative landscape against HIV/AIDS sees at the end of the 1990s the emergence of a set of immigrant organizations, especially led by persons born in sub-Saharan Africa. Heavily affected by the epidemic and long forgotten by the programs to combat the epidemic, immigrant women became a priority target of the health authorities and now occupy a particular position within immigrant organizations. The objective of this thesis is to shed light on the specific role played by women born in sub-Saharan Africa in the fight against HIV/AIDS in France and to analyze the consequences of such an associative commitment on various spheres of their lives. A socio-ethnographic survey was conducted in the Ile-de-France region, between 2011 and 2013, from the observation of the daily lives, actions and events of six organizations. Eighty-six interviews were conducted among women met in twelve organizations, in order to reconstruct their biographical trajectory, and among doctors and hospital social workers in order to seize their representations of these associative players. Theories of care and agency form the analytical framework emerging from the empirical materials. The survey shows that the associative projects led by women born in sub-Saharan Africa respond sensitively to the needs of the most vulnerable immigrants but also to the needs of the social and health professionals. Predominantly female, these groups fit into an associative grammar of care based on self-support and the meeting between two profiles: the female users in a liminal position and the caregivers with diverse resources. The female users draw on these spaces the necessary supports to get out of the liminal status, while the caregivers develop a field expertise which allows them to fit into HIV/AIDS policies and professional spheres. The analyses point out the agency process of the women engaged within these organizations. The female users negotiate the mode of their social integration in France tactically resorting to the associations they frequent. The caregivers rely on the fight against HIV/AIDS to exceed the position traditionally assigned to immigrants in France and to have access to the public space. Furthermore, the specific positioning of women within immigrant organizations offers them a special opportunity to strategically appropriate the gender norms integrated over their socialization. However, HIV/AIDS social issues linked to the social position of women in the migration context hamper the different voice/way which seems to be open to them in the fight against the epidemic in France.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / By the mid 1980s the Nationalist Party had sought to salvage almost four decades of apartheid policies that were based on white supremacy. In this regard it engaged in dual strategies of repression and reform. The state's strategies were challenged by organisations and movements within civil society. In this regard a number of community-based organisation mushroomed both nationally and regionally. These organisations were co-ordinated by adult political activists most of whom were perceived to lack the necessary skills to manage organisation more effectively. In this conjuncture, the Adult Education Departments at five South African universities developed certificate-level programmes to address this gap. This study focuses on three such programmes, the Community Adult Education Programme, based at the University of Cape Town, the Certificate for Educators of Adults at the University of the Western Cape, and the Community Adult Educators Training Course based at the University of Natal- Pietermaritzburg. This study investigates the social and political conditions that gave rise to the three certificate programmes. It also investigates the relationship between the external social and political conditions and the internal curriculum practices of the certificates. In this process it analyses the nature of the relationship and identifies shifts in the programmes and the curriculum practices between 1986 and 1996. The study uses a qualitative approach and draws on elements of critical theory and social constructionism to understand the data gleaned from interviews and documents. This study argues that all three certificate programmes have directly been tied into the social political context in South Africa between 1986 and 1996. In this decade the study argues, there are three distinct political periods, namely repression/reform, negotiations and fragile democracy. It argues that distinct features from each period have shaped the certificates in different ways. Along with the national political conditions as manifest at the level of the state, the private sector and civil society there are local and institutional dynamics that contribute to the different forms assumed by these certificates. The study further argues that the external social - political conditions from each period have demarcated and fixed the boundaries for the certificates as a social practice. In this process the curriculum practices for each period permitted certain words and practices in preference to others. Consequently, it argues that the external and internal social and political dimensions together construct the certificates as a discourse. This study is based on a belief that the role of a certificate practitioner is to creatively locate the day to day practices within different theoretical frameworks in order to advance studies into sites of adult education practices. This study represents a step in such a direction.

Many developing countries, rich with natural resources, have turned to tourism as a source of national growth and subsequently an increasing amount of local communities are being "developed". Despite its importance to developing countries, tourism has been covered scarcely in the literature on development studies. Local communities that find themselves in a situation having to deal with tourism related development, face many challenges. Contrary to previous work on development which considered poor local communities a threat to the natural environment, current views emphasise the role of the community in bringing about participation, conservation and consequently Sustainable Development. Therefore, if tourism can be seen as a possible path to Sustainable Development, the role of the local community in its development is of vital importance. This research investigates the role of the local community in integrating conservation in tourism related development by means of a case study on Apo Island. / DEVELOPMENT STUDIES / MA(SS)(DEV. STUD)

Rural development efforts in Third World countries often fail to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged members of society. The priviledged continue to get a disproportionate share of the fruits of development. This is so in spite of the fact that development thinking has changed from the days when the poor were expected to benefit from development through the "trickle down" effect. It is now widely recognised that development should be focused on people in their local communities (human development) and not on the economy per se. To achieve this type of development requires an appropriate strategy of development, and people's/community participation is such a strategy. People's participation in development takes place through community based organisations. The organisations faciiitate the development of the human potential of members. This study investigates the conditions under which rural community participation takes place in lesotho. The Thabana-Morena Integrated Rural Development Project is used as a case study. The first objective is to determine the appropriateness of the organisations through which community participation was promoted in the project. The second objective is to isolate the political and administrative factors which affected participation in the project. Thirdly, the study tries to identify factors at the village level which influenced participation in the project. Fourthly, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the project in experimenting with participatory approaches, given that development projects are basically mechanisms for testing the appropriateness of national policies before applying them on a wide scale. Finally, a set of principles is developed on the basis of which participatory development can be facilitated. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

Many developing countries, rich with natural resources, have turned to tourism as a source of national growth and subsequently an increasing amount of local communities are being "developed". Despite its importance to developing countries, tourism has been covered scarcely in the literature on development studies. Local communities that find themselves in a situation having to deal with tourism related development, face many challenges. Contrary to previous work on development which considered poor local communities a threat to the natural environment, current views emphasise the role of the community in bringing about participation, conservation and consequently Sustainable Development. Therefore, if tourism can be seen as a possible path to Sustainable Development, the role of the local community in its development is of vital importance. This research investigates the role of the local community in integrating conservation in tourism related development by means of a case study on Apo Island. / DEVELOPMENT STUDIES / MA(SS)(DEV. STUD)

Rural development efforts in Third World countries often fail to meet the needs of the most disadvantaged members of society. The priviledged continue to get a disproportionate share of the fruits of development. This is so in spite of the fact that development thinking has changed from the days when the poor were expected to benefit from development through the "trickle down" effect. It is now widely recognised that development should be focused on people in their local communities (human development) and not on the economy per se. To achieve this type of development requires an appropriate strategy of development, and people's/community participation is such a strategy. People's participation in development takes place through community based organisations. The organisations faciiitate the development of the human potential of members. This study investigates the conditions under which rural community participation takes place in lesotho. The Thabana-Morena Integrated Rural Development Project is used as a case study. The first objective is to determine the appropriateness of the organisations through which community participation was promoted in the project. The second objective is to isolate the political and administrative factors which affected participation in the project. Thirdly, the study tries to identify factors at the village level which influenced participation in the project. Fourthly, the study evaluates the effectiveness of the project in experimenting with participatory approaches, given that development projects are basically mechanisms for testing the appropriateness of national policies before applying them on a wide scale. Finally, a set of principles is developed on the basis of which participatory development can be facilitated. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)