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Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma nova versão do injetor comutador, baseada na geometria retangular, mantendo a configuração de três peças, sendo a central móvel e as laterais fixas. Nesta condição, os parafusos de ajuste não funcionam como guia, tal como ocorre nos injetores da primeira geração. Este design facilita o deslocamento da parte móvel, contribuindo para a redução do atrito, o que permite o emprego de um pequeno motor de corrente contínua (12 V; 0,4 A), o qual foi usado para fazer o deslocamento da barra central da posição de amostragem para a de injeção e vice-versa. O funcionamento do injetor foi controlado pelo computador, usando apenas 2 bits de controle. A interface de controle projetada para esse fim, inclui a condição de reversão da direção de rotação do motor e lógica anti-duplicidade, então se os dois bits forem ativados ao mesmo tempo, a rotação do motor é mantida no sentido horário. Para testar a viabilidade deste injetor, o mesmo foi empregado para desenvolver um procedimento para determinação de etanol em bebidas destiladas. O procedimento fotométrico foi baseado na reação de etanol com dicromato de potássio. A detecção fotométrica foi realizada empregando um fotômetro de LED com máximo de emissão em 590 nm. O módulo de análise constituído pelo injetor e um conjunto de válvulas solenoide foi projetado para implementar o processo de reamostragem, adição intermitente de reagentes e transporte da zona de amostra com fluxo de ar. Após a definição das variáveis de controle, o sistema apresentou bom desempenho analítico, aliando vantagens tais como, boa velocidade, simplicidade de operação, versatilidade, proporcionando também um menor consumo de amostra e reagentes. Com relação às características analíticas, o sistema proposto apresentou faixa de resposta linear (r = 0,9972) para concentração etanol entre 10 - 50 % (v/v), limite de detecção de 2,0 % (v/v) etanol, desvio padrão relativo de 2,0 % (n =10) para uma amostra de etanol com concentração 40 % (v/v), um consumo de dicromato de 0,012 g por determinação e uma frequência analítica de 34 determinações por hora. / We present a new version of the commutator injector, based on the rectangular geometry, maintaining the three parts configuration with the central mobile and fixed side. In this condition, the adjusting screws do not functi as a guide, as occurs in the injector of first generation. This design facilitates the displacement of the movable part and contributes in reducing the friction, thus allowing the use of a small direct current motor (12 V, 0.4 A), which was used to perform the displacement of the central bar from the sampling position to the injection and vice-versa. The injector operation was controlled by a computer, which was done using only two control bits. The control interface designed for this purpose includes the condition for reversing the direction of the motor rotation and anti-duplication logic, so that both bits were activated at the same time, the motor rotation was maintained at clockwise direction. To test the feasibility of the injector, it was used to develop a procedure for determination of ethanol in spirit beverage. The procedure was based on the photometric reaction of ethanol with potassium dichromate. The photometric detection was performed using a LED based photometer with maximum of emission at 590 nm. The analytical module comprising the injector and a set of solenoid valves, was designed to implement the zone sampling process and Intermittent addition of reagents and sample zone displacement using an air stream. After definition of control variables, the system shown good analytical performance, combining advantages such as speed, simplicity of operation, versatility and also providing lower consumption of sample and reagents. With respect to analytical characteristics, the proposed system presented linear response range (r = 0.9972) between ethanol concentration to 10 - 50% (v/v), a detection limit of 2.0% (v/v) ethanol, relative standard deviation of 2.0% (n = 10) for a sample with an ethanol concentration of 40% (w/v), a dichromate consumption of 0.012 g by determination and a sampling rate of 34 determination per hour.

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Includes bibliographical references / We propose a new, widely generalized context for the study of the zero-divisor/ annihilating-ideal graphs, where the vertices of graphs are not elements/ideals of a commutative ring, but elements of an abstract ordered set (imitating the lattice of ideals), equipped with a binary operation (imitating products of ideals). The intermediate level of congruences of any algebraic structure admitting a "good" theory of commutators is also considered.

The thesis deals with supernilpotence in loops, building on three equivalent definitions of higher commutators in Mal'tsev algebras due to Aichinger and Mud- rinski, Bulatov and Opršal. In the thesis, we study identities that occur in 1-, 2- and 3-supernilpotent loops. We prove that a k-supernilpotent loop has a k- nilpotent multiplication group. Moreover, we present results of our implementa- tion of algorithmic testing of supernilpotence in non-associative loops of small orders.

Title: Relational Approach to Universal Algebra Author: Jakub Opršal Department: Department of Algebra Supervisor: doc. Libor Barto, Ph.D., Department of Algebra Abstract: We give some descriptions of certain algebraic properties using rela- tions and relational structures. In the first part, we focus on Neumann's lattice of interpretability types of varieties. First, we prove a characterization of vari- eties defined by linear identities, and we prove that some conditions cannot be characterized by linear identities. Next, we provide a partial result on Taylor's modularity conjecture, and we discuss several related problems. Namely, we show that the interpretability join of two idempotent varieties that are not congruence modular is not congruence modular either, and the analogue for idempotent va- rieties with a cube term. In the second part, we give a relational description of higher commutator operators, which were introduced by Bulatov, in varieties with a Mal'cev term. Furthermore, we use this result to prove that for every algebra with a Mal'cev term there exists a largest clone containing the Mal'cev operation and having the same congruence lattice and the same higher commu- tator operators as the original algebra, and to describe explicit (though infinite) set of identities describing supernilpotence...

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Master's thesis "effect of dust particles on sliding electrical contact" summarizes the sliding contact theory and praxe in rotating electrical machines. The principle of brush machines is described and the working environments are defined. The individual components of the sliding contact and reasons of their degradation are described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the influence of foreign particles, which can be assessed in practice by the method of dust particles. Furthermore, these theoretical knowledge was used in the practical assessment of the technical condition of various machines, as well as the called method. One set of brushes for the traction motor of the locomotive T47.0 was also experimentally innovated.

The thesis aims to explain the design a prototype of an innovated small engine. It is divided into three main parts. The first part is focused on the analysis of low power DC small engines available on the market. The second part consists of measuring, construction and loss analysis of a DC small engine with permanent magnets. The last part deals with the possible innovations of a small engine with permanent magnets and subsequent implementation of some of them. The innovations are supported by calculations and simulations.

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