Objectives: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive lesion of an increasing clinical importance. Individual risk assessment is essential for an optimal treatment. Our objective was to identify clinical and molecular characteristics of a subgroup of DCIS with an unfavorable prognosis. Methods: In a population study, we analyzed women with DCIS diagnosed within one mammography screening unit. In the experimental part of this work, we conducted a comparative analysis of five biological markers in normal tissue, DCIS and invasive breast cancer by means of gene expression analysis and analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Results: We demonstrated a high proportion of pure (no invasive component) DCIS (14.41%) of all breast lesions described as malignant. In our sample, we saw a homogeneous distribution of risk factors without noting a clear pattern identifying high-risk subtypes. We noted significant differences in clinical management of tumors with similar characteristics, which demonstrates the present state of limited use of clinical predictors. In the laboratory experiment, we showed differences in loss of heterozygosity (LOH) between DCIS and invasive breast cancer for BRCA1 (8.69% vs. 44.74%) and BRCA2 (9.52% vs. 45.0%). In contrast, we did not find any differences for p53 (31.82%...

nÃo hà / Para determinar o potencial eÃlico de uma regiÃo à de fundamental importÃncia que seja realizado um estudo sobre as caracterÃsticas intrÃnsecas do vento do local. Este trabalho aborda alguns mÃtodos numÃricos a serem empregados no cÃlculo dos parÃmetros da distribuiÃÃo de Weibull que auxilia no estudo da velocidade do vento, para que haja uma correta definiÃÃo das condiÃÃes naturais existentes. O prÃvio conhecimento destas informaÃÃes coopera no processo de tomada de decisÃo sobre a viabilidade tÃcnica na instalaÃÃo de novos parques eÃlicos industriais. à realizada uma anÃlise estatÃstica entre sete sistemas matemÃticos conhecidos da literatura para estimar os parÃmetros ( k ) de forma e ( c ) de escala da curva de distribuiÃÃo de frequÃncias de Weibull. SÃo utilizados dados de velocidade do vento e de potÃncia eÃlica de duas cidades litorÃneas do Estado do Cearà pertencentes à regiÃo Nordeste do Brasil, Icapuà e Camocim. Os mÃtodos apurados no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa sÃo: MÃtodo GrÃfico, MÃtodo da MÃxima VerossimilhanÃa, MÃtodo da MÃxima VerossimilhanÃa Modificado, MÃtodo EmpÃrico, MÃtodo do Momento, MÃtodo da Energia PadrÃo e MÃtodo da Energia Equivalente. A realizaÃÃo da anÃlise comparativa de eficiÃncia e exatidÃo entre estes, compreende a aplicaÃÃo dos seguintes testes estatÃsticos: AnÃlise de VariÃncia (R2 ) , Raiz Quadrada dos Erros QuadrÃticos MÃdios (RMSE) e Teste do Qui-quadrado (X 2 ) . / To determine the wind potential of a region is of paramount importance that a study be conducted on the intrinsic characteristics of the wind site. This paper address some numerical methods to be used in calculating the parameters of the Weibull distribution the aids in the study of wind speed, so there is a correct definition of natural conditions existing. The previous knowledge of this information assist in the decision-making process on the technical feasibility of installing industrial wind farms. It perform a statistical analysis of seven mathematical systems known in the literature for estimating the parameters ( k ) form and ( c ) scale of the frequency distribution curve of Weibull. Data are used for wind speed and wind power from two coastal cities of Cearà State belonging to Northeast Brazil, Icapuà and Camocim. The methods to be employed in the development of this research are: Graphical Method, Maximum Likelihood Method, Maximum Likelihood Modified Method, Empirical Method, Moment Method, Energy Pattern Factor Method and the Equivalent Energy Method. The realization of the comparative analysis of efficiency and accuracy among these include the application of the following statistical tests: ANOVA(R2 ) , Square Root of Average Quadratic Errors (RMSE) and Chi-square (X 2 ).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work makes an analysis about the public politics of the state of Sergipe in the area of fomentation to the culture in the last three decades. These they are returns mainly for the accomplishment of large-scale events, in the which local artists are presented and of others states of the country. Our study this directed toward the actions of the State of the Secretary of State of the Culture, the Cultural Foundation of Aracaju FUNCAJU and the private foundations of culture that also develop a work of support to the production of the sergipanos artists. We do also make an analysis of the trajectory of the events carried out by the public initiative as the Festival of Art of Saint Cristóvão and the Cultural Meeting of Laranjeiras, of like these had arrived in those communities and which the main changes that happened in their format. To understand the organizational structure of these two events we make a comparative analysis with the Pre-Caju, event that is promoted by the private initiative in partnership with agencies of the State and the City of Aracaju. / O presente trabalho faz uma análise sobre as políticas públicas do estado de Sergipe na área de fomento à cultura nas últimas três décadas. Estas estão voltas principalmente para a realização de eventos de grande porte, nos quais se apresentam artistas locais e de outros estados do país. Nosso estudo esta voltado para as ações da Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, a Fundação Cultural de Aracaju FUNCAJU e as fundações particulares de cultura que também desenvolvem um trabalho de apoio à produção dos artistas sergipanos. Fazemos também uma análise da trajetória dos eventos realizados pela iniciativa pública como o Festival de Arte de São Cristóvão e o Encontro Cultural de Laranjeiras, de como estes aportaram nessas comunidades e quais as principais mudanças que aconteceram no seu formato. Para entender a estrutura organizacional destes dois eventos fazemos uma análise comparativa com o Pré-Caju, evento que é promovido pela iniciativa privada em parceria com órgãos do Estado e do Município de Aracaju.

Study Purpose: Ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic cancer, has had a relatively stable mortality rate since 1975, despite a decrease in mortality for all gynecologic cancers combined. Standard-of-care advances are needed to reduce ovarian cancer morbidity and mortality. Advances must, however, undergo a long, rigorously controlled research process that can take more than ten years before becoming available to the public. Further, few women with persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer are offered or enrolled in the clinical trials that do exist at select sites throughout the nation. The purpose of this multiple-case study is to identify necessary and/or sufficient factors associated with enrollment in ovarian cancer clinical trials, and to identify facilitators and barriers within the practice setting that, in the longer term, can be used to inform targeted interventions to improve trial access and accrual. The multilevel factors that were explored were aligned with the Consolidated Framework for Intervention Research (CFIR). The study sought to answer two research questions. (1) Based on Qualitative Comparative Analysis [QCA (Ragin, 1989)], what necessary and/or sufficient factors would enable a woman with recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer to enroll in a clinical trial in Florida? (2) What barriers and facilitators, practitioner and patient-specific, exist with regard to enrolling women with ovarian cancer in clinical trials? Materials and Methods: This multiple case study used online surveys to obtain quantitative and qualitative data from two populations: women with ovarian cancer and nurses at various referring practice sites. Data from Moffitt Cancer Center’s Total Cancer Care protocol was requested to conduct chart reviews that would identify prospective participants. Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), which is useful for determining causality in small sample sizes, was used to determine necessary and/or sufficient factors associated with enrollment by women with ovarian cancer in clinical trials, as well as barriers and facilitators related to clinical trial enrollment. Results: Women with ovarian cancer who participated in clinical trials were stage III/IV, wanted information, and engaged in discussion about clinical trials, making those factors necessary for enrollment in a study. Facilitators for participation were discussion with the provider of care, to some extent the existence of patient-accessible clinical trial literature in the practice, knowledge that health insurance covers standard of care costs, and having a provider who offers clinical trials. Absence of those factors thus constitutes a barrier. For nurses, the impact of having a practice team plan was related to enrolling women with ovarian cancer in clinical trials, and feeling informed and comfortable with questions women might ask about trials. Conclusion: Clinical trials are an underutilized priority for improving the standard of care and reducing the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with ovarian cancer. The data show deficits and needs within two key interrelated populations: medical oncology practice nurses and women with ovarian cancer. Opportunities exist within each level of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR); interviews should be used to confirm the findings, which can be used to establish an interventional protocol to increase clinical trial enrollment by women with ovarian cancer.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Groundwater is a truly hidden resource that millions of lives depend on for survival. The importance of this resource cannot be accentuated enough, yet for generations it has been abused and misused. Groundwater forms an integral part of the hydrological cycle and, therefore, holistic management, conservation, protection and efficient use is of paramount importance. In the past, regulation of this resource at international, regional and national level was minimal. Little progress has been made to accommodate groundwater in international and regional legal instruments.

Aujourd’hui encore et presque partout dans le monde, les femmes se heurtent à une barrière appelée « plafond de verre », qui freine leur progression. Une barrière invisible mais dont les conséquences sur l’égalité professionnelle entre hommes et femmes, sont, quant à elles, bien visibles. Soucieux d’éclairer ce phénomène dans sa complexité, nous tentons, d’identifier et d’explorer les facteurs qui le composent et leurs interactions. Cette thèse interroge également le contraste entre la catégorie juridique et la pratique de l’égalité au sein de la sphère professionnelle. Il s’agit de questionner la place de l’égalité dans le champ législatif et organisationnel pour tenter de comprendre ce qui se cache derrière le maintien du plafond de verre. Nous appuyons notre analyse sur une investigation empirique approfondie, à visée comparative, des contextes marocain et français. Nos résultats confirment l’idée générale : le plafond de verre, loin d’éclater, est en train de couvrir un champ toujours plus large. / Almost all over the world and to date, women still face a barrier called “glass ceiling”, impeding their carrier’s progression. An invisible barrier but whose impact on workplace equality is clearly visible. This thesis aims to shed light on the complexity of the glass ceiling phenomenon by identifying the contributing factors which creates it and exploring their interactions. This work, also, seeks to examine gender equality in legislation and gender equality in the workplace, in order to understand the persistence of the glass ceiling. Our analysis is based on an in-depth empirical comparative investigation, of the Moroccan and French contexts. Our results confirm the general idea: the glass ceiling, far from bursting, is covering a field always wider.

This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in the late 2000s throughout the region an impression of a fertility recovery has been created, however the findings of this project indicate that no such widespread childbearing recovery is underway. For the first time ever an overview and analysis of CEE family policies is conceptualized in this paper. It demonstrates that fertility trends and family policies are a matter of serious concern throughout the region. The following family policy types have been identified: comprehensive family policy model; pro-natalist policies model; temporary male bread-winner model; and conventional family policies model. The majority of family policies in CEE countries suffer from a variety of shortcomings that impede them from generating enhanced family welfare and from providing conditions for cohort fertility to increase. The likely further decline of cohort fertility, or its stagnation, may entail long-term demographic as well as other societal consequences, such as continuous declines in total population numbers, changes in age structures, as well as implications for health and social security costs.

The topic of this diploma work is based on a specific assignment and needs of the company owner. The goal of the work is to conduct a strategic analysis of the company Rybářství Nové Hrady s. r. o. using external and internal analysis. Primary focus is concentrated on a comparative analysis, financial indicators of the company Rybářství Nové Hrady s. r. o. are compared with the indicators of a sister company Rybářství Kardašova Řečice s. r. o. The main emphasis is put on the information value of the ratio indicators and explanation of the reasons for reaching such values. Based on the acquired information, the economic situation of these companies is compared.

This thesis deals with the effective taxation of individuals in the execution of business activity and the benefits from the social security system, which arise from this taxation. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the effective tax burden on individuals for various forms of business activities, to evaluate possibilities of optimization and to evaluate the impact of the tax burden on the benefits of the social security system. The first chapter provides a description and analysis of the components of the effective tax burden on the individual for given forms of businesses and presents means for its optimization. The second chapter focuses on selected benefits from the social insurance system, their description and analysis of their dependence on the tax burden on individuals. The third chapter analysis a real business entity, it engages in the possibilities of its optimization in terms of taxation and benefits from the social security systém.

There is a large economic inequality between the autonomous communities of Spain. The EU Regional Policy contributes to reduce regional disparities by providing funds to support the convergence of backward regions and the competitiveness of more developed areas. The aim of the thesis is to compare the evolution of socioeconomic indicators and evaluate their impact on the economy of Spain.