Yes / In recent years, a new low nickel content stainless steel (EN 1.4162) commonly referred as ‘lean duplex stainless steel’ has been developed, which has over two times the tensile strength of the more familiar austenitic stainless steel but at approximately half the cost. This paper presents the finite element analysis of concrete filled lean duplex stainless steel columns subjected to concentric axial compression. To predict the performance of this form of concrete filled composite columns, a finite element model was developed and finite element analyses were conducted. The finite element model was validated through comparisons of the results obtained from the experimental study. A parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of various parameters such as section size, wall thickness, infill concrete strength, etc. on the overall behaviour and compressive resistance of this form of composite columns. Through both experimental and numerical studies, the merits of using lean duplex stainless steel hollow sections in concrete filled composite columns were highlighted. In addition, a new formula based on the Eurocode 4 was proposed to predict the cross-section capacity of the concrete filled lean duplex stainless steel composite columns subjected to axial compression.

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem abrangente das estruturas mistas aço-concreto, com ênfase em edifícios, e dos principais elementos que compõem esse sistema: as vigas mistas, simplesmente apoiadas e contínuas, as lajes mistas e os pilares mistos. São abordados os aspectos construtivos, o comportamento estrutural e os procedimentos para dimensionamento recomendados pelas principais normas aplicáveis, enfatizando a norma norte-americana do AISC e o EUROCODE 4. O projeto em situação de incêndio também é analisado, considerando o comportamento e o dimensionamento de elementos mistos frente à ação do fogo. No final, são desenvolvidos exemplos de dimensionamento, onde procura-se comparar e discutir os resultados obtidos pelas principais normas / This study consists of a broad analysis of composite structures, with particular emphasis on buildings, and the principal elements that make up this system, i.e., continuous and simply supported composite beams, composite slabs and composite columns. Several aspects of construction are broached, as well as structural behavior and the procedures for design recommended by the main codes, mainly the American AISC and the EUROCODE 4 codes. Fire design is also analyzed, considering the behavior and design of composite elements under fire conditions. The study concludes with some examples of design, comparing and discussing the results achieved by the principal codes

[pt] Estruturas mistas de aço e concreto estão se tornando cada vez mais viáveis do ponto de vista de execução com custos mais competitivos. Graças às pesquisas e aos estudos desenvolvidos que visam aproveitar ao máximo as vantagens oferecidas pelos materiais concreto e aço, as estruturas mistas vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizadas na construção civil. Neste estudo são apresentadas as configurações estruturais dos pilares mistos e recomendações de projeto de normas vigentes. O objetivo dessa dissertação é avaliar o comportamento experimental de pilares mistos com perfis de aço de alta resistência submetidos a ensaios em escala real. Para tal avaliação, levou-se em consideração as características e propriedades dos materiais que compõem as peças: concreto, aço das armaduras e aço de alta resistência dos perfis U de chapa dobrada. Para atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, foram testados seis elementos mistos com seção transversal formada por dois perfis U de chapa dobrada e concreto armado, formando uma seção retangular. Inicialmente duas colunas foram submetidas à compressão centrada e duas vigas foram testadas à flexão. Posteriormente os dois pilares mistos foram ensaiados com excentricidade de 40 mm no carregamento. Os resultados experimentais foram, então, analisados e comparados com os resultados teóricos calculados com as recomendações da norma brasileira ABNT NBR 8800:2008 e do Eurocode 4, 2004. E os resultados experimentais foram em média coerentes com os teóricos calculados. / [en] Composite structures of steel and concrete are becoming increasingly feasible from the execution point of view, with more competitive costs. Thanks to the work and studies developed that aim to make the most of the advantages offered by both materials, they have been increasingly used in building construction. This study presents the structural configurations of the composite beam-columns and design recommendations using current codes. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the experimental behavior of composite beam-columns with high strength steel profiles tested in real scale specimens. For this analysis, the characteristics and properties of the materials that compose the structure were taken into consideration: concrete, reinforcing steel and high strength steel of the cold formed sections. To reach the aims of this work, six composite elements with cross section formed by two channel profiles of folded sheet and reinforced concrete were tested. Initially two columns were subjected to centered compression and two beams were subjected to flexural tests. Subsequently, the composite beam-columns were tested with a 40 mm eccentricity at loading. The experimental results were then analyzed and compared with the theoretical ones, which were calculated with the recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 8800:2008 and the Eurocode 4, 2004. The experimental results, obtained were consistent with the theoretical predictions.

Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem abrangente das estruturas mistas aço-concreto, com ênfase em edifícios, e dos principais elementos que compõem esse sistema: as vigas mistas, simplesmente apoiadas e contínuas, as lajes mistas e os pilares mistos. São abordados os aspectos construtivos, o comportamento estrutural e os procedimentos para dimensionamento recomendados pelas principais normas aplicáveis, enfatizando a norma norte-americana do AISC e o EUROCODE 4. O projeto em situação de incêndio também é analisado, considerando o comportamento e o dimensionamento de elementos mistos frente à ação do fogo. No final, são desenvolvidos exemplos de dimensionamento, onde procura-se comparar e discutir os resultados obtidos pelas principais normas / This study consists of a broad analysis of composite structures, with particular emphasis on buildings, and the principal elements that make up this system, i.e., continuous and simply supported composite beams, composite slabs and composite columns. Several aspects of construction are broached, as well as structural behavior and the procedures for design recommended by the main codes, mainly the American AISC and the EUROCODE 4 codes. Fire design is also analyzed, considering the behavior and design of composite elements under fire conditions. The study concludes with some examples of design, comparing and discussing the results achieved by the principal codes

This paper presents the behaviour and design of axially loaded concrete-filled steel tube circular stub columns. The study was conducted over a wide range of concrete cube strengths ranging from 30 to 110 MPa. The external diameter of the steel tube-to-plate thickness (D/t) ratio ranged from 15 to 80 covering compact steel tube sections. An accurate finite element model was developed to carry out the analysis. Accurate nonlinear material models for confined concrete and steel tubes were used. The column strengths and load¿axial shortening curves were evaluated. The results obtained from the finite element analysis were verified against experimental results. An extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concrete strengths and cross-section geometries on the strength and behaviour of concrete-filled compact steel tube circular stub columns. The column strengths predicted from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American, Australian and European specifications. Based on the results of the parametric study, it is found that the design strengths given by the American Specifications and Australian Standards are conservative, while those of the European Code are generally unconservative. Reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the current composite column design rules.

[pt] Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental de um sistema de pilares mistos. O modelo estrutural consiste em dois perfis I laminados ligados por conectores soldados na região das almas, e com concreto armado preenchendo a região entre os perfis. Além dos conectores ligando as almas dos perfis principais do pilar, também se têm a presença de conectores do tipo stud bolt soldados nas almas, permitindo maior interação aço-concreto e evitando a flambagem de alma. Neste trabalho, são apresentados os detalhes do sistema construtivo, evidenciando a melhor maneira de executar a fabricação do sistema misto, assim como as recomendações de projeto. Com base em resultados teóricos iniciais e nos custos inerentes à produção do sistema, desenvolveu-se um programa experimental no Laboratório de Estruturas e Materiais da PUC-Rio. Este programa experimental teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento estrutural do sistema proposto quando sub-metido à flexão, determinar o comportamento carga x deslocamento da estrutura, a carga última de plastificação da estrutura, as dificuldades de montagem do sistema, assim como o custo benefício ao levar em conta todos os processos realizados. / [en] In this work, an experimental study on a new composite column system is developed. It consists on a double I section column connected by the webs and filled with reinforced concrete between the I sections. It also includes stud bolt connectors welded to the webs, allowing a higher steel-concrete interaction and avoiding web buckling. Throughout this work, details on the best way to fabricate the system will be provided and also project recommendations will be given. An experimental programme was developed at the Structures and Materials Laboratory of PUC-Rio. The objective of this programme was to evaluate the structural behaviour of the proposed system when submitted to a bending test, determining its load vs displacement behaviour, the ultimate plastic load, the difficulties of fabrication and the cost-benefit after considering all of the steps developed.

Um pilar misto aço-concreto consiste basicamente de um elemento de aço, simples ou composto, predominantemente comprimido, que trabalhe em conjunto com o concreto simples ou armado. Há basicamente dois tipos de pilar misto: os revestidos e os preenchidos. Os revestidos são formados por um perfil de aço embutido em uma seção de concreto, garantindo a proteção ao fogo (havendo necessidade de armaduras). Os pilares preenchidos são tubos de aço, circulares ou retangulares, preenchidos com concreto, dispensando qualquer tipo de armadura e a necessidade do uso de formas; porém para proteger do fogo e da corrosão exige-se um tratamento \"extra\" do tubo de aço. A norma brasileira NBR 8800/86 - \"Projeto e execução de estruturas de aço de edifícios\" quanto as estruturas mistas se dedica apenas àquelas submetidas à flexão simples (vigas mistas), não abordando as estruturas basicamente comprimidas (pilares mistos). Já as normas LRFD-AISC/86 - \"Load and resistance factor design\", Eurocode 4, BS 5400 apresentam considerações específicas sobre o dimensionamento de barras axialmente comprimidas e flexo-comprimidas, tratando tanto dos elementos revestidos quanto dos preenchidos. Do ponto de vista estrutural, são analisadas e discutidas as prescrições das principais normas estrangeiras aplicáveis. Quanto aos aspectos construtivos, apresentam-se técnicas de execução e de acabamento, dando especial atenção a questão da resistência ao fogo. / A composite column may be defined as a member made of a structural steel section, basicaly under compression, working with simple or reinforced concrete. There are basically two kinds of steel-concrete composite columns: structural steel section encased in concrete which has fire protection and it is necessary to use reinforcement and tubes filled with concrete which it is not necessary to use reinforcement and formwork but it require an extra protection to fire. Steel Brazilian code NBR 8800/86 - \"Projeto e execução de estruturas de aço de edifícios\" give specifications only for steel-concrete member under bending (composite beams). This code neglegence composite members under compression (composite columns). LRFD-AISC/86 - \"Load and resistance factor design\", Eurocode 4, BS 5400 give specifications about steel-concrete composite columns under compression and bending combined to concrete encased composite columns and steel tubes filled with concret. Codes requirements, constructional aspects and fire behaviour of composite columns are presented and discussed.

O emprego de pilares mistos formados por tubos de aço preenchidos com concreto de alta resistência, sobretudo em edifícios altos, é uma tendência em diversos países europeus, americanos e asiáticos. A tais elementos são atribuídas vantagens como: alta resistência e ductilidade, economia de materiais e mão-de-obra, redução das dimensões da seção transversal e melhoria no comportamento dos materiais aço e concreto, devido ao efeito de confinamento. Buscando suprir algumas carências de conhecimento, procura-se obter dados experimentais sobre o comportamento de pilares mistos axialmente comprimidos, possibilitando desta forma avaliar parâmetros como influência da forma da seção transversal e da espessura do perfil tubular no seu comportamento. Foram analisadas seções quadradas, circulares e retangulares, preenchidas por concreto com resistência média de 50MPa. A ruína destes elementos caracterizou-se pelo esmagamento do concreto, ocorrendo posteriormente a flambagem local do perfil em diversos pontos. A capacidade resistente prevista por diversas normas resultou em valores muito próximos dos experimentais, embora várias destas normas não considerem o efeito de confinamento. Os ensaios mostraram que o efeito de confinamento contribui de forma decisiva na melhoria do comportamento dos materiais, sobretudo ductilizando o concreto de alta resistência, entretanto seus efeitos não são significativos no aumento da capacidade resistente da seção mista. Alguns critérios para avaliação da ductilidade à compressão foram adaptados e mostraram bons resultados, possibilitando o cálculo do índice de ductilidade. / The use of concrete filled steel tubes especially in tall buildings is a tendency in several european, american and asian countries. The use of these members has several advantages: high resistance and ductility, saving of materials and labour, reduction of cross section dimensions and improvement in behaviour of the materials steel and concrete due the confinement. The main purpose of this study is provide some experimental results of the behaviour of concrete filled steel tubes concentrically loaded. The main experimental parameters considered were the influence of the cross-section shape and thickness of steel tube. Square, circular and rectangular cross-section shapes infilling with concrete of the 50MPa of strength were analyzed. The failure was characterized for crushing of the concrete and later local buckling of the steel section in several points. The strength capacity predicted for several standards showed good agreement with the experimental failure values although this does not consider the confinement of the concrete. The results of tests showed that the confinement effect contributes for improvement behaviour of materials, especially increasing the ductility of the high strength concrete. However the results showed that the triaxial confinement does not increase the axial capacity of the concrete filled steel tubes. Some methods to estimate the ductility of axially compressed concrete columns were adapted and showed good results permitting the calculation of the ductility index of short columns.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the seismic behavior of plane moment resisting frames (MRFs) consisting of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns and steel I beams through targeted studies utilizing advanced computational methodologies calibrated on the basis of existing experimental results and to propose a preliminary performance-based seismic design method for this kind of frames. A computational study is conducted first to investigate the nonlinear cyclic response of square concrete-filled steel tubes (CFT) in bending and compression. An accurate nonlinear finite element model is created and its validity is established by comparing its results with those of existing experiments. Using this finite element model, extensive parametric studies are performed to provide information on the hysteretic and deteriorating behavior of CFT columns. Thus, on the basis of this computational study, three simple yet sufficiently accurate concentrated plasticity hysteretic models for simulating the cyclic behavior of square concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) columns, are developed. The seismic behavior of plane MRFs consisting of I steel beams and CFT columns is investigated next. More specifically, the effect of modelling details of each individual component of CFT-MRFs, such as the CFT columns, the beam-column connections, the panel zones and the steel I beams, on their seismic behavior is studied through comparisons against available experimental results. Then, fragility curves are constructed for composite frames for various levels of modelling sophistication through nonlinear time history analyses involving three typical CFT-MRFs which have been designed according to the European seismic design codes. On the basis of these fragility curves, one can select the appropriate modelling level of sophistication that can lead to the desired seismic behavior for a given seismic intensity. The third part of this work deals with the establishment of all the necessary ingredients for this kind of composite frames to be seismically designed by the performance-based hybrid force-displacement (HFD) seismic design method, which combines the advantages of the well-known force-based and displacement-based seismic design methods. Thus, extensive parametric studies are conducted involving nonlinear dynamic analysis of 96 frames under 100 seismic motions in order to create a databank with the response quantities of interest. Based on regression analysis, simple formulae for estimating the maximum roof displacement, the maximum inter-storey drift ratio, the maximum rotation ductility along the height of the frame and the behavior factor are developed. Comparison of the proposed design method with those adopted by current seismic design codes demonstrates that the proposed procedure seems to be more rational and controls deformation better than current seismic design codes. Nonlinear time history analyses proved the consistency of the proposed method to accurately estimate inelastic deformation demands and the tendency of the current seismic design codes to overestimate the maximum roof displacement and underestimate the maximum inter-storey drift ratio along the height of the frames. Finally, comparisons between CFT-MRFs and all steel ones reveal that the CFT-MRFs seem to have better seismic behavior than the all steel ones and seem to be more economical structures. / Ο σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι να διερευνήσει τη σεισμική συμπεριφορά επίπεδων καμπτικών πλαισίων με υποστυλώματα από τετραγωνικές χαλύβδινες κοιλοδοκούς γεμισμένες με σκυρόδεμα και με μεταλλικές δοκούς τύπου Ι και να προτείνει μία μέθοδο αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού με βάση την επιτελεστικότητα για αυτόν τον τύπο κατασκευών. Αρχικά, διεξάγεται μία υπολογιστική μελέτη ώστε να διερευνηθεί η μη-γραμμική ανελαστική απόκριση υπό ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση και σταθερή θλίψη των τετραγωνικών σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων. Ένα ακριβές και προηγμένο μοντέλο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων δημιουργείται όπου η ακρίβεια των αποτελεσμάτων του ελέγχεται μέσω συγκρίσεων των αναλυτικών λύσεων με υπαρκτά πειραματικά δεδομένα. Κατόπιν, χρησιμοποιώντας αυτό το μοντέλο πεπερασμένων στοιχείων, πραγματοποιoύνται εκτενείς παραμετρικές μελέτες με σκοπό να παραχθούν πληροφορίες σχετικά με την υστερητική συμπεριφορά των σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων. Έτσι, στη βάση αυτής της υπολογιστικής μελέτης, τρία απλά και αρκετά ακριβή υστερητικά μοντέλα συγκεντρωμένης πλαστιμότητας αναπτύσσονται για την προσομοίωση της συμπεριφοράς σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων υπό ανακυκλιζόμενη φόρτιση και σταθερή θλίψη. Έπειτα, διερευνάται η σεισμική συμπεριφορά επίπεδων καμπτικών πλαισίων με σύμμικτα υποστυλώματα και με μεταλλικές δοκούς τύπου Ι. Πιο συγκεκριμένα εξετάζεται η επίδραση της λεπτομερής μοντελοποίησης των επιμέρους δομικών στοιχείων μια κατασκευής, όπως των σύμμικτων υποστυλωμάτων, των μεταλλικών δοκών, των κόμβων διατμητικής παραμόρφωσης και των συνδέσεων, στη σεισμική συμπεριφορά των πλαισίων μέσω συγκρίσεων με υπαρκτά πειραματικά δεδομένα. Επιπλέον, διαμορφώνονται καμπύλες τρωτότητας για τρία σύμμικτα πλαίσια σχεδιασμένα με τους Ευρωπαϊκούς κανονισμούς για διάφορα επίπεδα μοντελοποίησης χρησιμοποιώντας μη-γραμμικές αναλύσεις χρονοιστορίας. Στη βάση αυτών των καμπυλών τρωτότητας, κάποιος μπορεί να επιλέξει το κατάλληλο επίπεδο πολυπλοκότητας της μοντελοποίησης των σύμμικτων πλαισίων ώστε να οδηγηθεί στην επιθυμητή συμπεριφορά για μια δεδομένη σεισμική ένταση. Το τρίτο μέρος της παρούσας έρευνας πραγματεύεται την ανάπτυξη της διαδικασίας που απαιτείται από την Υβριδική Δυνάμεων-Μετατοπίσεων (ΥΔΜ) μέθοδο αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού με βάση την επιτελεστικότητα, η οποία συνδυάζει τα πλεονεκτήματα της μεθόδου των δυνάμεων και της μεθόδου των μετακινήσεων, ώστε να εφαρμόζεται για τον αντισεισμικό σχεδιασμό σύμμικτων καμπτικών πλαισίων. Έτσι, πραγματοποιούνται εκτενείς παραμετρικές μελέτες περιλαμβάνοντας μη-γραμμικές δυναμικές αναλύσεις σε 96 πλαίσια υπό 100 σεισμικές καταγραφές με σκοπό τη δημιουργία τράπεζας δεδομένων με αποκρίσεις ενδιαφέροντος. Κατόπιν αναλύσεων γραμμικής παλινδρόμησης, απλές σχέσεις προτείνονται που απαιτούνται από την ΥΔΜ μέθοδο οι οποίες συνδέουν τη μέγιστη μετακίνησης κορυφής των πλαισίων με τη στοχευόμενη μέγιστη γωνιακή παραμόρφωσης των ορόφων ή την τοπική στροφική πλαστιμότητα των μελών και την απαιτούμενη συνολική πλαστιμότητας του πλαισίου με τον συντελεστή συμπεριφοράς q. Η σύγκριση της προτεινόμενης ΥΔΜ μεθόδου αντισεισμικού σχεδιασμού με εκείνης που προτείνεται από τον Ευρωπαϊκό κανονισμό αποδεικνύει ότι η προτεινόμενη διαδικασία φαίνεται να είναι πιο ακριβής και ελέγχει καλύτερα τις παραμορφώσεις. Μη-γραμμικές αναλύσεις χρονοιστορίας δείχνουν την συνέπεια της ΥΔΜ να εκτιμά με ακρίβεια τις απαιτήσεις των ανελαστικών παραμορφώσεων στα διάφορα επίπεδα επιτελεστικότητας σε αντίθεση με την τάση του κανονισμού να υποεκτιμά τη μέγιστη γωνιακή μετακίνησης ορόφων και να υπερεκτιμά την μέγιστη μετακίνηση κορυφής. Τέλος, συγκρίσεις σύμμικτων πλαισίων με σχεδιασμένα πλαίσια εξ’ ολοκλήρου από χάλυβα σύμφωνα με την ΥΔΜ, δείχνουν ότι τα σύμμικτα πλαίσια έχουν καλύτερη σεισμική συμπεριφορά από τα μεταλλικά και φαίνεται να είναι πιο οικονομικές κατασκευές.

O emprego de pilares mistos formados por tubos de aço preenchidos com concreto de alta resistência, sobretudo em edifícios altos, é uma tendência em diversos países europeus, americanos e asiáticos. A tais elementos são atribuídas vantagens como: alta resistência e ductilidade, economia de materiais e mão-de-obra, redução das dimensões da seção transversal e melhoria no comportamento dos materiais aço e concreto, devido ao efeito de confinamento. Buscando suprir algumas carências de conhecimento, procura-se obter dados experimentais sobre o comportamento de pilares mistos axialmente comprimidos, possibilitando desta forma avaliar parâmetros como influência da forma da seção transversal e da espessura do perfil tubular no seu comportamento. Foram analisadas seções quadradas, circulares e retangulares, preenchidas por concreto com resistência média de 50MPa. A ruína destes elementos caracterizou-se pelo esmagamento do concreto, ocorrendo posteriormente a flambagem local do perfil em diversos pontos. A capacidade resistente prevista por diversas normas resultou em valores muito próximos dos experimentais, embora várias destas normas não considerem o efeito de confinamento. Os ensaios mostraram que o efeito de confinamento contribui de forma decisiva na melhoria do comportamento dos materiais, sobretudo ductilizando o concreto de alta resistência, entretanto seus efeitos não são significativos no aumento da capacidade resistente da seção mista. Alguns critérios para avaliação da ductilidade à compressão foram adaptados e mostraram bons resultados, possibilitando o cálculo do índice de ductilidade. / The use of concrete filled steel tubes especially in tall buildings is a tendency in several european, american and asian countries. The use of these members has several advantages: high resistance and ductility, saving of materials and labour, reduction of cross section dimensions and improvement in behaviour of the materials steel and concrete due the confinement. The main purpose of this study is provide some experimental results of the behaviour of concrete filled steel tubes concentrically loaded. The main experimental parameters considered were the influence of the cross-section shape and thickness of steel tube. Square, circular and rectangular cross-section shapes infilling with concrete of the 50MPa of strength were analyzed. The failure was characterized for crushing of the concrete and later local buckling of the steel section in several points. The strength capacity predicted for several standards showed good agreement with the experimental failure values although this does not consider the confinement of the concrete. The results of tests showed that the confinement effect contributes for improvement behaviour of materials, especially increasing the ductility of the high strength concrete. However the results showed that the triaxial confinement does not increase the axial capacity of the concrete filled steel tubes. Some methods to estimate the ductility of axially compressed concrete columns were adapted and showed good results permitting the calculation of the ductility index of short columns.