The effect of potassium silicate fortified with cow manure compost tea and seaweed extract on dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) was studied in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perene L.). Application of potassium silicate fortified compost tea increased the silicon content in bentgrass and ryegrass at 5 days after treatment, but there was only a minimal effect on silicon content in the grass at 15 days after treatment. However, the fortified treatments did not affect the susceptibility of grass to dollar spot disease in the greenhouse experiments. Fortified treatments did not have a significant effect on the chlorophyll content, total phenol content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in creeping bentgrass. Similarly, the treatment did not affect area of the lesion and mycelial growth of the fungus. Although the synergistic effect of silica fortification was not investigated in detail, preliminary results of the study indicate potassium silicate fortified with compost tea or seaweed extract was not different from that of non-fortified treatments in reducing dollar spot disease in the greenhouse trial.

5 p. / Growers of organic produce in the Southwestern United States face many challenges, including variation in water and temperature, and exposure to insects and disease. As a result, smallholder organic farmers are increasingly relying on soil additives such as compost tea that improve product quality, use less water, deter pests, and reduce reliance on chemical additives (Diver, 2002). But what exactly is compost tea? Do the benefits of using compost tea outweigh any concerns? For example, can it contain pathogens, and if so, do applicators have to worry about coming into contact with pathogens? This publication provides facts about making compost tea, and reviews both the benefits and potential disadvantages to help smallholder farmers to make educated decisions regarding the use of compost tea.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Edward E. Carey / With acceptance and utilization of chemical pesticides declining, some vegetable producers are turning to alternative methods to manage plant health issues. Compost tea (CT) has provided control of some foliar pathogens and may provide benefits beyond disease suppression. Despite an increasing body of popular and scientific literature focusing on CT as a biological control option for growers, information on the efficacy of CT is still lacking for many pathosystems. In this study, field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of CT on Septoria lycopersici, causal agent of Septoria leaf spot on tomato, in Kansas, in 2006 and 2007. Previous research done at KSU with a similar CT showed adequate control of this pathogen in field and greenhouse studies conducted. Additional work to develop a rapid screening method for efficacy of CT formulations was carried out in the greenhouse at Manhattan, KS. CT sprayed weekly on tomato plants prior to and after disease onset led to no significant difference in control of the pathogen compared to untreated controls. A contact fungicide (chlorothalonil) provided significant control of the pathogen in 2007, but not in 2006. These results contrast with those obtained in previous K-State research. It is difficult to assess why such striking differences were obtained, but the variation in these results point to the need to identify optimal recipes of CT for this pathosystem. Preliminary investigations standardized plant age, inoculum concentration, incubation conditions, and incubation interval for measurable Septoria leaf spot disease development on young tomato plants in the greenhouse. Ingredients of the field-tested CT were used to make a variety of CTs to test using the greenhouse-screening assay. Further work on identifying effective CT recipes is needed to substantiate the validity of this screening protocol and to evaluate the correlation of this method with disease suppression in the field.

Supply and synchronization of plant-available nitrogen (N) to the soil is a major challenge for organic farmers, especially when growing crops in soils that are in transition from conventional to organic systems. This research evaluated the effects of site produced cover crops and application of soil amendments on N uptake and crop yield of organic Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum) and sweet corn (Zea mays). Cover crops were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) and forage radish (Raphanus sativus). Soil amendments included in-row application of commercially produced dehydrated compost tea absorbed on charcoal (Soil Biology Innovations) and post-plant sidedressing with organic N fertilizer. Irish potato and sweet corn were grown at the Kentland Agricultural Research Farm near Blacksburg, VA in an organic transition soil during the summers of 2006 and 2007. Nitrogen uptake and crop yield were not affected by cover crop species in either year. SBI increased yield of sweet corn, but not Irish potato for both years; SBI had no effect on N uptake of either crop. Post-plant N sidedressing increased N uptake and crop yield of Irish potato and sweet corn in 2007, but had no effect on crop yield in 2006, presumably because pre-plant organic fertilizer was applied at planting in 2006, but not in 2007. This study shows that the combination of site produced cover crops and applied soil amendments may be required to produce high marketable yields of organic Irish potato and sweet corn in the transition soil used in these experiments. / Master of Science

One of the motivating reasons for the development of hydroponics was avoidance of root pathogens. Hydroponics involves growing crops in relatively sterile media, isolated from the underlying soil which may have disease pressure. However, even when hydroponics is coupled with controlled environments such as high tunnels and climate-controlled greenhouses, soil-borne pathogens can enter the growing area and proliferate due to optimal environmental conditions for pathogen growth. Control of root pathogens is difficult and usually achieved through synthetic fungicides since few biocontrol options are available. Compost water extracts (CWE) have recently been gaining the attention of greenhouse growers because they may be a low-cost, environmentally friendly approach to control root disease. CWE are mixtures of compost and water incubated for a defined period of time, either with or without aeration, and with or without additives intended to increase microbial populations, which in turn suppress disease. Much anecdotal, but very little scientific, evidence exists describing CWE effect on suppressing soil-borne pathogens. The present study 1) examined the effect of an aerated CWE on disease suppression at the laboratory scale and in container studies using different soilless substrates, 2) investigated a phenotypic change at the root level caused by CWE that may be associated with disease suppression, and 3) isolated some factors in the production of CWE that affect the ability of a CWE to suppress disease. The common model pathogen-host system of Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi and pea was used to examine CWE-induced disease suppression, with information then being translatable to similar patho-systems involved in greenhouse crop production. In the first study, laboratory-based root growth and infection assays resulted in 100% suppression of F. solani when roots were drenched in CWE. These protected seedlings were then taken to a greenhouse and transplanted into fine coconut coir, watered with hydroponic nutrient solution, and grown for five weeks. At the end of the experiment, 23% of the shoots of the pathogen-inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy while only 2% of the inoculated seedlings without CWE drench remained healthy. All of the roots of the inoculated seedlings developed lesions, even those drenched in CWE. However, 29% of the CWE drenched roots were able to recover from disease, growing white healthy roots past the lesion, while only 2% recovered naturally. A shorter-term container study was conducted in the laboratory to determine the effects of CWE-induced suppression when peas were grown in different substrates and to determine if the hydroponic nutrient solution had an effect on the suppression. Peas were grown in sterilized fine and coarse coconut coir fiber and sand irrigated with water, with a second set of fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution. Pea seeds with 20-25mm radicles were inoculated with pathogen and sown directly into CWE-drenched substrate and grown for three weeks. At the end of the experiment, 80%, 60%, 90%, and 50% of the shoots of the inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy when grown in fine coir, coarse coir, sand, and fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution, respectively. Nearly 100% of the roots grown in coconut coir substrates again developed necrotic lesions but 83%, 87%, 100%, and 87% grew healthy roots beyond the disease region. The hydroponic nutrient solution had a negative effect on suppression, with a reduction of at least 30 percentage points. Sand demonstrated a natural ability to suppress F. solani. Only 23% of inoculated seedlings had dead or dying shoots by the end of the experiment (compared to 77-80% in coir substrates) and although all but one of the roots developed lesions, all were able to recover on their own with CWE. CWE further increased shoot health and also prevented 57% of the roots from developing lesions. In a second study, two different CWE were used to examine the effect on root border cell dispersion and dynamics in pea, maize, cotton, and cucumber and its relation to disease suppression. Dispersal of border cells after immersion of roots into water or CWE was measured by direct observation over time using a compound microscope and stereoscope. Pictures were taken and the number of border cells released into suspension were enumerated by counting the total number of cells in aliquots taken from the suspension. Border cells formed a mass surrounding root tips within seconds after exposure to water, and most cells dispersed into suspension spontaneously. In CWE, >90% of the border cell population instead remained appressed to the root surface, even after vigorous agitation. This altered border cell phenomena was consistent for pea, maize, and cotton and for both CWE tested. For most cucumber roots (n=86/95), inhibition of border cell dispersal in both CWE was similar to that observed in pea, maize, and cotton. However, some individual cucumber roots (8±5%) exhibited a distinct phenotype. For example, border cells of one root immersed into CWE remained tightly adhered to the root tip even after 30 minutes while border cells of another root immersed at the same time in the same sample of CWE expanded significantly within 5 minutes and continued to expand over time. In a previous study, sheath development over time in growth pouches also was distinct in cucumber compared with pea, with detachment of the sheaths over time, and root infection was reduced by only 38% in cucumber compared with 100% protection in pea (Curlango-Rivera et al. 2013). Further research is needed to evaluate whether this difference in retention of border cell sheaths plays a role in the observed difference in inhibition of root infection. In the third study, a series of investigations were conducted to isolate different factors that contribute to the suppression ability of a CWE by changing incrementally changing some aspect of the CWE production process. The basic aerated CWE recipe (with molasses, kelp, humic acid, rock phosphate, and silica) provided 100% protection of pea from root disease while the non-aerated basic recipe CWE provided 72% protection. Aerated CWE made of only compost and water resulted in 58% protection. It was found that molasses did not contribute to the suppression ability of the ACWE, while kelp contributed strongly. When soluble kelp was added by itself to the compost and water, the CWE provided 80% suppression. However, when all additives were included except molasses and kelp, suppression remained high (93%) indicating that humic acids, rock phosphate, and/or silica were also major contributors toward the suppression effect. Optimal fermentation time for ACWE was 24 hr to achieve 100% suppression, with increased time resulting in inconsistent suppression results. Optimal fermentation time for NCWE was 3 days or 8 days. These studies are important contributions to understanding the differences that might be expected in CWE suppression when growing in different substrates, some of the factors in the production of CWE that affects the ability of a CWE to suppress disease, and the phenotypic effect CWE has on the root zone of plants and the possible relationship between that effect and disease suppression.

La fertilité de terres agricoles dépend en large partie du recyclage des nutriments dans le sol. Généralement, ce recyclage est effectué en grande partie par les communautés bactériennes du sol. On assume donc souvent que la diversité bactérienne du sol peut constituer un indicateur de sa santé/fertilité. Cependant, certaines pratiques agricoles conventionnelles nuisent à la diversité bactérienne du sol. Parmi ces pratiques, le labourage et les applications d’intrants chimiques tels que les pesticides, les antibiotiques et les engrais influencent négativement la diversité microbienne. Par conséquent, des recherches actives sont menées pour développer des façons de rétablir la diversité microbienne dans les sols en agriculture conventionnelle. Plusieurs alternatives biologiques ont été développées au fil des ans, aboutissant à des produits commerciaux en tant que des biostimulants incluant des substances d’origines biologiques, des microorganismes ou la combinaison des deux. Entre autres, le thé de compost a été développé et suggéré comme étant un produit riche en microorganismes bénéfiques, ayant les capacités d’améliorer les cultures et la durabilité des systèmes agricoles biologiques. Cependant, sa performance et son application à grande échelle dans les systèmes de production conventionnelle demeurent peu étudiées. L’objectif de ce mémoire et d’évaluer l'effet du thé de compost sur l'abondance, la diversité et la structure des communautés bactériennes du sol et les rendements, dans un essai en champs de la production du soja dans un système conventionnel de monoculture. Dans un champ d’environ trois hectares est subdivisé en six blocs, chacun contenait deux parcelles: l'une a été traitée par le thé de compost frais et l'autre a été utilisé comme témoin avec thé de compost stérilisé à la chaleur pour tuer les microorganismes. Notre hypothèse est que le thé de compost frais améliore la croissance du soja et son rendement avec l’apport de microorganismes bénéfiques et l’enrichissement des communautés bactériennes des sols. Le séquençage à haut débit de l’ADN ribosomique 16S bactérien extrait de différents échantillons (thé de compost, sol traité et sol témoin), associé aux analyses bio-informatiques et statistiques, a démontré que le traitement du thé de compost frais n'a pas influencé de manière significative les communautés bactériennes, ni par des changements dans la diversité alpha, ni dans la structure de la communauté de celles-ci. De plus, les résultats des analyses de croissance des plantes et de rendement ont eu aucun effet significatif du thé de compost frais sur la biomasse végétative des plantes ou le poids des graines de soja. Nos résultats de recherche indiquent que le thé de compost frais utilisé dans notre expérience n’a pas modifié les communautés bactériennes des sols traités et n’a pas influencé la croissance des plantes ni le rendement en grain. Notre hypothèse n’est pas supportée par ces résultats qui suggèrent que les bénéfices relatifs à l’application du thé de compost frais ne sont pas dus aux microorganismes vivants mais plutôt à un apport potentiel des nutriments. L’absence d'effets positifs dans notre étude pourrait être attribué spécifiquement à notre conception expérimentale, au thé de compost utilisé, ou à la dose ou la fréquence d'application de celui-ci. D’autres expériences sont nécessaires afin de tirer des conclusions robustes quant à l’effet et la performance du thé de compost sur des cultures conventionnelles. / The fertility of agricultural lands largely depends on the recycling of nutrients in the soil. Usually, this recycling is carried out largely by bacterial communities in the soil, that their diversity is an important indicator of the health and fertility of agricultural soils. However, some agricultural practices, especially in conventional production systems, harm the essential functions of these soil bacterial communities. Among these practices, tillage and the applications of chemical inputs such as pesticides, antibiotics and fertilizers negatively influence the diversity and structures of microbial communities. As a result, the abundance and diversity of these beneficial microorganisms and the potential services they provide decrease in these soils. Several biological alternatives have been developed over the years, resulting in commercial products as biostimulants including substances of biological origin, microorganisms or a combination of the two. Among others, compost tea has been developed and suggested as a product rich in beneficial microorganisms, with the capacity to improve crops and the sustainability of organic farming systems. However, its performance and large-scale application in conventional production systems remains little studied. The objective of this master’s thesis is to assess the effect of fresh compost tea on the abundance, diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities and yields, in a field trial of soybean production in a conventional system of monoculture. In a field of about three hectares is subdivided into six blocks, each one contained two plots: one was treated with fresh compost tea and the other was used as a control with heat sterilized compost tea to kill microorganisms. Our hypothesis is that fresh compost tea improves soybean growth and yield with the addition of beneficial microorganisms and the enrichment of bacterial communities in soils. High throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA extracted from different samples (compost tea, treated soil and control soil), combined with bioinformatics and statistical analyzes, demonstrated that processing of compost tea did not significantly influenced bacterial communities, neither by changes in alpha diversity nor in their community structure. In addition, the results of plant growth and yield analyzes had no significant effect of fresh compost tea on plant vegetative biomass or soybean weight. Our research results indicate that the fresh compost tea used in our experiment did not change the bacterial population in the treated soils and it did not show a significant effect on either plant growth or yield. Our hypothesis is not supported by these results which suggest that the relative benefits of the application of compost tea are not due to living microorganisms but rather to a potential supply of nutrients. The lack of positive effects in our study could be attributed specifically to our experimental design, the compost tea used, or the dose or frequency of its application. More experiments are needed in order to draw robust conclusions about the effect and performance of compost tea on conventional crops.