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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Numerical Studies of Frictional Sliding Behavior and Influences of Confining Pressure on Accoustic Activities in Compression Tests Using FEM/DEM

Zhao, Qi 11 December 2013 (has links)
The combined finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) has been used to simulate processes of brittle fracturing and associated seismicity. With the newly extended FEM/DEM algorithm, two topics involving rock mechanics and geophysics are investigated. In the first topic, a velocity-weakening law is implemented to investigate the initiation of frictional slip, and an innovative method that incorporates surface roughness with varying friction coefficients is introduced to examine the influences of surface roughness. Simulated results revealed detailed responses of stresses to the propagation of the slip front. In the second topic, acoustic activities induced in confined compression tests are simulated and quantitatively studied using the internal monitoring algorithm in FEM/DEM. It is shown that with increasing confinement, AE events are spatially more concentrated and temporally more separated, accompanied by a decreasing b-value. Moreover, interesting correlation between orientations of cracks and the mechanical behavior of the rock was observed.
12

Numerical Studies of Frictional Sliding Behavior and Influences of Confining Pressure on Accoustic Activities in Compression Tests Using FEM/DEM

Zhao, Qi 11 December 2013 (has links)
The combined finite-discrete element method (FEM/DEM) has been used to simulate processes of brittle fracturing and associated seismicity. With the newly extended FEM/DEM algorithm, two topics involving rock mechanics and geophysics are investigated. In the first topic, a velocity-weakening law is implemented to investigate the initiation of frictional slip, and an innovative method that incorporates surface roughness with varying friction coefficients is introduced to examine the influences of surface roughness. Simulated results revealed detailed responses of stresses to the propagation of the slip front. In the second topic, acoustic activities induced in confined compression tests are simulated and quantitatively studied using the internal monitoring algorithm in FEM/DEM. It is shown that with increasing confinement, AE events are spatially more concentrated and temporally more separated, accompanied by a decreasing b-value. Moreover, interesting correlation between orientations of cracks and the mechanical behavior of the rock was observed.
13

Mechanical Behaviour of Nanocrystalline Rhodium Nanopillars under Compression

Alshehri, Omar 27 January 2012 (has links)
Nanomechanics emerged as chemists and physicists began fabricating nanoscale objects. However, there are some materials that have neither been fabricated nor mechanical investigated at the nanoscale, such as rhodium. Rhodium is used in many applications, especially in coatings and catalysis. To contribute to the understanding the nano-properties of this important material, rhodium was fabricated and mechanically investigated at the nanoscale. The nanopillars approach was employed to study size effects on mechanical properties. Nanopillars with different diameters were fabricated using electroplating followed by uniaxial compression tests. SEM was used as a quality control technique by imaging the pillars before and after compression to assure the absence of buckling, barrelling, or any other problems. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM were used as microstructural characterization techniques, and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used as the chemical characterization technique. Due to substrate induced effects, only the plastic region of the stress-strain curves were investigated, and it was revealed that rhodium softens with decreased nanopillar diameter. This softening/weakening effect was due to the nanocrystallinity of the fabricated pillars. This effect is consistent with the literature that demonstrates the reversed size effect of nanocrystalline metals, i.e., smaller is weaker. Further studies should focus on eliminating the substrate effect that was due to the adhesion layers between Rh and the silicon substrate being softer than Rh, consequently, causing Rh to sink into the adhesion layer when compressed and thus perturbing the stress-strain curve. Moreover, further investigation of other properties of Rh is required to achieve a comprehensive understanding of Rh at the nanoscale, and to render it suitable for specific, multivariable applications.
14

Numerical And Experimental Analysis Of Indentation

Koray, Erge 01 March 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Indentation tests are widely used with simultaneous measurements of indentation depth and force especially for determining material properties. In this study / numerical and experimental investigation of the force-indentation measurements is presented. For indentation tests on anisotropic metals, a novel indenter which is not self similar is used with three transducers to measure the displacements. It is seen that in order to have high repeatability and accuracy at the tests, workpiece and indenter parameters have crucial importance. These parameters in the indentations are analyzed by finite element methods. Ideal dimensions of the workpiece are determined. It is shown that plane strain conditions can only be achieved by embedded indentations. Effect of surface quality and clamping on repeatability are investigated. It is shown that surface treatments have significant effects on the results. Also it is seen that clamping increases the repeatability drastically. Moreover, indentation tests are conducted to verify the results of numerical simulations. Effect of anisotropy on the force-displacement curves is clearly observed.
15

Deformation Analysis of Sand Specimens using 3D Digital Image Correlation for the Calibration of an Elasto-Plastic Model

Song, Ahran 2012 August 1900 (has links)
The use of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique has become increasingly popular for displacement measurements and for characterizing localized material deformation. In this study, a three-dimensional digital image correlation analysis (3D-DIC) was performed to investigate the displacements on the surface of isotropically consolidated and drained sand specimens during triaxial compression tests. The deformation of a representative volume of the material captured by 3D-DIC is used for the estimation of the kinematic and volumetric conditions of the specimen at different stages of deformation, combined with the readings of the global axial compression of the specimen. This allowed for the characterization of a Mohr-Coulomb plasticity model with hardening and softening laws. In addition, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model was built to simulate the actual experimental conditions, including both the global and local kinematics effects captured by 3D digital image correlation analysis on the boundary of the specimen. A comparison between the axisymmetic model predictions and the experimental observations showed good agreement, for both the global and local behavior, in the case of different sand specimen configuration, including loose, dense and half-loose half-dense specimens.
16

Análise paramétrica da resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas

Pacheco, Lysiane Menezes January 2014 (has links)
O crescente aumento das cargas transportadas pelos caminhões e a utilização de pneus radiais têm contribuído para a degradação prematura dos pavimentos asfálticos. Uma das patologias que passaram a ser comuns nos revestimentos asfálticos, logo após a abertura ao tráfego, é o trincamento que inicia no topo da camada e se propaga para baixo, denominado top-down cracking (TDC). Sabe-se que este trincamento é uma manifestação da ruptura por cisalhamento. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, a partir da mudança da curva granulométrica. Para isso, foram analisadas duas misturas com ligante convencional CAP 50/70, sendo uma com curva granulométrica densa graúda e outra densa miúda, de acordo com a metodologia Bailey. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão triaxial a 35 e a 45°C em corpos de prova de 100 mm de diâmetro e ~188 mm de altura, os quais foram moldados no compactador giratório. A partir disso, obtiveram-se dados de coesão e de ângulo de atrito das misturas estudadas. Foi verificado que, como era de se esperar, aumentando-se a temperatura de ensaio, reduz-se a coesão de ambas as misturas. Na mistura graúda a coesão passou de 784 para 307 kPa e na mistura miúda de 838 para 401 kPa. Além disso, os resultados indicam que o ângulo de atrito da mistura graúda é maior, como se esperava, e a coesão é menor. Comparando a resistência ao cisalhamento da mistura graúda com as tensões cisalhantes geradas no revestimento de estruturas de pavimentos modeladas no software de elementos finitos Abaqus, foi verificado que as tensões são superiores. Porém não é possível afirmar que não haveria manifestação de TDC nas condições climáticas e carregamento empregados na análise. / The increasing of load transported by trucks and the use of radial tires have contributed for early asphalt pavements failure. One of the distresses that has been frequent in asphalt layers, shortly after opening to traffic, is the cracking that begins at the top of the pavement and propagates down, named top-down cracking (TDC). It is known that this cracking mode can be related to shear failure. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the asphalt mixtures shear strength in a laboratory, from the size distribution change. For this, two mixtures with conventional binder were analyzed, both have dense size distribution, but one coarse-graded and the other fine-graded, following the Bailey method. Triaxial compression test were conducted at 35 and 45°C in specimens with diameter of 100 mm and height of ~188 mm, which were prepared in a gyratory compactor. From this investigation, data for cohesion and friction angle of the studied mixtures were obtained. It was found that, as expected, increasing the test temperature, reduces the cohesion of both mixtures. In the coarse-graded mixture the cohesion reduced from 784 to 307 kPa and fine-graded from 838 to 401 kPa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the coarse mixture friction angle is greater, as expected, and cohesion is smallest. Comparing the coarse mixture shear strength with the shear stresses generated in the coating of pavement structure modeled in the finite element software Abaqus, it was verified that the stress are higher. However it is not possible to assert that there was no manifestation of TDC for the climatic conditions and load proposed in the analysis.
17

Avaliação experimental do grau de confiabilidade dos ensaios à compressão do concreto efetivados em laboratórios / Experimental evaluation the degree of trustworthiness of assays concrete compressive made effective in laboratories

Gidrão, Salmen Saleme 01 September 2014 (has links)
The measurements of a physical quantity invariably involve errors and uncertainties. The results of the testing of compressive strength of concrete are not exempt from this rule. Measure is an act of comparison whose degree of accuracy can depend on instruments, operators and the measurement process itself. In this work were analyzed questions that involving the intervening factors of the quality of the concrete compressive results, and, been tested the trustworthiness with which these assays have been produced by several laboratories. The focus is on the measurement errors. Your organization has involved a conceptual review of \"quality\" and its relation to the constructions in concrete; sequentially, has organized an application of tests to verify the trustworthiness of their results through two complementary ways. The first, to analyze the dispersion of results by different methods; and the main form of the reference test, established from a result set as the default method; and the other in order to characterize the types of errors produced. Their results, irrefutable regarding the methodology used for the production of his bodies of evidence and significant for the strategy used for data searching allowed to identify an undesirable state for conditions that defined the level of its reliability. Classified as inconsistent, a considerable number of laboratories evaluated in three different stages of experimental verification, presented as the results of their measurement, inadequate numbers to the strength of concrete, not meeting the expectations of desirable accuracy for this important procedure of quality control production. / As medições de uma grandeza física invariavelmente envolvem erros e incertezas. Os resultados de um ensaio de resistência à compressão do concreto, não estão livres desta regra. Medir é um ato de comparação cujo grau de precisão pode depender de instrumentos, operadores e do próprio processo de medida. Neste trabalho foram analisadas questões que envolvem os fatores intervenientes da qualidade dos resultados dos ensaios de compressão do concreto, e avaliado o grau de confiabilidade dos ensaios realizados por diversos laboratórios. O foco são os erros de medida. Sua organização envolveu uma revisão conceitual sobre qualidade e sua relação com as construções em concreto; na sequência, foi organizada uma aplicação de ensaios para a verificação da confiabilidade dos seus resultados por meio de dois caminhos complementares. O primeiro, para a análise das dispersões de resultados por métodos distintos; e de forma principal pelo método do ensaio referencial, estabelecido a partir de um resultado fixado como padrão; e o outro de maneira a caracterizar os tipos de erros produzidos. Seus resultados, irrefutáveis quanto à metodologia adotada para a produção de seus corpos-deprova, e significativos quanto à estratégia utilizada para a prospecção de dados, permitiram identificar um estado indesejável para as condições que definiram o grau de sua confiabilidade. Classificados como não coerentes, um número considerável dos laboratórios avaliados em três etapas distintas da verificação experimental, apresentaram como resultados de sua medição, números inadequados para a resistência do concreto, não atendendo as expectativas de precisão desejáveis para este importante procedimento do controle de qualidade de sua produção. / Mestre em Engenharia Civil
18

Análise paramétrica da resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas

Pacheco, Lysiane Menezes January 2014 (has links)
O crescente aumento das cargas transportadas pelos caminhões e a utilização de pneus radiais têm contribuído para a degradação prematura dos pavimentos asfálticos. Uma das patologias que passaram a ser comuns nos revestimentos asfálticos, logo após a abertura ao tráfego, é o trincamento que inicia no topo da camada e se propaga para baixo, denominado top-down cracking (TDC). Sabe-se que este trincamento é uma manifestação da ruptura por cisalhamento. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de misturas asfálticas em laboratório, a partir da mudança da curva granulométrica. Para isso, foram analisadas duas misturas com ligante convencional CAP 50/70, sendo uma com curva granulométrica densa graúda e outra densa miúda, de acordo com a metodologia Bailey. Foram realizados ensaios de compressão triaxial a 35 e a 45°C em corpos de prova de 100 mm de diâmetro e ~188 mm de altura, os quais foram moldados no compactador giratório. A partir disso, obtiveram-se dados de coesão e de ângulo de atrito das misturas estudadas. Foi verificado que, como era de se esperar, aumentando-se a temperatura de ensaio, reduz-se a coesão de ambas as misturas. Na mistura graúda a coesão passou de 784 para 307 kPa e na mistura miúda de 838 para 401 kPa. Além disso, os resultados indicam que o ângulo de atrito da mistura graúda é maior, como se esperava, e a coesão é menor. Comparando a resistência ao cisalhamento da mistura graúda com as tensões cisalhantes geradas no revestimento de estruturas de pavimentos modeladas no software de elementos finitos Abaqus, foi verificado que as tensões são superiores. Porém não é possível afirmar que não haveria manifestação de TDC nas condições climáticas e carregamento empregados na análise. / The increasing of load transported by trucks and the use of radial tires have contributed for early asphalt pavements failure. One of the distresses that has been frequent in asphalt layers, shortly after opening to traffic, is the cracking that begins at the top of the pavement and propagates down, named top-down cracking (TDC). It is known that this cracking mode can be related to shear failure. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the asphalt mixtures shear strength in a laboratory, from the size distribution change. For this, two mixtures with conventional binder were analyzed, both have dense size distribution, but one coarse-graded and the other fine-graded, following the Bailey method. Triaxial compression test were conducted at 35 and 45°C in specimens with diameter of 100 mm and height of ~188 mm, which were prepared in a gyratory compactor. From this investigation, data for cohesion and friction angle of the studied mixtures were obtained. It was found that, as expected, increasing the test temperature, reduces the cohesion of both mixtures. In the coarse-graded mixture the cohesion reduced from 784 to 307 kPa and fine-graded from 838 to 401 kPa. Furthermore, the results indicate that the coarse mixture friction angle is greater, as expected, and cohesion is smallest. Comparing the coarse mixture shear strength with the shear stresses generated in the coating of pavement structure modeled in the finite element software Abaqus, it was verified that the stress are higher. However it is not possible to assert that there was no manifestation of TDC for the climatic conditions and load proposed in the analysis.
19

Resistência de um solo não saturado a partir de ensaios com teor de umidade constante (CW) / Shear strength of an unsaturated soil from constant water content tests

Giovana Bizão Georgetti 16 April 2010 (has links)
Em muitas partes do mundo, engenheiros geotécnicos freqüentemente lidam com solos não saturados, e o desempenho de obras nestes solos depende de suas características mecânicas, como a resistência ao cisalhamento. A determinação experimental da resistência de solos não saturados pode ser feita em laboratório utilizando técnicas que permitem controle ou medida da sucção, sendo uma delas o ensaio de compressão triaxial com teor de umidade constante. Neste contexto, essa pesquisa analisa a resistência ao cisalhamento de um solo arenoso compactado não saturado por meio de ensaios de compressão triaxial. Ensaios do tipo adensado-drenado e adensado-não drenado foram realizados com solo saturado, enquanto ensaios com teor de umidade constante foram realizados para caracterizar o comportamento do solo não saturado. Os resultados dos ensaios com solo saturado foram combinados e forneceram uma envoltória de resistência comum em termos de tensões efetivas. Para o solo não saturado, as curvas tensão-deformação foram representadas pela diferença de tensões principais e por esta normalizada por algumas das variáveis de estado de tensão do solo. Tais curvas se assemelham a curvas típicas de um material plástico, com exceção das obtidas para a menor tensão confinante, nas quais se observou a ocorrência de picos de resistência. Já a sucção apresentou um comportamento comum a todos os ensaios, com redução inicial seguida de estabilização. As diferentes representações da curva tensão-deformação permitiram definir superfícies planares de resistência no espaço tensão x sucção x resistência, nas quais foram observadas pequenas variações nos valores de coesão efetiva e ângulo de atrito com relação à sucção. Apesar do bom ajuste destas envoltórias planares, os resultados mostraram alguma não-linearidade. Por fim, testaram-se os métodos de Khalili e Khabbaz (1998) e Vilar (2007) de previsão da resistência ao cisalhamento de solos não saturados. / In many parts of the world, geotechnical engineers frequently deal with unsaturated soils, and the performance of constructions on such soils depends on their mechanical characteristics, and among them, the shear strength. The unsaturated soil shear strength can be experimentally determined by using techniques which allow soil suction control or measurement and one of the available techniques is the constant water content triaxial compression test. In this context, this research analyzes the shear strength of an unsaturated compacted sandy soil using triaxial compression tests. Consolidated-drained and consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests were performed with the saturated soil, while constant water content triaxial compression tests were performed to characterize the unsaturated soil behavior. Results of tests with saturated soil were gathered and yielded a common shear strength envelope in terms of effective stress. Regarding the unsaturated soil, the stress-strain curves were represented by the deviator stress and the deviator stress normalized by some stress state variables of the soil. Such curves were similar to typical curves of a plastic material, except for those obtained for the lower confining pressure, in which peak of stress were observed. Suction development during shearing presented a common behavior to all the tests, with initial reduction followed by stabilization. The different representations of stress-strain curves allowed defining shear strength planar surfaces on stress x suction x strength space, which showed small variations of effective cohesion and angle related to suction. Despite of the good adjustment of these planar shear strength envelopes, the results showed some non-linearity. Finally, the methods proposed by Khalili and Khabbaz (1998) and Vilar (2007) for predicting the shear strength of unsaturated soils were tested.
20

Avaliação das propriedades mecânicas de ossos de coelhas submetidas à administração de glicocorticóides / Evaluation of mechanical properties of the bone´s of rabbits induced glucocorticoid administration

Célio Anderson da Silva Junior 26 August 2003 (has links)
O corticóide é usado nas várias especialidades médicas por ser um fármaco de potente efeito anti-inflamatório e imunossupressor, no entanto, é capaz de produzir algumas alterações metabólicas quando administrado por uso prolongado. Desta forma o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as possíveis alterações nas propriedades mecânicas de osso cortical e trabecular de coelhas albinas, quando submetidas à administração de corticoesteróide em altas doses e por tempo prolongado, através de ensaio mecânico de flexão em três pontos em tíbia e fêmures avaliados como estrutura, além de ensaios mecânicos em corpos de prova por flexão em três pontos em fêmures e compressão em vértebras (L5). Para o estudo foram utilizados 39 animais, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, experimental (GE) e controle (GC). Estes grupos foram divididos em quatro subgrupos, sendo 2 experimentais e 2 controles. Na investigação estrutural foram avaliadas as tíbias e fêmures direito por ensaios mecânicos de flexão em 3 pontos, e na investigação como material foram realizados ensaios mecânicos de flexão em 3 pontos para fêmures e compressão para vértebras (L5) através de corpos de prova. A metodologia utilizada para esta pesquisa foi igual para todos os animais, no entanto, o grupo experimental foi administrado durante 21 dias com o medicamento metilprednisolona (Solumedron) diluída em solução salina numa proporção de 2 mg/Kg/dia, e o grupo controle foi somente administrada solução salina na mesma dosagem. Todos os ensaios mecânicos foram realizados na Máquina Universal de Ensaio do Laboratório de Bioengenharia - FMRP/USP. Durante os ensaios foram registrados os valores das deflexões e as respectivas cargas aplicadas, sendo posteriormente confeccionadas curvas carga versus deflexão para cada osso ensaiado. As propriedades mecânicas determinadas para os fêmures e tíbias analisadas de forma estrutural foram: a carga aplicada no limite de proporcionalidade, deflexão no limite de proporcionalidade, carga máxima, rigidez e a resiliência de cada osso. Já para os fêmures e vértebras analisados como material ósseo, foram avaliados suas tensões máximas através da curva carga versus deflexão. Comparações estatísticas foram realizadas entre os resultados encontrados, através do teste T-Student, com nível de significância estabelecido em 5% para todos os parâmetros analisados. Nas análises estatísticas entre os grupos investigados não foram observadas diferenças significativas em nenhuma das comparações, porém observou-se ao final deste estudo uma perda de peso corporal significativa do grupo experimental. Desta forma foi evidenciado através dos resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa que as propriedades mecânicas investigadas não apresentaram alterações significativas com o protocolo de administração de medicamento, sugerindo-se que novos experimentos sejam realizados, com modificações de dosagem e tempo de aplicação. / Corticoteroids are used in many clinical conditions because they present strong anti-inflammatory and imunessupressor activities. But, at the same time, they can cause many metabolic alterations and side effects mainly when there is prolonged. In the present research we studied the possible alterations caused by steroids on the mechanical properties of lamellar and trabecular bone of rabbits. The mechanical properties were assessed by bending tests performed on intact femurs and tibial as well as in samples of cortical bone. Compression tests were performed in L5 vertebral. Thirty-seven female rabbits were randomly distributes in one experimental group (EG-animals) and control (CG animals). Such groups were divided into four subgroups: two experimentals and two controls. The experimental animals received 2mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone (Solumedron ® ) during three weeks. The control animals received the same volume of intramuscular injections of saline, once a day, during three weeks. From the load x deformation curves the load and deflexion were obtained at the yielding point. The ultimate load as well as resilience were also obtained for the intact bones. When the specimens were analysed the ultimate tension was determined. The statisitical analyses did not show any difference between treated and untreated animals for the mechanical properties. But the treated animals showed a significant loose of body weight. We ful that such results require a deepening in the investigation.

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