This thesis examines written autism info materials from web searches and autism expertrecommendations across Germany, Sweden, and the US. Making use of Conceptual MetaphorTheory and Critical Discourse Analysis, the different materials were analyzed with the help of codeschemes by marking down conceptual metaphors and other ideological words. The most commonmetaphors, and alternatives, with their implications for the view on autism, as well as the influenceof the Neurodiversity Movement pushing for a paradigm shift on autism, were analyzed. The mainfindings include the capitalist ideology causing autism to be seen as deficits to be cured through theconceptualization of autists as dysfunctional machines in need of fixing which is made possiblethrough turning autism into a concrete object situated in a human container. This allows theassumption that it is possible to remove ‘the autism’ from its container without altering it. However,especially in expert-recommended sources, the neurodiversity paradigm which aims to shift awayfrom a pathological perspective is finding more foothold which challenges the classical medicalparadigm dominating autism discourses. / Den här kandidatuppsatsen undersöker informationsmaterial om autism från webbsökningar ochautismexperters rekommendationer från Sverige, Tyskland och USA. Uppsatsen använder sig avConceptual metaphor theory och kritisk diskursanalys för att undersöka de främst förekommandemetaforer och de underliggande ideologier samt som implikationer dessa synsätten på autism har.Dessutom undersöker kandidatuppsatsen ett eventuellt pågående paradigmskifte, neurodiversitets-paradigmet, som inte ser på autism som en sjukdom utan en naurligt förekommande funktions-variation. De mest väsentliga resultaten innefattar hur kapitalistiska ideologier legitimerar kon-ceptualiseringen av autism som en sjukdom som ska botas. Det möjliggörs genom att se autismsom ett konkret objekt som finns inne i en mänsklig behållare och därmed går att ta bort. Dockbörjar neurodiversitetsparadigmet att utmana det hegemoniska synsättet på autism som en sjukdom,särskilt i informationsmaterial som rekommenderas av expterter.

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Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-11-24T11:22:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Samanta Kélly Menoncin Pierozan_.pdf: 2211732 bytes, checksum: df51b6675c3c210b2dce586056eb81d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-24T11:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samanta Kélly Menoncin Pierozan_.pdf: 2211732 bytes, checksum: df51b6675c3c210b2dce586056eb81d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-24 / Nenhuma / O objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar a metaforicidade dos Phrasal Verbs (PVs) tendo-se como pilar teorias da semântica cognitiva, principalmente a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual (TMC), desenvolvida por Lakoff e Johnson (1980). Além da TMC, no que diz respeito ao significado dos advérbios ou preposições constituintes dos PVs – os quais podem ser chamados de partículas –, consideram-se também as contribuições de Rudzka-Ostyn (2003), a qual utiliza esquemas imagéticos para representar os PVs, e de Lindner (1981), que parte da Gramática Cognitiva (LANGACKER, 1987) para analisá-los. Tendo como foco os PVs up e down, como metodologia, utiliza-se o ferramental da Linguística de Corpus, extraindo-se os PVs do Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). Após realizar a seleção dos Phrasal Verbs para análise, relaciona-se o significado dos PVs selecionados com os sentidos e esquemas imagéticos propostos por Rudzka-Ostyn (2003); verificam-se como como esses sentidos expressam os esquemas imagéticos propostos; identificam-se as metáforas conceptuais, em especial aquelas do tipo orientacional, conforme Lakoff e Johnson (1980); e verifica-se o mapeamento metafórico das concordâncias analisadas. Os resultados apontam que os PVs, na sua maioria, são metafóricos, e que essa metaforicidade tem forte relação com a semântica das partículas que constituem a construção verbo-partícula. Além disso, espera-se com a presente pesquisa agregar à proposta de caráter pedagógico de Rudzka-Ostyn (2003), contribuindo para o ensino e aprendizagem de PVs. / The main purpose of this study is to investigate the metaphor properties of Phrasal Verbs (PVs), based on cognitive semantic theories, especially the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). In addition, concerning the meaning of adverbs or prepositions that constitute PVs – which can be called particles –, contributions made by Rudzka-Ostyn (2003), who uses image schemas to represent PVs, and Lindner (1981), who takes into consideration Cognitive Grammar (LANGACKER, 1987) to analyze them, are considered. The up and down particles are the focus of this investigation. Regarding methodology, Corpus Linguistics is used, and the PVs are extracted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). After selecting them, the relation between the PVs and Rudzka-Ostyn’s image schemas is verified, as well as how their senses express the image schemas proposed by Rudzka-Ostyn (2003); conceptual metaphors, especially the orientational ones, are identified, in accordance with Lakoff and Johnson (1980); and the mapping between conceptual domains is verified. The results point that the PVs are mostly methaphoric, and that its metaphor properties are strongly related to the meaning of the particles that constitute each verb-particle construction. In addition, it is hoped this research adds to the pedagogical proposal of Rudzka-Ostyn (2003), contributing to the teaching and learning of PVs.

Herta Müller represents physical suffering and repression in her works, often reflecting on the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, and her constant interest in language and reflexivity towards writing have led her to develop sophisticated metaphors that she uses to illuminate language and its functioning under such subjugation. With reference to her fiction and non-fiction, I demonstrate how she uses concrete ideas to understand linguistic phenomena. She evokes injury, destruction, force, life, space, touch, silence, and other bodily experiences to make sense of language in the condition of suffering from social oppression. Drawing on conceptual metaphor theory within the framework of cognitive literary studies, I argue that Müller both relies on and estranges the ways in which people speak and think about language. Language is imagined differently depending on the circumstances and in close relationship with various sensory experiences. The complexity of the relationship between language and thought problematises the process of metaphor building and makes it difficult to identify its key aspects across different contexts and sensory modalities. Müller’s tropes are easy to experience, but difficult to analyse. The idea of language does not exist as a stable concept and is regularly reimagined in her texts; but its meaning is not arbitrary and depends on bodily experience. While Müller evokes such experience to understand language in the condition of suffering, she can also use linguistic concepts to elucidate more abstract ideas. Language can be regarded as an abstract or concrete phenomenon depending on the relevant bodily, linguistic, and cultural contexts. This project contributes to the study of Müller’s poetics as well as to the literary critical interpretation of embodied cognition, and develops the use of conceptual metaphor theory for literary analysis. It also seeks to develop understanding of the role of bodily experience in the metaphorical conceptualisation of language.

This study delves into the ways in which the displaced Palestinian characters in Susan Abulhawa’s Mornings in Jenin (2010) and Randa Abdel-Fattah’s Where the Streets Had a Name (2008) connect to their homeland through embodied metaphors, particularly through the personification of their native lands, which will be read with recourse to Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). By utilizing ecolinguistics as an analytical lens and applying CMT, this study illuminates how both literary works significantly underscore the urgency and cruciality of the human-nature interconnection and interdependence amid tragedy and dispossession. The authors’ use of metaphorical language to personify the land gives rise to the ontological conceptual metaphor NATURE IS A PERSON and other embodied metaphors, and these illustrate the profound interconnection between the characters and their ancestral lands. Subsequently, this study uncovers the ecological identities of the displaced characters, which ultimately leads them to attempt to establish physical and metaphorical connections with their ancestral villages. The physical connection is established through the concept of “eco-resistance”, which is crucial for their physical and psychological wellbeing, as well as the wellbeing of the land.

Recent scholarship demonstrates that the metaphor of taste, which represents aesthetic discernment as gustatory sensation, foregrounds ideologically laden questions of individual and cultural identity across a wide swath of literary history. But critics have yet to discover that taste is but one component of a much broader network of metaphors that figure the mind as a human body that eats and digests the world of objects and ideas. Using two approaches to metaphor from cognitive science, Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Fauconnier and Turner’s theory of "conceptual blending," I relate metaphors like reading-is-eating, ideas-are-food, and contemplation-is-digestion within a metaphor system that I call "the digesting mind." Applying this insight to organic aesthetics, I argue that poets expand organicism's metaphorical basis beyond the familiar poem-as-plant by introducing a mind that consumes plantlike poems. Coleridge, Wordsworth, Emerson, Whitman, and William Carlos Williams link writers and readers in an ideational economy figured as nutritional exchange. As each poet negotiates questions of creativity and literary influence, his biological, philosophical, political, and aesthetic beliefs converge in metaphors of the digesting mind. After introducing my approach in chapter one, I examine the digesting mind's importance in the evolution of organic aesthetics from English romanticism to American modernism. In chapter two, the digesting mind destabilizes Coleridge's influential distinction between mechanism and organicism by revealing, in Biographia Literaria, his anxiety that a diet of mechanistic literature will reduce the organic mind to a machine. Chapter three reads Wordsworth's Prelude in similar terms, as an allegory representing mental development as nutritional growth, in which the imagination requires an organic diet of poetry and nature. In chapter four, Whitman’s Leaves of Grass Americanizes the digesting mind with an Emersonian aesthetic that locates power in the poet’s present transformation of the literary past into future mental nourishment. In chapter five, Williams adapts Emerson's digesting mind with a pragmatic aesthetics of experience. By representing his Objectivist poems as fruit, as in "This is Just to Say," Williams relocates the organic ideals of vitality and unity from the poem, as aesthetic object, to the audience's felt experience of reading-as-eating. / 2017-11-04T00:00:00Z

Работа посвящена анализу метафорического моделирования образа действующего президента Франции и кандидата на второй срок, Эммануэля Макрона, в период предвыборной кампании. Объектом исследования являются метафорические словоупотребления в текстах французских СМИ, актуализирующие концептуальную сферу-мишень «Эммануэль Макрон». Предметом исследования являются особенности метафорического моделирования образа политика во французских СМИ. Цель исследования заключается в классификации наиболее употребимых метафорических моделей и описании особенностей развертывания метафорических моделей в данном контексте. Материал исследования составили 128 метафорических словоупотреблений, выявленных в текстах французских СМИ, опубликованных в период предвыборной кампании 2022 года. Методом сплошной выборки были отобраны фрагменты из наиболее читаемых французским СМИ: «Aujourd'hui en Frаnсe», «Libérаtion», «Politis», «Le Point», «Le Figаro», «Pаris Mаtсh», «L’Express», «Le nouvel observаteur», «Сhаrlie Hebdo», «Le Pаrisien», «Mаriаnne», «Le Journаl du Dimаnсhe», «Libérаtion» и «Le Figаro». Классификация и анализ отобранных текстовых фрагментов осуществлялся с помощью информационной систeмы экспeртного анализа «Лингвистика». Взятая за основу классификация А. П. Чудинова была значительно уточнена и дополнена в ходе работы. Для достижения поставленных целей использовался метод метафорического моделирования, дающий возможность выявить специфику доминантных метафорических моделей. Как показал анализ полученной статистики, чаще всего образ Э. Макрона концептуализируется с помощью метафор, относящихся к субсфере «Человек и социум» (по классификации А.П. Чудинова). Наиболее продуктивной в этой субсфере является монархическая метафора. Предполагается, что выявленное распределение метафор с большим перевесом в социальной субсфере обусловлено определением (метафорической номинацией) Э. Макрона через приписываемые ему социальные роли. Среди других доминирующих разрядов метафор можно назвать зооморфную метафору (субсфера «Природа»), физиологическую и морбиальную метафоры (субсфера «Человек»). Отдельное внимание в работе уделяется описанию и интерпретации выявленных метафорических моделей. Настоящая работа актуальна для понимания механизмов политической коммуникации в медиадискурсе и превалирующей роли метафоры как способа познания, категоризации, концептуализации и оценки мира политики. / The study analyzes the metaphorical modeling of the Emmanuel Macron’s political image in the modern French media and political discourse. The object of the study is the amount of metaphors that were found in French printed media and were used by the authors to conceptualize the target domain «Emmanuel Macron». The subject of research is the specifics of metaphorical modelling applicable for Emmanuel Macron’s political image. The objective of the research is to classify the most used metaphorical models and to describe the functioning of metaphorical models in the given context. The research material consists of 128 metaphors, found in the French press that came out in the period of 2022 electoral campaign. The metaphor usages were selected (in the mode of continuous sampling method) from the most read French media such as : «Aujourd'hui en Frаnсe», «Libérаtion», «Politis», «Le Point», «Le Figаro», «Pаris Mаtсh», «L’Express», «Le nouvel observаteur», «Сhаrlie Hebdo», «Le Pаrisien», «Mаriаnne», «Le Journаl du Dimаnсhe», «Libérаtion» and «Le Figаro». The selected textual fragments were classified and analyzed with the use of “Lingvistica”, the system of expert analysis. The study is based on the classification of metaphors by the Russian linguist A. P. Chudinov. It was significantly specified and increased in the process. Attaining the goals of the study was made possible due to the method of metaphorical modeling, which helps identify the specifics of dominant metaphorical models. The analysis showed that the image of Emmanuel Macron is preferably conceptualized with social metaphor (according to Chudinov’s classification). In this group of metaphors, the one prevailing is the monarchical metaphor. It is assumed that the apparent proportioning of metaphors within the metaphors’ groups is due to the social roles attributed to Emmanuel Macron. Among the other prevailing categories of metaphors there are the animalistic metaphor, physiological and morbial metaphors. The study gives particular attention to the description and interpretation of the discovered metaphorical models. The present study is of particular interest for those who search to understand the mechanisms of political communication in media discourse and the prevailing role of metaphor as a method of cognition, categorization, conceptualization and assessment of the world of politics.

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This MA thesis scrutinizes metaphors used by the late medieval English in order to explore the cultural response to climate anomalies of varying severity prefacing the Little Ice Age. The thesis indicates that changes in these cultural expressions marked a transformation in late medieval English writers' conceptions of the natural world and their relationship to it. The central hypothesis is that repeated, long-term unreliable and uncertain weather conditions, and the resulting material insecurities and losses, stimulated a fundamental cultural response which reconfigured the metaphors used for the natural world. Although the representation of nature is inescapably an act of imagination, metaphors and metonymies for nature will be identified in the medieval creative literature, as well as the proto-scientific study of weather, and, in the context of the socioeconomic metabolism model, be brought under the light of conceptual metaphor analysis for elucidation.

This MA thesis scrutinizes metaphors used by the late medieval English in order to explore the cultural response to climate anomalies of varying severity prefacing the Little Ice Age. The thesis indicates that changes in these cultural expressions marked a transformation in late medieval English writers' conceptions of the natural world and their relationship to it. The central hypothesis is that repeated, long-term unreliable and uncertain weather conditions, and the resulting material insecurities and losses, stimulated a fundamental cultural response which reconfigured the metaphors used for the natural world. Although the representation of nature is inescapably an act of imagination, metaphors and metonymies for nature will be identified in the medieval creative literature, as well as the proto-scientific study of weather, and, in the context of the socioeconomic metabolism model, be brought under the light of conceptual metaphor analysis for elucidation.