Master thesis is focused on design of ground heat pump with direct evaporation. First part is dedicated to description of heat pump technology, cooling circulation and sources of low-potential heat. Heat pump ground-water, its main components, classification of refridgerant and systems of direct evaporation are all described in the second part. The last part consists of design of each individual component of heat pump and solution of ground heat exchanger for direct evaporation of refridgerant.

The aim of this thesis is to design a surface condenser with lateral exhaust. A research in the field of surface condensers with lateral exhaust takes place before the design. Core of the thesis is a thermodynamic design of the heat exchanger, calculation of pressure losses on the side of coolant water, check of the tube bundles from standpoint of oscillation and a design of air removal pipeline. Finally a design of the condenser is supported with a drawing attached in the supplement.

No description available.

Grootvlei Power Station’s thermal efficiency had been on a steady declining trend since it was re-commissioned in 2008, which had tremendous financial implications to the company at the time of writing. The main contributory factor to the thermal efficiency losses was identified to be the condenser backpressure losses that the station was experiencing. This loss was responsible for approximately 17% of the total efficiency losses. Therefore an investigation was conducted to determine the potential impact of the condenser backpressure loss on the thermal efficiency and the financial implications thereof. The deliverables were to determine the cause of the condenser backpressure loss and propose possible resolutions, to quantify the financial effect and to produce a cost benefit analysis in order to justify certain corrective actions. Grootvlei Power Station is one of the older power stations in South Africa and it was used as the first testing facility for dry-cooling in South Africa. It consists of six 200MW units, two of which are dry-cooled units. In 1990 it was mothballed and due to rising power demands in South Africa, it was re-commissioned in 2008. Thermal efficiency has been playing a great role due to the power constraints and therefore it was deemed necessary to conduct this study. The approach that was used was one of experimental and quantitative research and analyses, incorporating deductive reasoning in order to test various hypotheses of factors that could have been contributing to the backpressure losses. In order to do so, a logic diagram was designed which could be used to aid in the identification of possible causes of the condenser backpressure losses. The logic diagram was able to identify whether the problem had to do with the cooling tower or the condenser. It was able to identify which area on the condenser was defective i.e. whether the pumps were not performing, or whether the air ejectors were not performing. It was also able to indicate whether the inefficiency was due to air ingress or fouling. Alongside the logic diagram, a condenser efficiency analysis was used in order to strengthen and improve on the investigation. This analysis was able to identify whether the condenser was experiencing fouling conditions, air ingress, passing valves or low cooling water flow. After the investigation commenced, it was decided to focus on the two largest contributing units since the largest contributor was a dry-cooled unit and the second largest contributor was a wet-cooled unit, thus some comparison between the units was incorporated. The condenser efficiency analysis on Unit 3 (wet-cooled unit) indicated a low cooling water flow, fouling as well as air ingress. The logic diagram indicated poor cooling tower performance, high air ingress as well as fouling. Further tests and analyses as well as visual inspections confirmed these phenomena and condenser fouling was identified to be the largest contributor to the backpressure loss on this unit. The condenser efficiency analysis on Unit 6 indicated that air was entering the condenser. The logic diagram indicated that a segment of the backpressure loss was due to poor cooling tower performance. Inspection of the cooling tower indicated damage and leaks. A cooling tower performance test was conducted and the result of the test indicated that the tower was in need of cleaning. Further analyses according to the logic diagram indicated that the condenser was experiencing air ingress which concurred with the condenser efficiency analysis. A helium test, condensate extraction pump pressure test as well as a flood test was conducted on this unit and various air in-leakage points were identified. The financial implications of the backpressure losses were investigated and found to be costing millions each month. The condenser backpressure loss was contributing more than 2% to the thermal efficiency loss. The cost benefit analysis indicated that the cost of cleaning the condenser on Unit 3 would be made up within six months and a return on investment of 16,6% was calculated. The cost benefit analysis motivates for extended outage times for the purpose of cleaning the condensers from a financial perspective. Therefore, it was recommended to clean the condenser on Unit 3 and fix all known defects on the unit as well as on Unit 6. The cooling towers were recommended to be refurbished. Further investigation was recommended to determine the feasibility of installing an online cleaning system on the wet-cooled units’ condensers such as a Taprogge system. Alternative investigation methods were suggested such as smoke stick analyses for air ingress determination. It was also recommended to review the maintenance strategies that were being used since many of the defects were found to be maintenance related. If the identified problem areas are attended to, the condenser backpressure loss will decrease and the condensers transfer heat more efficiently which will lead to financial gains for Grootvlei Power Station as well as efficiency gains, plant reliability and availability gains. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Grootvlei Power Station’s thermal efficiency had been on a steady declining trend since it was re-commissioned in 2008, which had tremendous financial implications to the company at the time of writing. The main contributory factor to the thermal efficiency losses was identified to be the condenser backpressure losses that the station was experiencing. This loss was responsible for approximately 17% of the total efficiency losses. Therefore an investigation was conducted to determine the potential impact of the condenser backpressure loss on the thermal efficiency and the financial implications thereof. The deliverables were to determine the cause of the condenser backpressure loss and propose possible resolutions, to quantify the financial effect and to produce a cost benefit analysis in order to justify certain corrective actions. Grootvlei Power Station is one of the older power stations in South Africa and it was used as the first testing facility for dry-cooling in South Africa. It consists of six 200MW units, two of which are dry-cooled units. In 1990 it was mothballed and due to rising power demands in South Africa, it was re-commissioned in 2008. Thermal efficiency has been playing a great role due to the power constraints and therefore it was deemed necessary to conduct this study. The approach that was used was one of experimental and quantitative research and analyses, incorporating deductive reasoning in order to test various hypotheses of factors that could have been contributing to the backpressure losses. In order to do so, a logic diagram was designed which could be used to aid in the identification of possible causes of the condenser backpressure losses. The logic diagram was able to identify whether the problem had to do with the cooling tower or the condenser. It was able to identify which area on the condenser was defective i.e. whether the pumps were not performing, or whether the air ejectors were not performing. It was also able to indicate whether the inefficiency was due to air ingress or fouling. Alongside the logic diagram, a condenser efficiency analysis was used in order to strengthen and improve on the investigation. This analysis was able to identify whether the condenser was experiencing fouling conditions, air ingress, passing valves or low cooling water flow. After the investigation commenced, it was decided to focus on the two largest contributing units since the largest contributor was a dry-cooled unit and the second largest contributor was a wet-cooled unit, thus some comparison between the units was incorporated. The condenser efficiency analysis on Unit 3 (wet-cooled unit) indicated a low cooling water flow, fouling as well as air ingress. The logic diagram indicated poor cooling tower performance, high air ingress as well as fouling. Further tests and analyses as well as visual inspections confirmed these phenomena and condenser fouling was identified to be the largest contributor to the backpressure loss on this unit. The condenser efficiency analysis on Unit 6 indicated that air was entering the condenser. The logic diagram indicated that a segment of the backpressure loss was due to poor cooling tower performance. Inspection of the cooling tower indicated damage and leaks. A cooling tower performance test was conducted and the result of the test indicated that the tower was in need of cleaning. Further analyses according to the logic diagram indicated that the condenser was experiencing air ingress which concurred with the condenser efficiency analysis. A helium test, condensate extraction pump pressure test as well as a flood test was conducted on this unit and various air in-leakage points were identified. The financial implications of the backpressure losses were investigated and found to be costing millions each month. The condenser backpressure loss was contributing more than 2% to the thermal efficiency loss. The cost benefit analysis indicated that the cost of cleaning the condenser on Unit 3 would be made up within six months and a return on investment of 16,6% was calculated. The cost benefit analysis motivates for extended outage times for the purpose of cleaning the condensers from a financial perspective. Therefore, it was recommended to clean the condenser on Unit 3 and fix all known defects on the unit as well as on Unit 6. The cooling towers were recommended to be refurbished. Further investigation was recommended to determine the feasibility of installing an online cleaning system on the wet-cooled units’ condensers such as a Taprogge system. Alternative investigation methods were suggested such as smoke stick analyses for air ingress determination. It was also recommended to review the maintenance strategies that were being used since many of the defects were found to be maintenance related. If the identified problem areas are attended to, the condenser backpressure loss will decrease and the condensers transfer heat more efficiently which will lead to financial gains for Grootvlei Power Station as well as efficiency gains, plant reliability and availability gains. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-25T13:35:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Schardosin Ferreira_.pdf: 4214270 bytes, checksum: b40eaaf06dd9b49a976b944788dce2f1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T13:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Schardosin Ferreira_.pdf: 4214270 bytes, checksum: b40eaaf06dd9b49a976b944788dce2f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / Nenhuma / Nessa dissertação foi apresentado um estudo do uso do ejetor bifásico em um sistema de refrigeração para condicionamento de ar automotivo, para recuperação das perdas de energia durante o processo de expansão. Um modelo numérico foi utilizado para a predição do ganho energético com a aplicação do ejetor com base no ciclo padrão de ejetor proposto por Gay (1931). Posteriormente, foi proposto um modelo numérico para a determinação das dimensões básicas necessárias para a fabricação do ejetor. Uma bancada de simulação construída para o ciclo de refrigeração padrão para condicionamento de ar automotivo foi modificada para a instalação do ejetor e passou a operar de acordo com o ciclo COS de Oshitani et al. (2005). Dos diversos modelos matemáticos existentes na literatura, foi escolhido um modelo de simulação de ciclo de ejetor para operação em regime subcrítico da análise unidimensional proposta por Kornhauser (1990) e para a solução do modelo foram desenvolvidos programas computacionais no software EES - Engineering Equation Solver, no qual as rotinas de cálculos foram construídas para solução numérica iterativa visando à determinação do ponto ótimo de operação do ciclo. Para comprovação do modelo e dos resultados obtidos pelos programas, foi repetida a análise apresentada por Kornhauser (1990) e os resultados comparados com os seus. Os resultados gerados pelos programas mostraram boa aderência aos publicados por autores que estudaram aplicação semelhante, sendo assim considerados confiáveis na aplicação para predição de desempenho de ciclos com ejetor em operação com fluidos em regime subcrítico. A bancada de testes instalada no Laboratório de Estudos Térmicos e Fluido Dinâmicos da Unisinos (LETEF), construída por Souza (2011) e posteriormente utilizada por Noetzold (2016) na simulação do ciclo padrão de refrigeração de um sistema de condicionamento de ar automotivo foi alterada para instalação do ejetor em operação sob configuração do ciclo COS. A adoção do ciclo COS se deu em função da incerteza do retorno de óleo e do controle da separação das fases do refrigerante no acumulador de sucção do ciclo padrão. O sistema foi submetido as condições de operação previstas na norma SAE J2765 OCT2008 (2008) e operou com R-134a. Os resultados foram comparados com os do ciclo padrão de Noetzold (2016) apresentando aumento médio do COP do ciclo de 25% para a faixa de baixa rotação e de 46% para a faixa de alta rotação e comparados também aos resultados de Lawrence (2012). / In this work was presented a study of the use of the ejector in a cooling system for automotive air conditioning, to recover energy losses during the expansion process. A numerical model was used to predict the energetic gain with ejector application based on the ejector standard cycle proposed by Gay (1931). Subsequently, a numerical model was proposed to determine the basic dimensions necessary for the ejector manufacturing. A simulation system for the standard refrigeration cycle for automotive air conditioning was modified for the ejector installation and started to operate according to the COS cycle by Oshitani et al. (2005). From the several mathematical models in the literature, a model of the ejector cycle simulation for subcritical fluids of the one-dimensional analysis proposed by Kornhauser (1990) was chosen, and for the solution of the model computational programs were developed in the EES - Engineering Equation Solver software in which the calculation routines were constructed for iterative numerical solution in order to determine the optimum operating point of the cycle. To prove the model and the results obtained by the programs, the analysis presented by Kornhauser (1990) and the results compared were repeated. The results generated by the programs showed good results, being thus considered reliable in the application to predict performance of ejector cycles in operation with sub-critical fluids. The simulation system installed in the Laboratory of Thermal and Dynamic Fluid Studies of Unisinos (LETEF), built by Souza (2011) and later used by Noetzold (2016) in the simulation of the standard refrigeration cycle of an automotive air conditioning system, was changed for installation of the ejector in operation under COS cycle configuration. The choice of the COS cycle was due to the uncertainty of the oil return to compressor and the control of the separation of the phases of the refrigerant in the suction accumulator of the standard cycle. The system was subjected to the operating conditions set forth in the standard SAE J2765 OCT2008 (2008) and operated with R-134a. The results were compared with those of standard cycle by Noetzold (2016), showing a mean increase of the cycle COP of 25% for the low rotation range and 46% for the high rotation range and also compared to Lawrence (2012).

The Thesis discusses about safety systems of nuclear power plants, primarily about passive containment protection. That have aims to reduce increase of pressure during the LOCA. It occupy specific type of passive system, it is Ice Condenser. In chapters is make step by step design of replacement current material for other material, that changes its phase at higher temperature. It chose a suitable material, prepared thermal calculation and structural design. Finally is prepared the economic analysis of production of new type condenser.

The Master’s thesis dealing with air-cooled condensers is split into four sections. The first section shows an overview of air cooling, introduction into air-cooled condensers of A-frame shape and finned tubes. The second section deals with heat transfer on the steam side and deals with trapped incondensables on the steam side of ACC. The third section deals with heat transfer on the air side, shows a brief overview of fans and selected problems on the air side. In the last section the simplified thedmodynamic calculation of air-cooled condenser is shown.

This diploma thesis deals with design of surface condensers with axial steam inlet which are widely used in the energy industry. In the practical part, hydraulic and heat calculation, dump-tube design and calculation of by-pass were made to design surface condenser with axial steam inlet. Two types of surface condenser were designed in order to compare impact of two different heat transfer tube materials. Stainless steel and copper-nickel alloy were used for condenser calculation. Stainless steel and copper-nickel alloy condensers were compared in order to weight calculation and condenser price estimation.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is aimed at the development of an efficient and reliable method of evaluating the performance of an air-cooled steam condenser (ACSC) under windy conditions, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A two-step modelling approach is employed as a result of computational limitations. The numerical ACSC model developed in this study makes use of the pressure jump fan model, amongst other approximations, in an attempt to minimize the computational expense of the performance evaluation. The accuracy of the numerical model is verified through a comparison of the numerical results to test data collected during full scale tests carried out on an operational ACSC. Good correlation is achieved between the numerical results and test data. Further verification is carried out through a comparison to previous numerical work. Satisfactory convergence is achieved for the most part and the few discrepancies in the results are explained. The effect of wind on ACSC performance at El Dorado Power Plant (Nevada, USA) is investigated and it is found that reduced fan performance due to distorted flow at the inlet of the upstream fans is the primary contributor to the reduction in performance associated with increased wind speed in this case. An attempt is subsequently made to identify effective wind effect mitigation measures. To this end the effects of wind screens, solid walkways and increasing the fan power are investigated. It is found that the installation of an appropriate wind screen configuration provides a useful means of reducing the negative effects of wind on ACSC performance and an improved wind screen configuration is suggested for El Dorado. Solid walkways are also shown to be beneficial to ACSC performance under windy conditions. It is further found that ACSC performance increases with walkway width but that the installation of excessively wide walkways is not justifiable. Finally, increasing the fan power during periods of unfavourable ambient conditions is shown to have limited benefit in this case. The model developed in this study has the potential to allow for the evaluation of large ACSC installations and provides a reliable platform from which further investigations into improving ACSC performance under windy conditions can be carried out. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is daarop gemik om die ontwikkeling van 'n geskikte en betroubare metode van evaluering van die verrigting van ’n lugverkoelde stoom-kondensator (air-cooled steam condenser, ACSC) onder winderige toestande, met behulp van numeriese vloei-dinamika. ’n Twee-stap modelleringsbenadering is aangewend as gevolg van rekenaar beperkings. Die numeriese ACSC-model wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel is, maak gebruik van die druksprong waaier model, asook ander benaderings, in ’n poging om die berekeningskoste van die verrigting-evaluering te verminder. Die akkuraatheid van die numeriese model is bevestig deur middel van ’n vergelyking van die numeriese resultate met toetsdata ingesamel tydens die volskaal toetse uitgevoer op ’n operasionele ACSC. Goeie korrelasie is bereik tussen die numeriese resultate en toetsdata. Verdere bevestiging is uitgevoer deur middel van ’n vergelyking met vorige numeriese werk. Bevredigende konvergensie is in die algemeen bereik en die paar verskille in die resultate word verduidelik. Die effek van wind op ACSC verrigting by El Dorado Power Plant (Nevada, VSA) is ondersoek, en daar is bevind dat verlaagde waaierverrigting, as gevolg van vervormde vloei by die inlaat van die stroomop waaiers, die primêre bydraer is tot die afname in ACSC werkverrigting geassosieer met verhoogde windsnelheid in hierdie geval. ’n Poging word dan aangewend om effektiewe wind-effek velagingsmaatreëls te identifiseer. Windskerms, soliede wandelvlakke en die verhoging van die waaierkrag word gevolglik ondersoek. Daar is bevind dat die installasie van ’n toepaslike windskerm-opset ’n nuttige middel tot ’n vermindering van die negatiewe effekte van wind op ACSC verrigting bied, en ’n verbeterde windskerm opset is voorgestel vir El Dorado. Soliede wandelvlakke word ook aanbeveel as voordelig vir ACSC verrigting onder winderige toestande. Dit is verder bevind dat die ACSC prestasie verhoog met wandelvlak breedte, maar dat die installasie van ’n te ruim wandelvlak nie regverdigbaar is nie. Ten slotte, word bewys dat die verhoging van die waaierkrag tydens periodes van ongunstige omgewingsomstandighede ’n beperkte voordeel in hierdie geval het. Die model wat ontwikkel is in hierdie studie het die potensiaal om voorsiening te maak vir die evaluering van groot ACSC- installasies en bied ’n betroubare platform vanwaar verdere ondersoeke tot die verbetering van ACSC verrigting onder winderige toestande uitgevoer kan word.