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La défense de la République espagnole pendant la guerre d’Espagne (1936-1939) a constitué un point de cristallisation de l’engagement des intellectuels européens et un catalyseur de la mobilisation des femmes en faveur d’un régime qui leur avait reconnu des droits dans la Constitution de 1931. A la croisée de ces deux communautés, seize femmes se sont impliquées dans cet épisode majeur de l’histoire européenne du XXème siècle en apportant leur soutien actif au gouvernement républicain. En mettant en regard ces huit Espagnoles (Rosa Chacel, Ernestina de Champourcin, Carmen Conde, María Teresa León, Concha Méndez Cuesta, Margarita Nelken, Isabel Oyarzábal de Palencia et María Zambrano) et ces huit étrangères (Valentine Ackland, Agnia Barto, Nancy Cunard, Clara Malraux, Anna Sehers, Sylvia Townsend Warner, Andrée Viollis, Simone Weil), cette thèse prétend mettre au jour des personnalités et des trajectoires individuelles méconnues – voire inconnues – et apporter sur le conflit un éclairage nouveau. A travers la prise en compte des prémices de leur engagement commun contre le fascisme entre 1936 et 1939, l’analyse de leur contribution directe à l’effort de guerre et l’étude de leur participation à la défense de la culture, il s’agit de montrer que la guerre d’Espagne fut pour toutes un espace d’affirmation et de revendication d’elles-mêmes comme femmes, comme antifascistes et comme femmes de lettres. / During the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), many European intellectuals took position supporting the Spanish Republic. So did women, who rallied to defend a regime whose 1931 Constitution had granted them voting rights. Thus sixteen women of letters got involved in one of the critical events of the 20th century, taking an active part in defending the Republican Government. Comparing these 8 Spanish women (Rosa Chacel, Ernestina de Champourcin, Carmen Conde, María Teresa León, Concha Méndez Cuesta, Margarita Nelken, Isabel Oyarzábal de Palencia et María Zambrano) and 8 foreigners (Valentine Ackland, Agnia Barto, Nancy Cunard, Clara Malraux, Anna Sehers, Sylvia Townsend Warner, Andrée Viollis, Simone Weil), the PhD dissertation aims to both cast light on these not very well-known women and their personal commitments and destinies, and provide new insight on the Civil War. Taking into account the early stages of their common commitment against fascism between 1936 and 1939, and analyzing their direct contribution to the war effort and their defense of culture, the dissertation aims to show that the Spanish Civil War gave these women the opportunity to assert themselves as women, as activists and as women of letters.

Le but de ce mémoire est d´étudier le roman de Fatou Diome, Le ventre de l´Atlantique. Diome lance un message aux jeunes Africains : elle les enjoint à s´assumer et à vivre dans la dignité, ce qui joue un rôle important dans l´oeuvre. Le thème que nous traitons est la poétique du mirage. Diome construit un mirage autour de l´immigration et nous montrons quels procédés elle utilise pour faire passer son message. Notre travail est composé de deux grandes parties : la construction du mirage et la destruction du mythe et d’une partie intermédiaire consacrée à l’entre-deux mondes : l’océan Atlantique que l’auteure personnifie en lui attribuant un ventre. / The purpose of this memoir is to study the work of Fatou Diome, The Belly of the Atlantic. Diome sends a message to young Africans: to take responsibility and dignity play an important role in the work. The theme we will deal with is the aesthetics of mirage. She is building a mirage around immigration and we will show what she is doing to get her message across. Our work is composed of two main parts: The construction of the mirage and the destruction of the myth and an intermediate part devoted to the in-between worlds: the Atlantic Ocean that the author personifies by attributing it a belly.

This study probes selected stories from Bessie Head's The Collector of Treasures (1977) in order to elicit instances of contiguity and disjuncture between orality and literacy, to establish Head's complex identity configurations which are often manifested in the interactions between aesthetic form and content, authorial consciousness, character delineation, and narrative voice. At the same time, the dissertation explores her portrayal of the proscribed condition of women, the subversive consciousness that undercuts women's subjugation by patriarchy, and her vision for the liberatory possibilities for women from the exigencies of patriarchal domination. I also examine Head's (re-)vision of culture within the framework of hybridity and creolity and determine how some of these perspectives are crystallized in discourses such as When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971) and A Question of Power (1973). I juxtapose my reading of Head with other African writers such as Bâ, Emecheta and Nwapa to draw references in instances where the context permits. The dominant critical approach adopted in this thesis is a contextual approach. I consider this approach useful for my purposes because of its flexibility, the attention it pays to the formal properties of literary texts and, its cognizance of the socio-historical genesis of texts and its demonstration of literature's timeless value. / English Studies / M.A. (English)

This study probes selected stories from Bessie Head's The Collector of Treasures (1977) in order to elicit instances of contiguity and disjuncture between orality and literacy, to establish Head's complex identity configurations which are often manifested in the interactions between aesthetic form and content, authorial consciousness, character delineation, and narrative voice. At the same time, the dissertation explores her portrayal of the proscribed condition of women, the subversive consciousness that undercuts women's subjugation by patriarchy, and her vision for the liberatory possibilities for women from the exigencies of patriarchal domination. I also examine Head's (re-)vision of culture within the framework of hybridity and creolity and determine how some of these perspectives are crystallized in discourses such as When Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971) and A Question of Power (1973). I juxtapose my reading of Head with other African writers such as Bâ, Emecheta and Nwapa to draw references in instances where the context permits. The dominant critical approach adopted in this thesis is a contextual approach. I consider this approach useful for my purposes because of its flexibility, the attention it pays to the formal properties of literary texts and, its cognizance of the socio-historical genesis of texts and its demonstration of literature's timeless value. / English Studies / M.A. (English)