The role of factors previously implicated as leading to confirmation bias during hypothesis testing was explored. Confirmation bias is a phenomenon in which people select cases for testing when the expected results of the case are more likely to support their current belief than falsify it. Klayman (1995) proposed three primary determinants for confirmation bias. Klayman and his colleagues proposed that a general positive testing strategy leads to the phenomenon of confirmation bias. According to Klayman’s account, participants in previous research were not actively working to support their hypothesis. Rather, they were applying a valid hypothesis testing strategy that works well outside of laboratory tasks. In laboratory tasks, such as Wason’s 2-4-6 task (Wason, 1960), the strategy failed because the nature of the task takes advantage of particular flaws in the positive testing behavior participants learned through their experience with the real-world. Given Klayman’s proposed set of determinants for the positive testing strategy phenomenon, treatments were developed that would directly violate the assumptions supporting application of the positive testing strategy. If participants were able to identify and act on these violations of the assumptions, the number of positive tests was expected to be reduced. The test selection portion of the Mynatt, Doherty, and Tweney (1977) microworld experiment was modified with additional instruction conditions and a new scenario description to investigate the impact of the treatments to reduce confirmation bias in test selection. Despite expectations, the thematic content modifications and determinant-targeting instruction conditions had no effect on participant positive test selection.

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Thesis (D. Min.)--Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, MO, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves final 1-8).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, MO, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves final 1-8).

Thesis (M.A.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [57]-58).

The objectives of the thesis research were twofold. One objective was to conduct an exploratory investigation of the underlying response mechanism to an auditor's request for confirmation of accounts receivable. The second objective was to investigate the validity of confirmation evidence. Validity was defined in terms of detection of errors.

Aim: To illuminate relatives need of support when caring for or supporting a person suffering from mental illness Background: Relatives of a person suffering from mental illness have different needs. It has for the past few years merely been little improvements in the relative's situation. Methods: Focus group interviews with fourteen relatives. Data were analyzed through manifest content analysis. Findings: Three categories were found: Functioning contact channels to the psychiatric health care organization, Need of an active support from the psychiatric health care organization and Need of support from community resources. Conclusion: The relatives need more attention and understanding for their situation. The support of relatives must be designed and monitored individually. A collaboration or a well-functioning relation with the psychiatric nurses, other professionals working in the health care organisation and social services gives a mutual respect and trust which in turn leads to that the relative is confirmed as an important resource in the care of the mentally ill person. The relatives need an increased support and understanding from the community.

The aim of this thesis essay is to show that Bayesian confirmation theory can be used instead of the hypothetico-deductive method for all sciences.Føllesdal argues in his paper "Hermeneutics and the hypotheticodeductive method" that the hypothetico-deductive method is used in all sciences, only more or less visible and this paper takes his arguments and applies the same reasoning to Bayesian confirmation theory. To do this, an an example of literature study is gone through where the Bayesian confirmation theory is applied. The cases of confirmation and disconfirmation from the hypothetico-deductive method are worked through in terms of Bayes' theorem and the conclusions are that Bayesian confirmation theory can be used with respect to all sciences and that it might prove even better since its higher adaptability.

In recent months, presidential appointments to the Supreme Court have become an increasingly salient issue with both the public and the press. The relevance of the topic makes it an inviting subject for political science research. When looking at the question of judicial quality, the problem that researchers have faced in the past is one of quantifying quality. This work seeks to expand on previous survey research done on the quality of individual justices. By using quality scores (Comiskey 2004) as a dependent variable, it is possible to analyze influences on the President’s nomination choice and their relative impacts on the quality of justices. By using a more rigorous approach, this study can more confidently make assertions about the nature of the nomination and confirmation process and the quality of Supreme Court justices.

Background: There are many people waiting for a kidney transplant. To get a kidney from a living donor has many advantages. The gift is about giving and receiving. The decision is characterized by life-philosophy of the donor. Aim: To highlight the experiences of the kidney donation process. Methods: A systematic literature review in which 11 articles were included, seven qualitative and four quantitative. The articles are quality and ethically reviewed, the results are analyzed according Granskär & Höglund and Polit & Beck. Results: The results were gathered under two themes: the decision-process shows the path from idea to decision and implementation-process treats the donation and confirmation of the gift. The results indicate that the donation process is a complex experience for the donor. Many emotions are involved,  no feeling is right or wrong. It is mainly out of concern that living donations are carried out and a sense of strong validation for the donor to give the gift of life. Conclusion: Giving the gift of life, a piece of oneself, out of altruism and solicitude for one another according Martinsens philosophy of caring will provide a confirmation and satisfaction with life-long perspective of the donor.