This qualitative study has examined the Zapatista educational projects in Chiapas, drawing on two months of fieldwork conducted in the Caracoles of La Realidad, Oventic and Morelia. The aim of the study has been to develop a critical reflection upon how the Zapatistas through their educational projects have addressed past issues of educational malpractice. Employing methods of participant observations and informal narrative interviews it has been possible to get the empirical material that have explained the understandings in the communities that today informs the practices of Zapatista education. Through the application of critical pedagogy it has been possible to interpret and explore how the projects have based in 1) a view of knowledge as a de-commodified social construct. 2) The need of teachers, or promoters, to be developed in democratic manners and 3) the reemphasis on successful bilingual education to support a process of conscientization. Hence fundamentally contrasting against the historical implementations of education interpreted in a banking manner. As these premises constitutes a problem-posing education the concepts have been interpreted to amount to a peace education resulting in the development of values and attitudes that articulates an utopia of a world with room for many worlds, guiding aspirations of peace.

Lesotho is a country plagued by underdevelopment and poverty. This research is a case study of an indigenous community organisation in the northern district of Botha-Bothe in Lesotho. Boseele is a rural development organisation which attracted international donor investment in the aftermath of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. The study aims at investigating the impact of capacity development processes on Boseele and its members. The study identified capacity building landmarks over a period of ten years. A case study approach was used within a qualitative research design. Data was collected through individual and group interviews, observations, story-telling and transect walks. The results were analysed through thematic, chronological, narrative and document analysis. Boseele’s successes with CIDA funding reflect positive foreign aid contributions towards the work of civil society organisations in Lesotho. However, setbacks and lack of continuity by a nursery project funded by MS-Lesotho show that the empowerment process is vulnerable where social and economic problems of individual members and communities are not fully addressed.

The sense of crisis that marks our times may be seen as a crisis for dominant groups whose once-secure hegemony is being challenged by marginalised others. It is in theorising the reply from the dominant group to the voices of the oppressed that existing Western conceptions of social change fall silent. The dominant Pakeha group in Aotearoa New Zealand has used discourses of benign colonisation and harmonious race relations to resist 165 years of communication from indigenous Māori about their oppression and a dishonoured treaty for settlement. My research documents the appearance of the Treaty of Waitangi into the Pakeha consciousness, and the now 30 year-long response by a Pakeha antiracism movement to educate their own cultural group about its agreements. Targeting government, community and social services organisations, activist educators used Freire's (1975) approach of conscientising dialogue to present a more critical view of colonisation, and to encourage participants to consider the complicity of their organisations in ongoing structural and cultural racism. Based on my membership of local and national networks of activist educators, I was able to organise and facilitate data gathering from three sources to investigate processes of Pakeha change in: (i) unpublished material describing the antiracism and Treaty movement's historical theorising and strategies over 30 years, (ii) a country-wide process of co-theorising among contemporary Treaty educator groups about their work and perceived influence, and (iii) a collection of organisational accounts of Treaty-focused change. The collected records confirmed that a coherent anti-colonial discourse, which I have termed 'Pakeha honouring the Treaty', was in use to construct institutional and constitutional changes in non-government organisations. My interpretation of key elements in a local theory of transforming action included emotional responses to counter-cultural information, collective work for cultural and institutional change and practising a mutually agreed relationship with Māori. I concluded that these emotional, collective and relationship processes in dominant group change were crucial in helping to construct the new conceptual resources of 'affirming Māori authority' and 'striving towards a right relationship with Māori'. These counter-colonial constructions allowed Pakeha a non-resistant and facilitative response to Māori challenge, and enabled a dialogue with Māori about decolonisation. By examining in one research programme the genealogy and interdependencies of a new discourse, my research contributes to theorising about the production of new, counter-hegemonic discourses, and confirms the crucial part played by social movements in developing new, liberatory constructions of the social order. My research calls for further theory-building on (i) emotional and spiritual aspects of transformational learning, (ii) processes involved in consciously-undertaken cultural change by dominant/coloniser groups, and (iii) practising of mutually agreed relationships with indigenous peoples by dominant/coloniser groups. My research has implications for theorising how coloniser and dominant groups generally may participate in liberatory social change and decolonisation work, and the part played by the Western states in the global struggles by indigenous people for recognition of their world-views and aspirations. It remains to be seen whether counter-colonial discourses and organisational changes aimed at 'honouring the Treaty' with indigenous peoples will be sufficiently widely adopted to help transform Western dominating cultures and colonial projects. In the meantime, acknowledging and documenting these counter-colonial discourses and their constructions opens up increasing possibilities for constructing, from a history of colonisation, a different future.

L'éducation populaire est un apprentissage collectif à la compétence diagnostique, à l'argumentation rationnelle, à la réflexion critique sur la participation citoyenne pour que chacun puisse conscientiser son expérience sociale. Les animateurs socioculturels sont des généralistes de la relation pour dialoguer et de l'association pour agir ensemble avec une visée de renforcement ou de transformation du lien social. La relation des bénévoles et des professionnels est un assemblage délicat pour démultiplier la compétence collective de s'associer qui nécessite de partager des valeurs sur le projet politique. Le système de l'éducation nonformelle doit faire reconnaître sa visée éducative dans les socialisations intergénérationnelles, dans l'éducation permanente tout au long de la vie, dans la démocratie culturelle, dans la citoyenneté participative. L'association représente un espace d'autoformation sur un territoire de proximité : une situation d'écoute et de coopération, un débat sur les besoins des populations, une analyse critique de l'action sociale et politique, la construction de réponses alternatives. L'éducation du citoyen est une éducation à la discussion pour comprendre les problèmes et débattre des politiques envisagées pour y répondre. La posture de résolution de problèmes s'acquiert en évaluant, en expérimentant, en prenant des risques ensemble, et en délibérant pour choisir. La communauté réflexive et dialogique construit un savoir sur les contextes et une interprétation de la réalité pour produire du sens et dépasser les préjugés, l'évaluation de la situation permet de penser des actions pour essayer de modifier l'environnement et les interactions inégalitaires

Les chansons populaires et les bouts rimés, sources trop longtemps négligées par l'historiographie, offrent une lunette d'observation originale pour qui désire étudier une société. À travers leurs propos, il est permis de découvrir les traces d'une culture populaire où une multitude d'informations circule dans toutes les classes sociales, démocratisant ainsi l'accès à l'information grâce au caractère oral souvent attaché à la forme brève versifiée. Réfutant l'idée d'opposition entre une culture populaire et une autre réservée aux élites, l'analyse de la poésie d'actualité à Paris au début de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle permet d'affirmer l'existence d'une « culture ordinaire » où tous ont la capacité d'acquérir des bases communes. Parmi celles-ci il est permis, à l'aide d'une analyse sérielle, qualitative et d'une confrontation des propos de la poésie d'actualité et d'une écriture de témoignage, de dégager une importante présence d'informations politiques participant alors à une politisation ordinaire de la société. Les chansons et les bouts rimés circulant dans les années 1750 donnent l'occasion au peuple de s'initier à la politique du royaume et ce processus est stimulé par une culture du divertissement dans laquelle la poésie d'actualité s'inscrit. L'étude comparée des propos des chansons et bouts rimés permet de déceler la présence d'une opinion publique défavorable à la monarchie qui prend racine dans toutes les classes sociales de la population allant jusqu'à témoigner de la désacralisation royale qui s'amorce au tournant des années 1750. De ce fait, l'analyse de la poésie d'actualité nous offre la possibilité de découvrir un médium de communication puissant et qui, grâce à son caractère oral, démocratise l'accès à l'information bien plus que les livres et gazettes qui sont, à l'époque, l'apanage d'un groupe plus restreint de lecteurs. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : chanson, poésie, culture, politique, satire, Paris, XVIIIe siècle

<p><br /> A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of&nbsp / efficacy&nbsp / amongst the audience. Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action. </p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p align="left">A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. <font face="Times New Roman">In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">Integrated Model of Communication </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">for Social Change </font><font face="Times New Roman">(IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how </font>development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of <i><font face="Times New Roman">efficacy </font><font face="Times New Roman">amongst the audience. </font>Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action.</i></i></i></p>

<p><br /> A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of&nbsp / efficacy&nbsp / amongst the audience. Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action. </p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p align="left">A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. <font face="Times New Roman">In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">Integrated Model of Communication </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">for Social Change </font><font face="Times New Roman">(IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how </font>development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of <i><font face="Times New Roman">efficacy </font><font face="Times New Roman">amongst the audience. </font>Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action.</i></i></i></p>

A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals’ behavioural change. These programmes can be applied in a variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media & Development (SM&D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of efficacy amongst the audience. Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action. / Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)