Abstract Introduction Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) can be offered to breast cancer patients after mastectomy. A satisfactory breast symmetry has positive effects on psychosocial morbidity, quality of life and body image. The frequency of IBR were in 2017 in Region Örebro County 4%, lower than the national target on 20%. Aim The aim is to provide an overview of the work with IBR at Örebro University Hospital in 2016, regarding frequency of IBR, work with IBR at multidisciplinary team conferences, documentation of the patient’s opinion about IBR, delayed reconstructions, patient characteristics and presence of contraindications. Material and methods This was a retrospective study of all women who underwent mastectomy at Örebro University Hospital in 2016. Results Five of the 103 women got IBR with expander implants in connection to mastectomy, additionally 28 had no contraindications for IBR. Five of the women have discussed about IBR at multidisciplinary team conferences and seven had notes about their attitude to IBR. Ten women underwent delayed reconstruction during the follow-up, additional seven patients were waiting for surgery. There were no significant differences in patient characteristics between the groups “mastectomy and IBR” and “mastectomy only”. Conclusions The low frequencies of performed IBR, discussions at multidisciplinary team conferences and documentation of the patient’s opinion about IBR indicate that there is space for a more active work about IBR. Besides the women who got IBR, there were additionally 28 women without any contraindications for IBR, indicating that there is a considerable group that can become candidates for IBR.

Bakgrund Ventilatorbehandling kan orsaka lidande i form av bland annat Ventilator Associerad Pneumoni (VAP) och delirium. Att avsluta behandlingen för tidigt kan också orsaka lidande och därför är tydliga kriterier för att verifiera urträning och extubation, borttagande av ventilatorn och endotrakealtuben är viktiga aspekter i vården och omvårdnaden av patienten. Syfte Syftet med studien var att identifiera kriterier för att verifiera lyckade eller misslyckade urträningar och extubationer hos intensivvårdspatienter och att undersöka vilka bedömningsprotokoll för detta som används. Metod Metoden har varit en (deskriptiv) litteraturöversikt med systematisk ansats. Sökning har gjorts i databasen PubMed. Vid sökningen hittades 627 artiklar och av dessa inkluderas 17 artiklar i studien. Resultat Resultatet visar att det finns flera kriterier för att verifiera lyckade eller misslyckade urträningar och extubationer, men de mest uttalade kriterierna var, hemodynamisk status, inställda/uppmätta ventilatorvärden, blodgasvärden, det mentala/neurologiska tillståndet hos patienten och spontant andningstest (SBT). Slutsats Kriterier och dess protokoll är viktiga redskap för vårdpersonalen för att avgöra när det är dags att börja urträning och förbereda för extubation av den ventilatorbehandlade patienten. / Background Mechanical ventilation can cause suffering in the form of, among other things Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) and delirium. Stopping treatment too early may also cause suffering and therefore clear criteria to assess extubation withdrawal and weaning of the ventilator are important aspects in the care and nursing of the patient. Purpose The purpose of the study was to identify criteria for verifying successful or unsuccessful weaning and extubations in ICU patients and to investigate assessment protocol. Method The method has been a descriptive literature review with a systematic approach. Conclusion The result shows that there are several criteria to verify successful or unsuccessful weanings and extubations, but the most explicit criteria were - hemodynamic status, set / measured values for the mechanical ventilations, blood gas status, mental / neurological state of the patient and spontaneous breathing test (SBT). Criteria and subsequent protocols are important tools for caregivers to determine when it is time to start weaning and prepare for extubation.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, used widely in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, are associated with a rare but potentially fatal outcome of pituitary apoplexy (PA). An 85-year-old man presented with sudden onset of headache, left eye pain, sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting. The symptoms started 4 hours after initiation of leuprolide therapy for treatment of recently diagnosed metastatic prostate carcinoma. Radiological imaging of the brain demonstrated a heterogeneously enlarged pituitary gland measuring 19×16×13 mm and T1-hyperintense signal compatible with pituitary haemorrhage. Hormone function tests were indicative of panhypopituitarism, confirming the diagnosis of PA. Due to age, the patient was started on hormonal replacement therapy and eventually symptoms improved.

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é a quinta neoplasia mais frequente nos países em desenvolvimento. A disfagia resultante da doença ou do tratamento pode levar à perda ponderal e à desnutrição. A nutrição enteral por sonda é o método de escolha para administração de terapia nutricional aos pacientes com trato gastrointestinal funcionante, incapazes de manter ingestão adequada por via oral. Sondas nasogástricas ou nasoenterais são empregadas para alimentação a curto prazo e sondas de gastrostomia ou jejunostomia, para períodos de tempo mais prolongados que 4 semanas. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é o método mais utilizado, dada sua segurança e eficácia. A técnica de tração é a mais comumente empregada e consiste na introdução da sonda na câmara gástrica através da via orofaríngea e com auxílio do endoscópio. Em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, esta técnica apresenta limitações decorrentes da estenose da via digestiva provocada por inflamação, irradiação prévia ou pelo próprio tumor que impede a passagem do aparelho ou da sonda. Nesta situação, reporta-se insucesso em cerca de 20% dos casos, além de complicações decorrentes da necessidade de dilatação da estenose, infecção do local da ostomia, obstrução aguda da via aérea e até implante do tumor no local da punção na parede abdominal. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção é a alternativa mais segura para esse grupo de pacientes, já que a sonda é colocada por via abdominal sob controle endoscópico. As desvantagens da técnica são o risco de deslocamento do estômago insuflado no momento da punção e a utilização de sonda de menor calibre. A introdução da gastropexia endoscópica permite a fixação do estômago à parede abdominal, evitando o deslocamento gástrico no momento da punção. Ainda assim, resta o problema do calibre da sonda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modificação de dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção quanto à exequibilidade, segurança, eficácia do procedimento e mortalidade. Trinta pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (a idade média de 58 anos e 76,7% do sexo masculino) foram admitidos no estudo. O índice de Karnofsky médio foi de 67,7 e o risco anestésico, ASA 1 = 3,3%, ASA 2 = 50% e 46,6%, ASA 3. O método de traqueostomia havia sido realizado na metade dos pacientes, 18 (60%) tinham sido submetidos à quimioterapia e radioterapia associadas ou isoladamente. Os tumores da cavidade oral foram os mais frequentes, com 11 (36,7%) casos. Metade dos pacientes foi diagnosticada no estádio IV da doença, 7 (23,3%) no estádio III, 1 (3,3%) estádio II e 5 (16,7%) apresentavam recidiva. O tipo histológico mais comum foi o carcinoma escamocelular, em 27 (89,9%) casos. A presença de estenose foi encontrada em 23 (76,7%) pacientes, sendo 15 (50%) isoladas e em 8 (26,7%), associadas a trismo. Os pacientes foram submetidos à gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção com dispositivo modificado com fenda lateral e mandril com ponta cônica, associada à gastropexia e colocação de sonda balonada de 20 Fr. O procedimento foi realizado em regime ambulatorial em 26 (86,7%) pacientes, sempre sob sedação e anestesia local. A via mais frequente de acesso à câmara gástrica foi a oral em 26 (86,7%) pacientes e a nasal, nos demais. Não houve necessidade de dilatação da via aerodigestiva para passagem do endoscópio. O procedimento foi bem-sucedido em todos os enfermos e sem complicações perioperatórias. Os pacientes foram seguidos no pós-operatório imediato, com 72 horas, 10, 30 e 60 dias, para avaliação de dor, infecção do estoma, funcionalidade, problemas com a sonda e mortalidade. Não foram observados sinais de infecção do estoma por meio do escore combinado de infecção. No pós-operatório imediato, um (3,3%) paciente apresentou dor abdominal difusa, levando-o à laparotomia exploradora. Tratou-se de pneumoperitoneo maciço sem sinais de lesão de outras vísceras que o justificassem e foi considerada complicação maior precoce. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou dor leve e moderada no pós-operatório imediato e com 72 horas. Duas complicações menores (6,6%) foram observadas; dermatite química por extravasamento ao redor da sonda no 36º pós-operatório e perda inadvertida de sonda no 8º pós-operatório, sem sinais de complicação e que foi reposicionada sem necessidade de nova endoscopia. Em dois (6,6%) pacientes, houve rotura tardia do balão da sonda que foi substituída, sem exame endoscópico. A infusão da dieta foi considerada de fácil execução em todos os pacientes e não houve obstrução da sonda até 60 dias de avaliação. Não se observou mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento decorridos 30 dias da intervenção. Houve dois (6,6%) óbitos entre 30 e 60 dias, decorrentes da evolução da doença. Em conclusão, a modificação do dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica punção é exequível, segura e eficiente em pacientes com neoplasia avançada e obstrutiva de cabeça e pescoço, sob regime ambulatorial e sedação, permitindo o uso de sonda mais calibrosa e sua troca sem necessidade de nova endoscopia, apresentando baixas taxas de complicações e sem mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento nesta série / Head and neck cancer is the fifth most frequent neoplasm in developing countries. Dysphagia resulting from head and neck cancer or its treatment may lead to weight loss and malnutrition. Enteral nutrition is the method of choice of therapy to patients with preserved gastrointestinal tract unable to maintain adequate oral ingestion. Nasogastric or nasoenteral tubes are employed for short-term feeding and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes for more than 4 weeks. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the most used method due to its safety and efficacy. The pull technique is the most commonly used method consisting in the introduction of a tube into the inflated stomach through the oropharingeal route with endoscopic aid. In those patients, such technique presents limitations due to digestive tract stenosis caused by inflammation, irradiation, or the tumor itself preventing endoscope or tube passage. In this case, failure occurs in approximately 20% of cases. Complications caused by stenosis dilation, infection of the ostomy site, acute airway obstruction, and even implantation of tumor at the puncture site on the abdominal wall have also been reported. Percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy through introducer technique is the safest alternative for this group of patients because the tube is placed through an abdominal access under endoscopic control. The disadvantages of this method are the risk of displacing the inflated stomach at the moment of puncture and the use of smaller caliber tubes. The advent of the endoscopic gastropexy enables the fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall preventing gastric displacement at the moment of puncture. Even though, tube caliber problem remains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification of a percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy device with introducer technique regarding procedure feasibility, complications, procedure safety efficacy, and mortality. Thirty patients (mean age: 58 years, 76.7%: male) were included in the study. Mean Karnofsky index was found to be 67.7% and anesthetic risk ASA 1 = 3.3%, ASA 2 = 46.6%, and ASA 3 = 46.6%. Half of the patients had already undergone tracheostomy and 18 (60%) had chemotherapy and radiotherapy associated or in monotherapy. Oral cavity tumors were the most frequent totaling 11 (36.7%) of cases. Half of the patients were diagnosed in the stage IV of the disease, 7 (23.3%) in stage III, 1 (3.3%) in stage II, and 5 (16.7%) had already recurrence. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in 27 (89.9%) of cases. Stenosis was found in 23 (76.6%) of cases, of which 15 (50%) were found to be isolated and 8 (26.7%), associated to trismus. Patients underwent introducer technique percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy using modified device, associated to gastropexy, and a 20-Fr balloon tube placement. The procedure was performed in 26 (86.7%) outpatients under sedation and local anesthesia. The most frequent route to the inflated stomach was the oral route in 86.7% of patients and the nasal route in the others. There was no need for digestive dilation for passing the endoscope. The procedure was successful in all cases with no perioperative complications. Patients were followed up in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours, 10, 30 and 60 days for the assessment of pain, stoma infection, functionality, tube-related problems, and mortality. No signs of stoma infection were observed through the combined infection score. In the immediate postoperative period, one (3.3%) patient presented diffuse abdominal pain, leading to exploratory laparotomy that revealed massive pneumoperitoneum with no related signs of lesion to other organs and that was considered a major early complication. The majority of patients presented mild, moderate pain in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours. Two minor complications (6.6%) were observed: chemical dermatitis due to leakage around the tube on postoperative day 36 and inadvertent tube loss on postoperative day 8 with no signs of complication, so that the tube was repositioned without endoscopy. Two patients (6.6%) presented late rupture of tube balloon that was replaced without endoscopic examination. Dietary infusion was considered to be easily performed in all patients and no tube obstruction up to 60 assessment days was observed. Procedure-related deaths were not observed up to 30 days post intervention. There were two (6.6%) deaths between days 30 and 60 resulting from disease evolution. In conclusion, the application of the modified device for percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy with introducer technique is feasible, safe, and efficient in outpatients with advanced, obstructive head and neck cancer under sedation, allowing the use of larger caliber, replaceable tube with low complication rates and no procedure-related mortality in this series

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é a quinta neoplasia mais frequente nos países em desenvolvimento. A disfagia resultante da doença ou do tratamento pode levar à perda ponderal e à desnutrição. A nutrição enteral por sonda é o método de escolha para administração de terapia nutricional aos pacientes com trato gastrointestinal funcionante, incapazes de manter ingestão adequada por via oral. Sondas nasogástricas ou nasoenterais são empregadas para alimentação a curto prazo e sondas de gastrostomia ou jejunostomia, para períodos de tempo mais prolongados que 4 semanas. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é o método mais utilizado, dada sua segurança e eficácia. A técnica de tração é a mais comumente empregada e consiste na introdução da sonda na câmara gástrica através da via orofaríngea e com auxílio do endoscópio. Em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, esta técnica apresenta limitações decorrentes da estenose da via digestiva provocada por inflamação, irradiação prévia ou pelo próprio tumor que impede a passagem do aparelho ou da sonda. Nesta situação, reporta-se insucesso em cerca de 20% dos casos, além de complicações decorrentes da necessidade de dilatação da estenose, infecção do local da ostomia, obstrução aguda da via aérea e até implante do tumor no local da punção na parede abdominal. A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção é a alternativa mais segura para esse grupo de pacientes, já que a sonda é colocada por via abdominal sob controle endoscópico. As desvantagens da técnica são o risco de deslocamento do estômago insuflado no momento da punção e a utilização de sonda de menor calibre. A introdução da gastropexia endoscópica permite a fixação do estômago à parede abdominal, evitando o deslocamento gástrico no momento da punção. Ainda assim, resta o problema do calibre da sonda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modificação de dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção quanto à exequibilidade, segurança, eficácia do procedimento e mortalidade. Trinta pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço (a idade média de 58 anos e 76,7% do sexo masculino) foram admitidos no estudo. O índice de Karnofsky médio foi de 67,7 e o risco anestésico, ASA 1 = 3,3%, ASA 2 = 50% e 46,6%, ASA 3. O método de traqueostomia havia sido realizado na metade dos pacientes, 18 (60%) tinham sido submetidos à quimioterapia e radioterapia associadas ou isoladamente. Os tumores da cavidade oral foram os mais frequentes, com 11 (36,7%) casos. Metade dos pacientes foi diagnosticada no estádio IV da doença, 7 (23,3%) no estádio III, 1 (3,3%) estádio II e 5 (16,7%) apresentavam recidiva. O tipo histológico mais comum foi o carcinoma escamocelular, em 27 (89,9%) casos. A presença de estenose foi encontrada em 23 (76,7%) pacientes, sendo 15 (50%) isoladas e em 8 (26,7%), associadas a trismo. Os pacientes foram submetidos à gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica de punção com dispositivo modificado com fenda lateral e mandril com ponta cônica, associada à gastropexia e colocação de sonda balonada de 20 Fr. O procedimento foi realizado em regime ambulatorial em 26 (86,7%) pacientes, sempre sob sedação e anestesia local. A via mais frequente de acesso à câmara gástrica foi a oral em 26 (86,7%) pacientes e a nasal, nos demais. Não houve necessidade de dilatação da via aerodigestiva para passagem do endoscópio. O procedimento foi bem-sucedido em todos os enfermos e sem complicações perioperatórias. Os pacientes foram seguidos no pós-operatório imediato, com 72 horas, 10, 30 e 60 dias, para avaliação de dor, infecção do estoma, funcionalidade, problemas com a sonda e mortalidade. Não foram observados sinais de infecção do estoma por meio do escore combinado de infecção. No pós-operatório imediato, um (3,3%) paciente apresentou dor abdominal difusa, levando-o à laparotomia exploradora. Tratou-se de pneumoperitoneo maciço sem sinais de lesão de outras vísceras que o justificassem e foi considerada complicação maior precoce. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou dor leve e moderada no pós-operatório imediato e com 72 horas. Duas complicações menores (6,6%) foram observadas; dermatite química por extravasamento ao redor da sonda no 36º pós-operatório e perda inadvertida de sonda no 8º pós-operatório, sem sinais de complicação e que foi reposicionada sem necessidade de nova endoscopia. Em dois (6,6%) pacientes, houve rotura tardia do balão da sonda que foi substituída, sem exame endoscópico. A infusão da dieta foi considerada de fácil execução em todos os pacientes e não houve obstrução da sonda até 60 dias de avaliação. Não se observou mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento decorridos 30 dias da intervenção. Houve dois (6,6%) óbitos entre 30 e 60 dias, decorrentes da evolução da doença. Em conclusão, a modificação do dispositivo para gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea pela técnica punção é exequível, segura e eficiente em pacientes com neoplasia avançada e obstrutiva de cabeça e pescoço, sob regime ambulatorial e sedação, permitindo o uso de sonda mais calibrosa e sua troca sem necessidade de nova endoscopia, apresentando baixas taxas de complicações e sem mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento nesta série / Head and neck cancer is the fifth most frequent neoplasm in developing countries. Dysphagia resulting from head and neck cancer or its treatment may lead to weight loss and malnutrition. Enteral nutrition is the method of choice of therapy to patients with preserved gastrointestinal tract unable to maintain adequate oral ingestion. Nasogastric or nasoenteral tubes are employed for short-term feeding and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes for more than 4 weeks. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is the most used method due to its safety and efficacy. The pull technique is the most commonly used method consisting in the introduction of a tube into the inflated stomach through the oropharingeal route with endoscopic aid. In those patients, such technique presents limitations due to digestive tract stenosis caused by inflammation, irradiation, or the tumor itself preventing endoscope or tube passage. In this case, failure occurs in approximately 20% of cases. Complications caused by stenosis dilation, infection of the ostomy site, acute airway obstruction, and even implantation of tumor at the puncture site on the abdominal wall have also been reported. Percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy through introducer technique is the safest alternative for this group of patients because the tube is placed through an abdominal access under endoscopic control. The disadvantages of this method are the risk of displacing the inflated stomach at the moment of puncture and the use of smaller caliber tubes. The advent of the endoscopic gastropexy enables the fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall preventing gastric displacement at the moment of puncture. Even though, tube caliber problem remains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification of a percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy device with introducer technique regarding procedure feasibility, complications, procedure safety efficacy, and mortality. Thirty patients (mean age: 58 years, 76.7%: male) were included in the study. Mean Karnofsky index was found to be 67.7% and anesthetic risk ASA 1 = 3.3%, ASA 2 = 46.6%, and ASA 3 = 46.6%. Half of the patients had already undergone tracheostomy and 18 (60%) had chemotherapy and radiotherapy associated or in monotherapy. Oral cavity tumors were the most frequent totaling 11 (36.7%) of cases. Half of the patients were diagnosed in the stage IV of the disease, 7 (23.3%) in stage III, 1 (3.3%) in stage II, and 5 (16.7%) had already recurrence. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent histological type in 27 (89.9%) of cases. Stenosis was found in 23 (76.6%) of cases, of which 15 (50%) were found to be isolated and 8 (26.7%), associated to trismus. Patients underwent introducer technique percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy using modified device, associated to gastropexy, and a 20-Fr balloon tube placement. The procedure was performed in 26 (86.7%) outpatients under sedation and local anesthesia. The most frequent route to the inflated stomach was the oral route in 86.7% of patients and the nasal route in the others. There was no need for digestive dilation for passing the endoscope. The procedure was successful in all cases with no perioperative complications. Patients were followed up in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours, 10, 30 and 60 days for the assessment of pain, stoma infection, functionality, tube-related problems, and mortality. No signs of stoma infection were observed through the combined infection score. In the immediate postoperative period, one (3.3%) patient presented diffuse abdominal pain, leading to exploratory laparotomy that revealed massive pneumoperitoneum with no related signs of lesion to other organs and that was considered a major early complication. The majority of patients presented mild, moderate pain in the immediate postoperative period and at 72 hours. Two minor complications (6.6%) were observed: chemical dermatitis due to leakage around the tube on postoperative day 36 and inadvertent tube loss on postoperative day 8 with no signs of complication, so that the tube was repositioned without endoscopy. Two patients (6.6%) presented late rupture of tube balloon that was replaced without endoscopic examination. Dietary infusion was considered to be easily performed in all patients and no tube obstruction up to 60 assessment days was observed. Procedure-related deaths were not observed up to 30 days post intervention. There were two (6.6%) deaths between days 30 and 60 resulting from disease evolution. In conclusion, the application of the modified device for percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy with introducer technique is feasible, safe, and efficient in outpatients with advanced, obstructive head and neck cancer under sedation, allowing the use of larger caliber, replaceable tube with low complication rates and no procedure-related mortality in this series

Objectives Main objectives of this doctoral thesis were to review available information on pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines and their age-related changes; to evaluate the prevalence of benzodiazepine use in older patients residing in long term care facilities; to investigate the association between use of benzodiazepines and occurrence of falls in acutely hospitalized older patients; and to describe utilization of benzodiazepines in the Czech Republic. Methods A narrative review of literature focused on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and association of benzodiazepines with falls in older population was conducted. The evaluation of benzodiazepine use in long term care facilities was analysed in a retrospective cross-sectional study using data from the EC 7th Framework Program SHELTER project (Service and Health in the Elderly in Long Term Care). A prospective cohort study data of acutely hospitalized patients in Australia were used to evaluate association between benzodiazepines and falls. To describe utilization of benzodiazepines in the Czech Republic, data from the State Institute for Drug Control and from databases of General Health Insurance Fund were used. This dissertation thesis is a summary of published articles from above stated works and analyses. Results...

Objectives Main objectives of this doctoral thesis were to review available information on pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines and their age-related changes; to evaluate the prevalence of benzodiazepine use in older patients residing in long term care facilities; to investigate the association between use of benzodiazepines and occurrence of falls in acutely hospitalized older patients; and to describe utilization of benzodiazepines in the Czech Republic. Methods A narrative review of literature focused on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and association of benzodiazepines with falls in older population was conducted. The evaluation of benzodiazepine use in long term care facilities was analysed in a retrospective cross-sectional study using data from the EC 7th Framework Program SHELTER project (Service and Health in the Elderly in Long Term Care). A prospective cohort study data of acutely hospitalized patients in Australia were used to evaluate association between benzodiazepines and falls. To describe utilization of benzodiazepines in the Czech Republic, data from the State Institute for Drug Control and from databases of General Health Insurance Fund were used. This dissertation thesis is a summary of published articles from above stated works and analyses. Results...