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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Aproveitamento dos óleos de frituras do Município de São Paulo para obtenção de biodiesel / Use of frying oils in São Paulo for the production of biodiesel

Silva Filho, Silvério Catureba da, 1960- 12 December 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:29:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaFilho_SilverioCaturebada_D.pdf: 65917268 bytes, checksum: 4536d4f15d33bae5ea70149ee057f427 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou a produção de biodiesel como forma de solucionar o problema dos resíduos gerados pelos óleos de frituras usados nas residências e restaurantes da cidade de São Paulo, baseando-se na teoria da Contabilidade de Custos Ecológicos (CCE). Um estudo cinético foi realizado em reatores de 100 mL, entre as temperaturas de 40° a 80°C, usando uma relação volumétrica de 6:1 (óleo: álcool), com o NaOH a 0,1% dissolvido no álcool etílico como catalisador. Os dados obtidos das curvas cinéticas, após ajuste, demonstraram um comportamento de ordem um com a concentração dos óleos e as constantes cinéticas aumentaram com a temperatura. O rendimento estequiométrico da conversão dos óleos em ésteres estabilizou entre 88-89%. Verificou-se que quando se aumentava em 10°C na temperatura de reação, diminuía em 10 min o tempo final da reação. Ampliando-se a escala para 3 L, notou-se uma queda de até 2% no rendimento, devido a presença de farinha no óleo, necessitando uma pré-filtração. Uma pesquisa tipo survey foi realizada através da aplicação de um questionário nas residências e restaurantes visando conhecer as quantidades de óleos usadas, os questionários totalizaram 758 para residências e 455 para restaurantes, com uma média de 2,3 litros para residências e 165,3 L/mês, respectivamente, além disso, se observou que a maioria das pessoas descarta irregularmente o óleo e não conhece seus impactos ambientais. Assim, demonstrou-se que é possível dar um destino ecologicamente correto a este rejeito / Abstract: This study aimed to produce biodiesel as a way to solve the waste problem generated by frying oils used in homes and restaurants in the city of São Paulo, based on the theory of Ecological Costs Accounting (CCE). A kinetic study was carried out in reactors of 100 ml, temperatures between 40 ° to 80 ° C, using a volume ratio of 6: 1 (oil: alcohol,) with NaOH 0.1% dissolved in ethanol as a catalyst. The data obtained from the kinetic curve, after adjustment demonstrated a behaviour order one with the concentration of oils and constant kinetics increased with temperature. The stoichiometric yield of conversion of the oils for ester stabilized between 88-89%. It was observed that when increased at 10 ° C in reaction temperature, 10 min decreased the final reaction time. Expanding the scale to 3 L, noticed a loss of 2% in yield due to the presence of flour in the oil, one requiring pre-filtration. A survey was performed by applying a questionnaire in homes and restaurants aimed to ascertain the quantities of oils used. It got up to apply questionnaires in 758 for homes and 455 for restaurants, with an average of 2.3 and 165.3 L/mother, respectively. Furthermore it was observed that most people improperly dispose the oil and do not know their environmental impact. So demonstrating that it is possible to give a destination ecologically correct this reject / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutor em Engenharia Química
12

Biodiesel Production by Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Modified Attapulgite.

Mabungela, Ntandokazi 10 1900 (has links)
M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied And Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Biodiesel has an ability to solve the problem associated with the use of fossil fuels as a source of energy. The aim of this study was to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) by transesterification, catalysed with potassium hydroxide (KOH) supported on attapulgite (ATP) clay as the heterogeneous catalyst. WCO was used on the basis that it is one of the cheapest feedstocks for biodiesel production, is readily available and can minimise environmental impact. ATP clay was first crushed and sieved to particle sizes of ≤ 90 μm and subsequently treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to remove impurities. The KOH supported ATP catalyst was prepared through ion exchange method by soaking ATP into KOH solution, dried in an oven and later calcined at 400 ℃ in a furnace. The prepared catalyst and ATP clay were characterised using Hammett indicator to determine the basic strength of the catalyst. XRF and EDX were used to determine the elemental composition of the catalyst whilst XRD was used to determine the crystallinity of the ATP after modification. The functional groups of ATP were determined by FTIR. BET was utilised to determine the changes on the surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of ATP and on the other hand, SEM was used to determine the morphological changes on the surface of ATP. The XRD, FTIR, BET AND SEM-EDX showed that addition of potassium caused changes on the surface of the ATP. The optimal conditions for the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil with methanol were found to be oil-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:15, 3wt% catalyst amount, 65 ℃, 3 h of a reaction time, at 200 rpm stirring rate and 94 % biodiesel yield was obtained. After the catalyst was reuse three consecutive times, the decrease in biodiesel yield was observed (Figure 17) after each cycle. However, the 5MKOH/ATP catalyst is heterogeneous and can be used to transesterify WCO with good yield.
13

Production of renewable biofuels and chemicals by processing bio-feedstock in conventional petroleum refineries / Nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp chế biến nguyên liệu sinh khối trong nhà máy lọc dầu để sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm cho hóa dầu

Vu, Xuan Hoan, Nguyen, Sura, Dang, Thanh Tung, Armbruster, Udo, Martin, Andreas 09 December 2015 (has links) (PDF)
The influence of catalyst characteristics, i.e., acidity and porosity on the product distribution in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions is reported. It has found that the degradation degree of triglyceride molecules is strongly dependent on the catalysts’ acidity. The higher density of acid sites enhances the conversion of triglycerides to lighter products such as gaseous products and gasoline-range hydrocarbons. The formation of gasolinerange aromatics and light olefins (propene and ethene) is favored in the medium pore channel of H-ZSM-5. On the other hand, heavier olefins such as gasoline-range and C4 olefins are formed preferentially in the large pore structure of zeolite Y based FCC catalyst (Midas-BSR). With both catalysts, triglyceride molecules are mainly converted to a mixture of hydrocarbons, which can be used as liquid fuels and platform chemicals. Hence, the utilization of the existing FCC units in conventional petroleum refineries for processing of triglyceride based feedstock, in particular waste cooking oil may open the way for production of renewable liquid fuels and chemicals in the near future. / Bài báo trình bày kết quả nghiên cứu khả năng tích hợp sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học và hóa phẩm từ nguồn nguyên liệu tái tạo sinh khối giầu triglyceride bằng công nghệ cracking xúc tác tấng sôi (FCC) trong nhà máy lọc dầu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xúc tác có ảnh hưởng mạnh đến hiệu quả chuyển hóa triglyceride thành hydrocarbon. Tính acid của xúc tác càng mạnh thì độ chuyển hóa càng cao và thu được nhiều sản phẩm nhẹ hơn như xăng và các olefin nhẹ. Xúc tác vi mao quản trung bình như H-ZSM-5 có độ chọn lọc cao với hợp chất vòng thơm thuộc phân đoạn xăng và olefin nhẹ như propylen và ethylen. Với kích thước vi mao quản lớn, xúc tác công nghiệp FCC dựa trên zeolite Y ưu tiên hình thành C4 olefins và các olefin trong phân đoạn xăng. Ở điều kiện phản ứng của quá trình FCC, triglyceride chuyển hóa hiệu quả thành hydrocarbon mà có thể sử dụng làm xăng sinh học cho động cơ và olefin nhẹ làm nguyên liệu cho tổng hợp hóa dầu.
14

Uso do nariz eletrônico (e-nose) como instrumento de pré-classificação de óleos e gorduras residuais (OGR) destinados à produção de biodiesel / Use of the electronic nose (e-nose) as an instrument for pre-classification of waste cooking oil (WCO) destined to biodiesel production

Batista, Pollyanna Souza 22 June 2018 (has links)
Atualmente, o uso de óleo e gordura residual (OGR) de fritura de alimentos como matéria-prima na produção de biodiesel no Brasil representa menos de 1% do total. O principal limitante é que após o processo de fritura o óleo pode adquirir características que o tornam inadequado para obtenção de biocombustível pela via de produção tradicional. Para viabilizar economicamente o reaproveitamento de OGR, é importante o desenvolvimento de métodos simples e de baixo custo capazes de avaliar seu potencial de uso como matéria prima. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do nariz eletrônico na seleção de OGR destinado à produção de biodiesel, em substituição aos métodos convencionais de análises físico-químicas. Foram selecionadas 36 amostras de OGR provenientes de uso doméstico e comercial, cujas características físico-químicas foram obtidas pela análise do índice de acidez, índice de peróxido, densidade e viscosidade cinemática. Biodiesel foi produzido a partir do OGR, por meio da transesterificação alcalina na temperatura de 60°C e tempo de 2h, utilizando etanol na razão molar OGR/álcool de 1/9 e hidróxido de potássio (KOH) como catalisador na quantidade de 1% m/m. As amostras de biodiesel foram caracterizadas de acordo com especificações da pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), em relação ao teor de éster, índice de acidez, densidade e viscosidade cinemática. As amostras de OGR foram caracterizadas em termos do seu perfil olfativo, através do nariz eletrônico, interpretados por aplicação do modelo estocástico e análise discriminante quadrática. O modelo permitiu uma avaliação qualitativa de parâmetros de interesse sem a necessidade de testes físicoquímicos, com precisão de 80% a 92%. Os resultados demonstraram que o nariz eletrônico é uma ferramenta promissora na predição da qualidade do biodiesel com base no perfil olfativo de uma amostra de OGR. / Currently, the use of waste cooking oil (WCO) as raw material in the production of biodiesel in Brazil represents less than 1% of the total. The main limitation is that after the frying process the oil can acquire characteristics that make it unsuitable for obtaining biofuel through the traditional way of production. In order to economically make feasible the reuse of OGR, it is important to develop simple and low cost methods capable of evaluating its potential use as raw material. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the use of electronic nose in the selection of WCO for biodiesel production, replacing the conventional methods of physical-chemical analysis. 36 samples of WCO from domestic and commercial use were selected, whose physicochemical characteristics were obtained by the analysis of acidity level, peroxide level, density and kinematic viscosity. Biodiesel was produced from the OGR by means of the alkaline transesterification at 60°C and time of 2h using ethanol in the molar ratio OGR / alcohol of 1/9 and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst in the amount of 1% m/m. The biodiesel samples were characterized according to specifications of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), in relation to the ester content, acidity level, density and kinematic viscosity. The WCO samples were characterized in terms of their olfactory profile through the electronic nose, interpreted by the stochastic model and quadratic discriminant analysis. The model allowed a qualitative evaluation of parameters of interest without the need of physicalchemical tests, with precision of 80% to 92%. The results demonstrate that e-nose is a promising tool in the prediction of biodiesel quality based on the olfactory profile of a sample of WCO.
15

Feasibility and emissions of compression ignition engines fueled with waste vegetable oil [electronic resource] / by Morgan H. Crawford.

Crawford, Morgan H. January 2003 (has links)
Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 39 pages. / Thesis (M.S.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Research and experience has shown that vegetable oil can be processed, by transesterification, into a useable fuel for compression ignition engines. Earlier research examined using straight vegetable oil as a fuel, but found it to cause detrimental engine problems. Trial and error has shown that heating the vegetable oil prior to injection, is a viable option. A diesel vehicle engine was operated for over 188 hours or approximately 7,000 miles, using waste cooking oil as fuel. The longevity of the vehicle engine was limited by an undetermined engine failure. Using stationary testing, with no engine load and various power settings, engine emissions of several engines operating on waste cooking oil were compared to emissions from two other fuels, diesel and Biodiesel, and found to be very positive. Waste vegetable oil (WVO) had lower overall emissions than diesel and lower levels of nitrogen species than Biodiesel. / ABSTRACT: Agricultural yield predictions estimate that currently only 5% and at most 20% of all diesel fuel needs can be met with vegetable oil. Currently WVO is a disposal problem. It is primarily used as a feedstock. / ABSTRACT: WVO is not a commodity and has disposal fees associated with it. If WVO is used as a fuel, it would not only provide another source for disposal, but it may also increase the value of WVO making it a commodity instead of a disposal burden. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.
16

Gestão de óleos e gorduras residuais de fritura em Campinas, SP

Gomes, Daniela Cristina Haponczuk [UNESP] 10 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:32:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_dch_me_rcla.pdf: 974852 bytes, checksum: 6e35c293d48fda0ed47f24653832a5d7 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A produção intensiva e a disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é um problema a ser enfrentado principalmente nos centros urbanos e pode provocar graves prejuízos ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Dentre os vários tipos de resíduos gerados nas cidades encontram-se os óleos e gorduras residuais de frituras (OGR). São inúmeros os danos causados pelo óleo no ambiente, entre eles, a formação de uma película superficial que dificulta a troca gasosa entre o ar e a água e a impermeabilização das raízes de plantas entre outros. Muito embora algumas alternativas de emprego desse óleo já estão sendo utilizadas, a sua utilização na produção de biodiesel aponta benefícios ambientais e econômicos consideráveis. Na década de 1990 começou-se a pesquisar a viabilidade de utilização dos óleos e gorduras residuais como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel, porém faz-se necessário a criação de um eficiente sistema de coleta dos OGRs, o que certamente encontra-se distante de nossa realidade atual. Esse trabalho objetiva elaborar uma estratégia para a gestão dos óleos e gorduras residuais de fritura em residências na cidade de Campinas, S.P. Dentre os resultados adquiridos nessa pesquisa estão a quantidade de óleo gerada pelo município, o comportamento da população em relação ao óleo nas diversas classes de renda e um plano logístico de coleta do óleo para o município. Para alcançar estes resultados foram utilizadas metodologias qualitativa e quantitativa / Intensive farming and the inadequate disposal of solid waste is a problem to be tackled mainly in urban centers and can cause severe damage to the environment and human health. Among the various types of waste generated in cities are residual cooking oil and frying fat (OGR). This oil in causes an incalculable amount of damage to the environment including the formation of a surface film which hinders the gas exchange between air and water and the sealing of the roots of plants. Although some alternative uses of this oil are already in place, its use in the production of bio-diesel shows considerable environmental and economic benefits. In the 1990s scientists began to research the feasibility of using waste oils and fats as raw material for the production of bio-diesel. However, it is essential that we create an efficient system of collecting OGRs, which certainly is far from our present reality. This work aims to develop a strategy for the management of domestic waste cooking oils and fats in the city of Campinas, SP. Among the results obtained through this research are the amount of oil generated by the municipality, the behavior of the population in relation to residual oil among different social classes and a logistical plan for the collection of domestic residual oil for the municipality. To achieve these results qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used
17

Gestão de óleos e gorduras residuais de fritura em Campinas, SP /

Gomes, Daniela Cristina Haponczuk. January 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Manuel Baldomero Rolando Berrios Godoy / Banca: Cenira Maria Lupinacci da Cunha / Banca: Vera Lúcia dos Santos / Resumo: A produção intensiva e a disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é um problema a ser enfrentado principalmente nos centros urbanos e pode provocar graves prejuízos ao ambiente e à saúde humana. Dentre os vários tipos de resíduos gerados nas cidades encontram-se os óleos e gorduras residuais de frituras (OGR). São inúmeros os danos causados pelo óleo no ambiente, entre eles, a formação de uma película superficial que dificulta a troca gasosa entre o ar e a água e a impermeabilização das raízes de plantas entre outros. Muito embora algumas alternativas de emprego desse óleo já estão sendo utilizadas, a sua utilização na produção de biodiesel aponta benefícios ambientais e econômicos consideráveis. Na década de 1990 começou-se a pesquisar a viabilidade de utilização dos óleos e gorduras residuais como matéria-prima para a produção de biodiesel, porém faz-se necessário a criação de um eficiente sistema de coleta dos OGRs, o que certamente encontra-se distante de nossa realidade atual. Esse trabalho objetiva elaborar uma estratégia para a gestão dos óleos e gorduras residuais de fritura em residências na cidade de Campinas, S.P. Dentre os resultados adquiridos nessa pesquisa estão a quantidade de óleo gerada pelo município, o comportamento da população em relação ao óleo nas diversas classes de renda e um plano logístico de coleta do óleo para o município. Para alcançar estes resultados foram utilizadas metodologias qualitativa e quantitativa / Abstract: Intensive farming and the inadequate disposal of solid waste is a problem to be tackled mainly in urban centers and can cause severe damage to the environment and human health. Among the various types of waste generated in cities are residual cooking oil and frying fat (OGR). This oil in causes an incalculable amount of damage to the environment including the formation of a surface film which hinders the gas exchange between air and water and the sealing of the roots of plants. Although some alternative uses of this oil are already in place, its use in the production of bio-diesel shows considerable environmental and economic benefits. In the 1990s scientists began to research the feasibility of using waste oils and fats as raw material for the production of bio-diesel. However, it is essential that we create an efficient system of collecting OGRs, which certainly is far from our present reality. This work aims to develop a strategy for the management of domestic waste cooking oils and fats in the city of Campinas, SP. Among the results obtained through this research are the amount of oil generated by the municipality, the behavior of the population in relation to residual oil among different social classes and a logistical plan for the collection of domestic residual oil for the municipality. To achieve these results qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used / Mestre
18

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ionic liquid choline hydroxide as a catalyst / ProduÃÃo de biodiesel a partir de Ãleo residual de fritura utilizando o lÃquido iÃnico hidrÃxido de colina como catalisador

Aline Mara Maia Bessa 25 February 2015 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The production of biodiesel is generally performed by alkaline transesterification oils with low amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs). In order to decrease the costs of production of biodiesel, low quality waste cooking oils or grease have been investigated as a source alternative, but problems in the purification step due to the formation of soap are found in catalysis with sodium hydroxide. In this work, the ionic liquid choline hydroxide was produced and used as catalyst in the production of biodiesel from oils of frying food. An experimental design was carried out to investigate the influence of variables: molar ratio oil/alcohol, temperature and concentration of catalyst in the conversion of triglycerides and free fatty acids to methyl esters. The concentration of catalyst showed higher influence on conversion, followed by the molar ratio of oil / alcohol. The temperature range did not result in significant conversion changes. The kinetic analysis showed that the highest conversions were obtained with 3 hours of reaction. The statistical design allowed find optimal conditions: 5.5% w/w catalyst molar ratio of oil/methanol 1:12, temperature 40 ÂC and 3 hours of reaction. Thermodynamic properties and acid numbers were determined for reaction products of the reactions carried out in experimental design, in order to provide data for process control. The acid numbers of products of all reactions were significantly reduced, independent of conversion. To evaluate the possibility of recovery and reuse of the ionic liquid, the liquid-liquid equilibrium of systems containing water, 1-butanol and glycerin, water, 1-butanol and choline hydroxide, and the partition in the ionic liquid system water, 1-butanol and glycerin at 30  C were studied. The solubility of the components was evaluated by construction of the binodal curve and the compositions of the equilibrium phases were determined by densitometry. The results show that glycerin is distributed preferably in the phase rich in water and it was not possible to quantify all compositions the water phase system, 1-butanol and choline hydroxide in the case that an electrolytic system. / A produÃÃo de biodiesel à geralmente realizada por transesterificaÃÃo alcalina de Ãleos com baixa quantidade de Ãcidos graxos livres (AGLs). Visando diminuir os custos de produÃÃo do biodiesel, Ãleos de baixa qualidade ou residuais tÃm sido investigados como alternativa de fonte graxa, porÃm problemas na etapa de purificaÃÃo em decorrÃncia da formaÃÃo de sabÃes sÃo encontrados na catÃlise com hidrÃxido de sÃdio. Nesse trabalho, o lÃquido iÃnico hidrÃxido de colina foi produzido e aplicado como catalisador na produÃÃo de biodiesel a partir de Ãleos provenientes da fritura de alimentos. Um planejamento experimental foi realizado para investigar a influÃncia das variÃveis: razÃo molar Ãleo/Ãlcool, temperatura e concentraÃÃo de catalisador na conversÃo de triglicerÃdeos e AGLs a Ãsteres metÃlicos. A concentraÃÃo de catalisador apresentou maior influÃncia na conversÃo, seguido pela razÃo molar Ãleo/Ãlcool. A variaÃÃo de temperatura nÃo implicou em alteraÃÃes considerÃveis de conversÃo. A avaliaÃÃo cinÃtica mostrou que as maiores conversÃes foram obtidas com 3 horas de reaÃÃo. O planejamento estatÃstico permitiu encontrar condiÃÃes Ãtimas: 5,5 % m/m de catalisador, razÃo molar Ãleo/metanol de 1/12, temperatura de 40 ÂC e 3 horas de reaÃÃo. Propriedades termodinÃmicas e Ãndices de acidez foram determinados para os produtos reacionais das reaÃÃes realizadas no planejamento experimental, com o intuito de fornecer dados para o controle do processo. Os Ãndices de acidez dos produtos de todas as reaÃÃes apresentaram reduÃÃo significativa, independente da conversÃo. Para avaliar a possibilidade de recuperaÃÃo e reutilizaÃÃo do lÃquido iÃnico, o equilÃbrio lÃquido-lÃquido dos sistemas contendo Ãgua, n-butanol e glicerina, Ãgua, n-butanol e hidrÃxido de colina e a partiÃÃo do lÃquido iÃnico no sistema Ãgua, n-butanol e glicerina a 30 ÂC foram estudados. A solubilidade dos componentes foi avaliada por meio da construÃÃo da curva binodal e as composiÃÃes das fases em equilÃbrio foram determinadas atravÃs da densimetria. Os resultados mostram que a glicerina se distribui preferencialmente na fase rica em Ãgua e que nÃo foi possÃvel quantificar todas as composiÃÃes das fases do sistema Ãgua, n-butanol e hidrÃxido de colina por se tratar este de um sistema eletrolÃtico.
19

Využití odpadních rostlinných olejů jako alternativního paliva pro vznětové spalovací motory / Utilization of Waste Vegetable Oils as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Combustion Engines

Michna, Lukáš January 2012 (has links)
In the introduction this thesis brings a short summary of the energy, environmental and economical balance, related to the production and use of conventional fuels for diesel engines, and compares them with possibility of using recycled cooking vegetable oils as a fuel. The main part focuses on the laboratory analysis of major physical and chemical properties of this alternative fuel and on their comparison to diesel fuel, especially according to ČSN EN 590 norm. In conclusion there is a proposal of diesel vehicle modification to be propelled with waste vegetable oils.
20

Biodiesel Properties and Characterization of Particulate Matter Emissions from TARTA Buses Fueled by B20 Biodiesel

Kuppili, Sudheer Kumar January 2016 (has links)
No description available.

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