Apesar da preocupação atual com a contaminação do ambiente, pelo uso agrícola de resíduos industriais e urbanos, metais pesados podem ser incorporados ao solo por práticas agrícolas tradicionais como uso de fertilizantes e defensivos. Objetivando avaliar o comportamento do cobre aplicado ao solo através de calda bordalesa foram conduzidos ensaios nos quais o fungicida foi aplicado ao solo acondicionado em colunas, bem como consideradas amostras de solo sob cultura de frutíferas. A mobilização do Cu foi estudada em experimento com colunas de lixiviação, feitas de tubos de cloreto de polivinil (PVC), utilizando dois tipos de solos: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd). O cobre aplicado por um material alcalino como a calda bordalesa é relativamente imóvel no solo, mas pressupõe-se que poderá ser mobilizado pela ação de compostos orgânicos que atuam como complexantes. Desta forma, foram aplicados como compostos orgânicos: dois materiais de uso generalizado na agricultura (esterco de galinha e torta de filtro); um material sintético de elevado poder complexante (NaH2EDTA) e citrato de amônio para representar os agentes quelantes de ocorrência natural no ambiente. Em adição ao experimento em colunas, para determinar as frações de cobre presente no solo, foram coletadas amostras de solo na profundidade de 0-20 cm, no município de Louveira, Estado de São Paulo, em pomares de frutíferas onde se usa rotineiramente calda bordalesa como fungicida. Nesses locais, o teor de Cu do solo extraído por DTPA variou entre 6,5-34,3 mg Cu kg-1, enquanto que o teor de Cu total variou entre 40,8-108,8 mg kg-1. Para avaliar a disponibilidade do Cu nos solos de Louveira e nos solos do experimento em colunas foi escolhido o método de Neubauer, pela vantagem de ser um método biológico de determinação da quantidade disponível de elementos no solo. A lixiviação na coluna do solo LVAd, onde foi aplicado o EDTA, conseguiu mobilizar 436,5 µg de Cu, massa que representa uma fração muito pequena do cobre total aplicado ao solo por meio da calda bordalesa. Trata-se, entretanto, de um valor bastante significativo frente ao que foi removido nos demais tratamentos. Embora quase não tenha sido mobilizado cobre para fora das colunas, os resultados da análise química do solo indicaram a movimentação do cobre dos segmentos superiores para os inferiores, sob a ação dos tratamentos, na faixa de 5,0-48,2 mg Cu. Quanto à absorção de cobre pelas plantas no experimento de Neubauer, observou-se que a aplicação do EDTA favoreceu a absorção do cobre pelas plantas de arroz em ambos os solos estudados, entretanto não influenciou na massa seca das plantas. Já nas amostras dos solos de Louveira a absorção de cobre diminuiu a massa seca das plantas, tanto quando se considerou a concentração de cobre no tecido vegetal como a massa total de cobre absorvido. O Cu absorvido pelas plantas também se correlacionou com teores de cobre trocável, cobre ligado a carbonato e cobre ligado a óxidos de Fe e Mn, obtidos no estudo de fracionamento. O extrator DTPA mostrou ainda ser um bom indicador da disponibilidade de cobre aplicado pela calda bordalesa. / Despite the current concerns regarding the environment contamination by the agricultural use of industrial and urban wastes, heavy metals can be incorporated to the soil through traditional fertilizers and defensives. Aiming to evaluate the behavior of copper applied to the soil through the Bordeaux mixture, trials were carried out in which the fungicide was applied to the soil packed in columns, as well as samples of soil under fruit cultures were considered. The mobilization of Cu was studied in experiments with leaching columns, which consisted of polyvinyl chloride tubes (PVC), using two types of soil: Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef) e Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico (LVAd). Copper applied through an alkaline material such as the Bordeaux mixture is relatively immobile in the soil but it is expected to be mobilized by the action of organic complexing compounds. This way they were applied as organic compounds, two materials generally used in agriculture: poultry manure and filter cake; a synthetic material with high affinity for metals (NaH2EDTA) and ammonium citrate in order to represent the ligants of wide spread occurrence in the environment. In addition to the experiment in columns and to determine the fractions of copper present in the soil, 0-20 cm samples of soil were collected in grape and fig orchard located in the city of Louveira , SP, where the Bourdeaux mixture is commonly used as a fungicide. Is these places the total copper content of the soil extracted by DTPA varied between 40,8-108,8 mg kg-1. To evaluate the availability of copper in the soil of Louveira, and in the soils of the column experiment, the Neubauer method was chosen due to the advantage of being a biological method of determination of the available amount of elements in the soil. The leaching in the LVAd soil column, where EDTA was applied was able to mobilize 436,5 µg of cu, mass that represents a very small fraction of the total copper applied to the soil through the Bordeaux mixture. It refers to, subconsequently to a very significant amount when compared to the quantity obtained through other methods. Although almost no copper was removed out of the columns, the results of the chemical analysis indicated the movement of copper from the upper segments to the lower segments, under the action of treatments, the range of 5-48,2 mg of copper. Regarding the absorption of copper by plants in the Neubauer experiment it was observed that the application of EDTA favored the absorption of copper by the rice plants, in both studied soil, however it didn’t influence the dry mass of plants. In the soil samples from Louvreira, the copper absorption diminished the total dry mass of the plants, when considered the copper concentration in the vegetal tissue, as well as the total content of copper absorbed. The copper absorbed by the plants was correlated to exchangeable copper content as well as copper linked to carbonate and copper linked to oxides of Fe and Mn, obtained through the fractioning study. The DTPA extractor proved to be a good indicator of the availability to plants of copper applied through the Bordeaux mixture.

This thesis is a novel about the 1971 skyjacking of a plane out of Portland Airport. The novel is structured in the style of a choose-your-own-adventure book. It investigates the nature and identity of the skyjacker, who is known as D. B. Cooper.

The primary objective of this study is to provide a greater understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Warburton, Cooper, Eromanga and Lake Eyre Basins in central Australia. However, this study additionally attempts to provide a greater understanding of lineaments. This study compares lineament data with a traditional tectonic analysis in order to evaluate lineaments and to best understand the tectonic evolution of the region.

This thesis presents the results of an experimental study on single-charge effects in nanoscale Josephson junctions and Cooper pair transistors (CPTs). In nanoscale Josephson junctions the charging energy EC becomes significant at sub-Kelvin temperatures and single-charge effects, such as the Coulomb blockade of Cooper pair tunneling, influence the transport properties. In order to observe charging effects in a single Josephson junction, the impedance of the electromagnetic environment surrounding the junction has to be larger than the quantum resistance (RQ=h/4e2≈6.45kΩ). In this work the high impedance environment is obtained by biasing the sample under test (single Josephson junction or CPT) with four one-dimensional Josephson junction arrays having SQUID geometry. The advantage of this configuration is the possibility of tuning in situ the effective impedance of the electromagnetic environment. By applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the SQUID loops, the Josephson energy EJ of the SQUIDs is suppressed, resulting in an increase of the measured zero bias resistance of the arrays of several orders of magnitude (104< R0 (Ω) <109). This bias method enables the measurement of the same sample in environments with different impedance. As the impedance of the environment is increased, the current-voltage characteristics (IVCs) of the single Josephson junction and of the CPT show a well defined Coulomb blockade feature with a region of negative differential resistance, signature of the coherent tunneling of single Cooper pairs. The measured IVCs of a single Josephson junction with SQUID geometry in the high impedance environment show a qualitative agreement with the Bloch band theory as the EJ/EC ratio of the junction is tuned with the magnetic field. We also studied a single nontunable Josephson junction with strong coupling (EJ/EC > 1), where the exact dual of the overdamped Josephson effect is realized, resulting in a dual shape of the IVC, where the roles of current and voltage are exchanged. Here, we make for the first time a detailed quantitative comparison with a theory which includes the effect of fluctuations due to the finite temperature of the environment. The measurements on CPTs in the high impedance environment showed that the Coulomb blockade voltage is modulated periodically by the gate-induced charge. The gate-voltage dependence of the CPT changes from e-periodic to 2e-periodic as the impedance of the environment is increased. The high impedance environment reduces quasiparticle tunneling rates, thereby restoring the even parity of the CPT island. This behavior suggests that high impedance leads can be used to effectively suppress quasiparticle poisoning. / QC 20100928

Scanned copy of Taulman's dissertation as part of our digitization on demand service.

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The primary objective of this study is to provide a greater understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Warburton, Cooper, Eromanga and Lake Eyre Basins in central Australia. However, this study additionally attempts to provide a greater understanding of lineaments. This study compares lineament data with a traditional tectonic analysis in order to evaluate lineaments and to best understand the tectonic evolution of the region.

This thesis describes the development and production of numerical simulations of the creation of a Hot Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir. This geothermal reservoir that was simulated is owned by Geodynamics Limited and is located in the Cooper Basin, South Australia. The simulations show the geometry of the geothermal reservoir and predict the productive lifespan of the reservoir. Geothermal energy, which is the thermal energy that is stored in the interior of the earth, is an enormous energy source and as such there is great interest in technology that allows this energy to be harnessed. The HDR process of extracting the geothermal energy from rock involves drilling a borehole to a suitable depth and injecting cold water into the rock via this well (known as the injection well) to create a reservoir by opening up fractures in the rock. As water is forced through the reservoir, heat is extracted from the rock via conduction and transferred to the water, creating an heat exchange. Warm water is brought to the surface via another well known as the extraction well. The heat from the water is used to generate electricity and then the water is fed back into the injection well, completing the cycle. The creation of a HDR geothermal reservoir comprises of many aspects: the injection of the fluid into the jointed rock system, the opening and shearing of the joints, the creation of the fluid reservoir in the rock and the temperature effects of the fluid flow through the joints. This work incorporates all of these aspects. Due to the multi-physics nature of this process multiple computational modelling strategies were implemented to allow for authentic simulation of the entire process. The mechanical rock behaviour was primarily simulated the Distinct Element Method. This two dimensional Distinct Element Method program allowed for a realistically scaled model of the whole geothermal reservoir to be developed. This model was particularly useful for modelling the joint behaviour as the discrete nature of this method compares well with the joint system on such a scale. A discrete particle based model was used to model the joint behaviour on a small scale. These models demonstrated the behaviour of joints under compressional strain, showing slip and the effects of joint dilatancy. The productive lifespan of the geothermal reservoir was modelled using a Finite Element Method program based on Darcy's Law and an height-averaged heat equation. The aim of this model was to simulate the effects on the rock temperature of the fluid flow through the reservoir. The lifespan of the reservoir with differing well geometries was tested using this model to show which geometry would extend the productive lifetime of the geothermal reservoir. The results produced from the DEM models showed that the reservoir geometry is very much dependent upon the joint angle, and under the Cooper Basin stress regime steeper joints will be more likely to open. Joint dilatancy also affects the fluid flow rates as the amount of joint opening is dependent upon the joint dilatancy angle. The modelling of the temperature drawdown of the rock due to the fluid flow showed that a square configuration of wells is the ideal configuration to prolong the productive lifespan of the HDR geothermal reservoir. Results produced with the modelling parameters provided by Geodynamics Limited indicate that the productive lifespan of the Cooper Basin HDR geothermal reservoir created is approximately 50 years. This reservoir is only one of many that can be created at the site to prolong the productivity of the energy plant. The combined results of this modelling strategy give an overall image of the creation and lifetime of the HDR geothermal energy plant in the Cooper Basin.

Bibliography: leaves 299-320. / xv, 320 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The aim of this thesis is to determine the amount of exhumation in the Cooper-Eromanga Basins. The compaction method is applied in order to achieve this aim. The study expands the traditional use of the sonic log as the main 'tool' in compaction-based analysis. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1997?