<p>The work presented in this thesis has been focus on developing the idea of mesoreactor based on mesoporous silica SBA-15. SBA-15 is a mesoporous material with highly ordered pore structure and tailorable pore sizes with narrow sizes distribution. SBA-15 has been utilized to provide reaction sites for electroless copper deposition and the support of the synthesized copper nanoparticles. Oxidation processes have been conducted in order to improve the weak ion-exchange capability of as-synthesized silica surfaces. The efficiency of oxidation processes have been studied through various oxidizing agents and time. The surface treatments of mesoporous silica have been proofed to affect the distribution of the nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles of 5 nm with narrow size distribution have been synthesized without the use of any capping agents and are homogeneously embedded in the silica matrix.</p>

The work presented in this thesis has been focus on developing the idea of mesoreactor based on mesoporous silica SBA-15. SBA-15 is a mesoporous material with highly ordered pore structure and tailorable pore sizes with narrow sizes distribution. SBA-15 has been utilized to provide reaction sites for electroless copper deposition and the support of the synthesized copper nanoparticles. Oxidation processes have been conducted in order to improve the weak ion-exchange capability of as-synthesized silica surfaces. The efficiency of oxidation processes have been studied through various oxidizing agents and time. The surface treatments of mesoporous silica have been proofed to affect the distribution of the nanoparticles. Copper nanoparticles of 5 nm with narrow size distribution have been synthesized without the use of any capping agents and are homogeneously embedded in the silica matrix.

The present research involves two projects: a surface science study of the room-temperature adsorption and thermal evolution of allylamine and ethanolamine on Si(100)2×1, studied by using temperature-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS), as well as Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations; and a materials science study on the shape control of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) deposited on H-terminated Si(100) substrate with an extended size regime of 5-400 nm, by using a simple, one-step electrochemical method. The Cu NPs of three primary shapes were characterized with scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and XPS. In the first surface science study, the presence of broad N 1s XPS features at 398.9-399.1 eV, corresponding to N–Si bonds, indicates N–H dissociative adsorption for both allylamine and ethanolamine on Si(100)2×1. For allylamine, the presence of C 1s features at 284.6 eV and 286.2 eV, corresponding to C=C and C−N, respectively, and the absence of the Si−C feature expected at 283.5 eV show that the reactions involving the ethenyl group such as the [2+2] C=C cycloaddition or those producing the [N, C, C] tridentate adstructures do not occur at room temperature. For ethanolamine, the O 1s feature at 533.1 eV indicates the formation of Si−O bond and O−H dissociation, which confirms an [O, N] bidentate adstructure and excludes the N−H and O−H dissociation unidentate structures. These XPS data are consistent with the N−H unidentate, and N−H and O−H double dissociation [O, N] bidentate adstructures for allylamine and ethanolamine, respectively, as predicted by the DFT calculations. TDS and temperature-dependent XPS data further show the desorption of propene and ethylene at 580 K and of acetylene at 700 K for allylamine and the desorption of ethylene at 615 K for ethanolamine, while the lack of N- or O-containing desorbates suggests that the dissociated N and O species are likely bonded to multiple surface Si atoms or diffused into the bulk at elevated temperatures (as confirmed by the corresponding temperature-dependent XPS spectra). Unlike the multidentate allyl alcohol and allylamine adstructures that have been found to be not favored kinetically, the present [O, N] bidentate ethanolamine adstructure appears to be kinetically favored on Si(100)2×1. In the second materials science study, Cu NPs of three primary shapes have been deposited on H-terminated Si(100) by a simple, one-step electrochemical method. By precisely manipulating the electrolyte concentration [CuSO4.5H2O] below their respective critical values, cubic, cuboctahedral, and octahedral Cu NPs of ranges of average sizes and number densities can be easily obtained by varying the deposition time. Combined GIXRD and depth-profiling XPS studies show that these Cu NPs have a crystalline core-shell structure, with a face-centered cubic metallic Cu core and a simple cubic Cu2O shell with a CuO outerlayer. The shape control of Cu NPs can be understood in terms of a progressive growth model under different kinetic conditions as dictated by different [CuSO4.5H2O] concentration regimes. The two studies in the present work lay the foundation for future investigation of surface biofunctionalization of these fascinating Cu NPs with different shapes and therefore different surface chemistries as controlled by the relative amounts of the (100) and (111) facets, and their boundaries.

The present research involves two projects: a surface science study of the room-temperature adsorption and thermal evolution of allylamine and ethanolamine on Si(100)2×1, studied by using temperature-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS), as well as Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations; and a materials science study on the shape control of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) deposited on H-terminated Si(100) substrate with an extended size regime of 5-400 nm, by using a simple, one-step electrochemical method. The Cu NPs of three primary shapes were characterized with scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), glancing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and XPS. In the first surface science study, the presence of broad N 1s XPS features at 398.9-399.1 eV, corresponding to N–Si bonds, indicates N–H dissociative adsorption for both allylamine and ethanolamine on Si(100)2×1. For allylamine, the presence of C 1s features at 284.6 eV and 286.2 eV, corresponding to C=C and C−N, respectively, and the absence of the Si−C feature expected at 283.5 eV show that the reactions involving the ethenyl group such as the [2+2] C=C cycloaddition or those producing the [N, C, C] tridentate adstructures do not occur at room temperature. For ethanolamine, the O 1s feature at 533.1 eV indicates the formation of Si−O bond and O−H dissociation, which confirms an [O, N] bidentate adstructure and excludes the N−H and O−H dissociation unidentate structures. These XPS data are consistent with the N−H unidentate, and N−H and O−H double dissociation [O, N] bidentate adstructures for allylamine and ethanolamine, respectively, as predicted by the DFT calculations. TDS and temperature-dependent XPS data further show the desorption of propene and ethylene at 580 K and of acetylene at 700 K for allylamine and the desorption of ethylene at 615 K for ethanolamine, while the lack of N- or O-containing desorbates suggests that the dissociated N and O species are likely bonded to multiple surface Si atoms or diffused into the bulk at elevated temperatures (as confirmed by the corresponding temperature-dependent XPS spectra). Unlike the multidentate allyl alcohol and allylamine adstructures that have been found to be not favored kinetically, the present [O, N] bidentate ethanolamine adstructure appears to be kinetically favored on Si(100)2×1. In the second materials science study, Cu NPs of three primary shapes have been deposited on H-terminated Si(100) by a simple, one-step electrochemical method. By precisely manipulating the electrolyte concentration [CuSO4.5H2O] below their respective critical values, cubic, cuboctahedral, and octahedral Cu NPs of ranges of average sizes and number densities can be easily obtained by varying the deposition time. Combined GIXRD and depth-profiling XPS studies show that these Cu NPs have a crystalline core-shell structure, with a face-centered cubic metallic Cu core and a simple cubic Cu2O shell with a CuO outerlayer. The shape control of Cu NPs can be understood in terms of a progressive growth model under different kinetic conditions as dictated by different [CuSO4.5H2O] concentration regimes. The two studies in the present work lay the foundation for future investigation of surface biofunctionalization of these fascinating Cu NPs with different shapes and therefore different surface chemistries as controlled by the relative amounts of the (100) and (111) facets, and their boundaries.

Orientador: Ivana Cesarino / Resumo: O glifosato é o agrotóxico mais usado no mundo e atualmente é detectado em amostras por métodos cromatográficos. A fim de contribuir com as limitações desta técnica, este trabalho apresenta uma nova alternativa para a análise deste pesticida através de uma técnica eletroanalítica. Trata-se de uma molécula não eletroativa e que, portanto, não é detectada voltametricamente com sua estrutura básica, seja na forma molecular ou iônica. No entanto, é possível detectá-la de forma indireta devido à sua propriedade de formar complexos com íons cúpricos. Um sensor foi desenvolvido para a detecção de glifosato, usando a técnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (DPV) e um eletrodo de carbono vítreo (GC) modificado com um compósito de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) e nanopartículas de cobre (CuNPs), sintetizado por método químico. O comportamento eletroquímico dos eletrodos GC/rGO-CuNPs foi caracterizado por voltametria cíclica (CV) em solução tampão fosfato (PBS) pH 7,4no intervalo de -0,3 a +0,2 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl (3,0 mol L-1), com velocidade de varredura de 50mV s-1. Foram observados processos de oxidação em 30 mV e redução em -180 mV, que comprovam que rGO foi modificado com as CuNPs.Por DPV, a diminuição na corrente de pico anódica do cobre em presença de glifosato, atribuída formação do complexo Cu(II)-glifosato, foi usada para quantificar o analito em amostras. Assim, o eletrodo desenvolvido foi avaliado e otimizado na detecção glifosato por DPV, e os melhores resultados obtido... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Glyphosate is the most widely used pesticide in the world and is currently detected in samples by chromatographic methods. In order to contribute to the limitations of this technique, this work presents a new alternative for the analysis of this pesticide through an electroanalytical technique. It is a non-electroactive molecule and therefore is not detected voltammetrically with its basic structure, either in molecular or ionic form. However, it is possible to detect it indirectly because of its property of forming complexes with cupric ions. A sensor was developed for the detection of glyphosate using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique and a modified graphene oxide (GC) electrode with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), synthesized by chemical method. The electrochemical behavior of the GC / rGO-CuNPs electrodes was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 in the range of -0.3 to +0.2 V vs. Ag / AgCl / KCl (3.0 mol L-1), with a scanning speed of 50mV s-1. Oxidation processes were observed at 30 mV and reduction at -180 mV, which proved that rGO was modified with CuNPs. By DPV, the decrease in the anodic peak current of copper in the presence of glyphosate, attributed the formation of Cu (II) -glyphosate, was used to quantify the analyte in samples. Thus, the electrode developed was evaluated and optimized for glyphosate detection by DPV, and the best results were obtained in the following c... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Diabetes, a worldwide disease, is classified into two types, type 1 or insulin-dependent and type 2 or noninsulin-dependent. Based on reports published by the International Diabetes Federation, the total number of those suffering from diabetes is growing every year. Statistics predict that type 2 diabetes, currently affecting about 8% of the adult population, would spread at such a pace that by 2030, more than 40 million cases of diabetes would be found throughout the world. On the other hand, studies revealed that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a lower incidence of tumour development than healthy controls and that patients diagnosed with cancer have a lower risk of mortality when treated with metformin. However, the frequent use of metformin with low oral bioavailability ranging between 40-60% in the intestinal environment leads to large accumulation on the enterocytes. / 2024-02-24

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18277号 / 工博第3869号 / 新制||工||1593(附属図書館) / 31135 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 松原 英一郎, 教授 杉村 博之, 教授 邑瀬 邦明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

In recent years, coinage metal nanoparticles have emerged as materials with largest quadratic optical nonlinearity. Their first hyperpolarizabilities (β) are very high (105-106 x 10-30 esu) but such large values were quite unexpected because of their apparently centrosymmetric bulk structure. Only a small second harmonic generation (SHG) from coinage metal nanoparticles is expected through higher order multipolar (e.g., quadrupolar) polarization mechanisms. Various possible reasons have been attributed to the observation of large β values in coinage metal nanoparticles. They are: 1) Particles may not be overall centrosymmetric (as appears from the TEM pictures) which, in turn, can make SHG electric dipole allowed, 2) Several polarization mechanisms (dipolar, quadrupolar, retardation, etc.) may be operating simultaneously to render SHG very efficient, 3) SHG can be resonance enhanced if the incident or SH photons fall within the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption bands or higher energy interband transitions in the metal particles, and 4) Surface capping agents used for stabilization of the nanoparticles in solution alter the SH response. It is, therefore, important to experimentally find out which of the above mentioned possibilities are dominant and under what conditions we can identify the contribution of various mechanisms to the overall SHG response of the coinage metal nanoparticles. In this thesis work, the origin of SHG from copper (one of the coinage metals) nanoparticles has been investigated using hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS). In chapter 1, an introduction to metal nanoparticles and their optical properties have been presented. A general introduction to second order nonlinear optics and various methods for the determination of first hyperpolarizability are provided. A literature survey on the second order NLO properties of metal nanoparticles is also done. At the end of the chapter, the motivation of the work done is outlined. In chapter 2, the experimental set-ups for unpolarized and polarization resolved hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements at different wavelengths are described. Generation of IR wavelength of 1543 and 1907 nm using stimulated Raman scattering in gases have been presented in this chapter. In chapter 3, synthesis and characterization of copper nanoparticles are described. Four different size copper nanoparticles (5, 9, 25, and 55 nm) were prepared by laser ablation. Size dependencies of first hyperpolarizability were investigated at different wavelengths and it was found that β increases with increasing size of the particle and that the SHG originates mainly from the surface of the particle. Dispersion in first hyperpolarizabilities of the copper nanoparticles has also been investigated and we find that at incident and SH wavelengths far from the SPR absorption band, the hyperpolarizability is large compared to molecular hyperpolarizabilities. In chapter 4, the results of polarization resolved HRS measurements on copper nanoparticles of five different sizes at four different wavelengths (738, 1064, 1543 and 1907 nm) are reported. Polarization analyses show that at small particle size to wavelength (d/λ) ratio the dipolar contribution to SHG is dominant whereas the quadrupolar and retardation effects become important at larger d/λ values. The “small particle limit” in the SHG from coinage metal nanoparticles has been assessed based on our results on copper and others’ results on silver and gold nanoparticles. In chapter 5, the effect of surface capping on the first hyperpolarizability of copper nanoparticles is investigated. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) has been used as a capping agent. The results obtained for bare and capped copper nanoparticles show that capping enhances the hyperpolarizability by a factor of 2. In the last chapter 6, general conclusions drawn on SHG from coinage metal nanoparticles based on this work are presented along with future perspectives.

Powerful tools have emerged in the past few years to allow the sensing, imaging and modulation of biological processes in living systems. Bioorthogonal organometallic reactions are transformations catalysed by transition metals, which are compatible within a biological environment. Palladium-mediated cross-coupling and decaging reactions, for example, have been successfully applied to catalyse non-natural chemical transformations within a biological milieu. Up until now, copper-catalysed cycloaddition reactions have been used extensively for the conjugation, immobilisation, and purification of biomolecules, but their further application in vivo has been limited by the inherent toxicity of copper. Herein, different transition metal catalysts were designed and applied in cellular and in vivo manipulations. Polymeric solid supports were functionalised with palladium nanoparticles and used as biocompatible, heterogeneous catalysts in selective decaging and cross-coupling reactions to activate fluorescent probes and synthesise cytotoxic anticancer drugs in situ. In order to gain tumour selectively, targeting functionalities were incorporated into the particles to allow the spatial control of the selective activation of labelling probes. The simultaneous synthesis of two different anticancer agents intracellularly, by two totally different mechanisms (in situ synthesis and decaging), is reported. The cellular toxicity of copper was addressed by entrapping copper nanoparticles on a polymeric solid support, allowing the activation of labelling probes, as well as the synthesis of an anticancer agent from two benign components through the well-known copper catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The biocompatibility of the copper catalysts in vivo was shown by implantation in zebrafish embryos.

Les objectifs principaux de ce travail étaient d'étudier la nature des composés de cuivre formés dans les nano-zéolithes en utilisant deux approches: (i) incorporation directe du Cu via une synthèse mono pot et (ii) incorporation post-synthèse du Cu suivi par une réduction chimique. Une étude détaillée de l'évolution des espèces de cuivre dans la suspension de nano-zéolithe LTL réduite avec de l'hydrazine a révélé la formation de nanoparticules de cuivre avec des dimensions limitées par la taille de canaux et des cages de la zéolithe. Cependant, avec un temps de réduction prolongé, les NPs de Cu ont tendance à migrer vers la surface de la zéolithe en raison de leur forte mobilité dans les milieux aqueux, et donne lieu à de grosses particules de cuivre, tout en conservant la structure de la zéolithe. La réduction du cuivre donne lieu à un système complexe contenant différentes espèces de cuivre: des résidus de Cu2+, Cu+ et des NPs de Cu. Les études par spectroscopie IRTF montrent l'hétérogénéité des cations Cu 2+ et Cu + dans la zéolithe Cu-LTL préparée par échange ionique. Il a été prouvé, que l'état et le comportement du cuivre dans la zéolithe LTL dépendent fortement de la méthode utilisée pour l'incorporation du Cu, soit par échange ionique, soit par incorporation directe du Cu. Il est devenu évident que le cuivre ajouté au mélange de synthèse possède un environnement distinct et occupe une position différente quand il est comparé à celui de l’échange ionique. Il est vraisemblablement partiellement localisé dans la charpente zéolithique ou /caché dans la structureet est inaccessible pour les molécules adsorbées. De plus, les modifications post-synthèse du matériau obtenu par synthèse directe entrainent un déplacement vers des positions hors structure d’un nombre important de Cu.De plus, les films minces de zéolithes contenant du métal avec des épaisseurs différentes ont été obtenue par un procédé de revêtement par centrifugation de supports de silicium et/ou des supports optiques CaF 2. Ce dernier a été utilisé pour la détection de CO en faible concentration à température ambiante et l’étude de la réponse optique ultrarapide du matériau photo-excité en résonance avec la bande du plasmon des NPs métalliques. En résume, ce travail couvre entièrement toutes les étapes de la synthèse, la modification, la caractérisation complète et l’utilisation de nano-cristaux de zéolithe contenant du métal. La combinaison des propriétés uniques des nanoparticules de cuivre et de la polyvalence des nano-zéolites donne lieu à des matériaux avancées intéressants pour de nombreuses d'applications dans des dispositifs de taille nanométrique, la détection sélective de produit chimique, la catalyse, etc. / The main objectives of this work were to study the nature of copper species formed in the nanosized zeolites using two approaches: (i) direct incorporation of Cu via one pot synthesis, and (ii) post synthesis incorporation of Cu followed by chemical reduction. A detailed study of the evolution of copper species in the LTL nanosized zeolite suspension reduced with hydrazine revealed the formation of copper nanoparticles with the dimensions limited by the size of zeolite channels and cages. However, with prolonged reduction time, the Cu NPs tend to migrate to the zeolite surface due to their high mobility in aqueous media, resulting in large copper particles, while the zeolite structure is preserved. The reduction of copper resulted in a complex system, containing different copper species: residuals of Cu2+, Cu+, CuNPs. The results of FTIR spectroscopy show the heterogeneity of Cu2+ and Cu+ cations in the Cu-LTL zeolite prepared by ion-exchange procedure. It has been proven, that the state and behavior of copper in LTL zeolite strongly depend on the method used for Cu inclusion: ion exchange or direct Cu incorporation. It became evident, that copper added to the synthesis mixture shows distinct environment and occupies different position when compared to ion exchange. It is presumably partially located in the zeolite framework or occluded in its walls and is inaccessible by adsorbed molecules. In addition, the post-synthesis modifications of the material obtained by direct synthesis cause the displacement of a significant amount of Cu to the extra-framework positions.Further, the metal containing zeolite thin films with different thickness were obtained by spin-coating approach on silicon wafers and CaF2 optical plates. The latter were after employed for detection of low concentration of CO at ambient temperature and investigation of the ultrafast optical response of the materials photo-excited in resonance with the plasmon band of the Me NPs. In summary, the present PhD thesis fully covers the all steps from the synthesis, modification, thorough characterization, and application of metal-containing nanosized zeolite crystals. The combination of unique properties of copper nanoparticles with versatility of nanozeolites give rise to the development of advanced materials which are interesting for many applications in nanoscale devices, selective chemical sensing, catalysis etc.