Many people might think that downloading music without paying for it is not a big issue. Copyright owners disagree with this kind of reasoning because to them, music is intellectual property with substantial commercial value. Copyright law is the primary form of protection for intellectual property and is based on the fundamental principle that copyright works cannot be reproduced without the express consent of the copyright owner. During the late 90’s however, new technology made it possible for millions of people to download music from the Internet without the express consent of copyright owners. The mere act of downloading songs illegally violates the exclusive right of the copyright owner to reproduce the work. It has also created problems within copyright law that was not foreseeable in the 17th century when the Statute of Anne was enacted. In law, there is always an exception to the rule and it is no different with copyright law. Although copyright owners have the exclusive right to reproduce their work, the general public has been granted exceptions to make fair dealing of copyright works for private or personal use, purposes of research, private study, criticism, review or for reporting current events in a magazine, newspaper or periodical, broadcasting or by using the work in a cinematograph film by virtue of s12 of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. However, the list of exceptions supra may be changed and/or extended, provided that it remains in line with the international conventions and agreements that South Africa is a member to. The three-step test is inter alia provided for in Art. 9(2) of the Berne Convention1 (Paris Text of 1971) and permit exceptions to the reproduction right of the copyright owner: 1) in certain special cases; 2) that do not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and; 3) that does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author/rights holder. S17 provides that certain subsections of s12 shall apply mutatis mutandis with reference to sound recordings. However, s12(1)(a) is not one of the subsections mentioned in s17 which means that fair dealing in sound recordings for purposes of research or private study, or for personal or private use is NOT permitted. Fair dealing however, is not absolute nor is it an easy doctrine to interpret. The legal interpretation and application of fair dealing has been fraught with complexity since the English courts first dealt with fair abridgement of literary works between the 17th and 18th century but this complexity has been compounded even more by new technology, especially in relation to music works. The legal uncertainty of fair dealing with regard to music works is the reason why this comparative research has been undertaken in the jurisdictions of South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. Hopefully it will shed more light on the doctrine and lift the veil of confusion. / Jurisprudence / LLM

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-24T12:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Macedo Pires.pdf: 1396139 bytes, checksum: b6790d2b9dd3ec545f2dabee084ce38d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T12:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Macedo Pires.pdf: 1396139 bytes, checksum: b6790d2b9dd3ec545f2dabee084ce38d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The basic assumption of this research is that contemporary digital technologies provide differentiated ways of producing, distributing and consuming music today, leading to a reconfiguration of the processes involving productions in the music industry and changes in the ways of enjoying music. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to understand how the relationships of the autonomous artists with the Streaming platforms in the consumption and the distribution of musical productions are given. It seeks to understand how current platforms, particularly Spotify, Deezer and Apple Music (audio distribution), and SoundCloud (social audio network) have changed the monopoly of the music industry, forms of financial collection and relations with the public. It is assumed, to do so, that is necessary to deal with issues that involve the circulation of cultural productions in modernity, through the technologies, communication and social sciences. Walter Benjamin's concept of "loss of aura" and "technical reproducibility", the concept of "mass culture" by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, the notions involving the networked society of Manuel Castells and the Cyberculture, of Pierre Lévy are important ideas for understanding contemporaneity. Finally, through an analysis of the theoretical perspectives based on these authors of communication and cultural studies, we intend to identify and make explicit the relationship between the technological evolution of the media and the copyrights in music, in order to understand economic, social and cultural practices in contemporaneity regarding musical production / O pressuposto básico desta pesquisa é que as tecnologias digitais contemporâneas proporcionam modos diferenciados de produzir, distribuir e consumir música atualmente, acarretando em uma reconfiguração dos processos que envolvem as produções na indústria da música e as mudanças nos modos de apreciar a música hoje. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é o de compreender como ocorrem as relações dos artistas autônomos com as plataformas de Streaming no consumo e na distribuição das produções musicais. Pretende-se entender como as atuais plataformas, particularmente Spotify, Deezer e Apple Music (de distribuição de áudio), e SoundCloud (rede social de áudio) mudaram o monopólio da indústria fonográfica, as formas de arrecadação financeira e as relações com o público. Para tanto, é necessário tratar de questões que envolvem a circulação das produções culturais na modernidade, pelo viés das tecnologias, comunicação e ciências sociais. O conceito de “perda da aura” e de “reprodutibilidade técnica”, de Walter Benjamin, o conceito de “cultura de massa”, de Theodor Adorno e Max Horkheimer, as noções que envolvem a sociedade em rede, de Manuel Castells e Cibercultura, de Pierre Lévy são aspectos importantes para compreensão da contemporaneidade. Por fim, pretende-se, através de análise das perspectivas teóricas baseadas nesses autores da comunicação e nos estudos culturais, identificar e explicitar a relação entre a evolução tecnológica dos suportes e dos direitos autorais na música para compreender como se dão as práticas culturais, sociais e econômicas da contemporaneidade em relação as produções musicais

This thesis explores the South African Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978 as it pertains to the archived holdings at the International Library of African Music (ILAM) situated at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. The purpose of analysing this law is to advise and assist ILAM in fulfilling royalty payment obligations as stipulated in a contract signed between ILAM and the Smithsonian Global Sound (formally Global Sound Network) in 2001. In order to clearly comprehend the scope of the royalty payment clause in the Smithsonian Institution’s contract with ILAM, this research includes an examination of: the history and nature of South African copyright as a sub-structure of intellectual property; specific internationally documented copyright infringement cases; the recording and documentation practices of Hugh Tracey (ILAM’s founder and director from 1954 to 1977); the contract between Global Sound Network and ILAM; and contentious issues surrounding collective ownership and indigenous knowledge. In conclusion, this research suggests equitable solutions to ILAM’s copyright concerns and proposes the Eastern Cape Music Archiving Project (ECMAP) as a practical vehicle to assist the South African Department of Trade and Industry in implementation of the South African Intellectual Property Amendment Bill (2008) if, and when, it is passed.

Orientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_LeonardoRibeiroda_D.pdf: 2081819 bytes, checksum: 83edc0f34085d32e2f4e01a345734b85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Essa pesquisa discute as estratégias de combate e de inserção do mercado fonográfico na internet e seus efeitos no desenvolvimento da rede. Para tal, ela parte da análise do mercado tradicional de discos, que durante todo o século XX se solidificou através do controle dos meios de produção, distribuição e promoção de cópias gravadas em suporte físico bem como através da proteção das leis regulamentadoras desse mercado ¿ as leis autorais. Entretanto, a internet e as tecnologias de reprodução e distribuição de bens culturais digitalizados reorganizaram o mercado fonográfico ao propiciar uma ampla e gratuita disponibilização de seus produtos. Tal reorganização teve ressonâncias em diversos aspectos desse mercado, principalmente nas formas tradicionais de negociação e valorização dos produtos culturais. As primeiras movimentações do mercado fonográfico foram a de combate à distribuição digital de música em favor da proteção do mercado tradicional de música gravada, pautada pelo paradigma da escassez e pelo controle oligopolista e altamente concentrado do mercado. Contudo, acontecimentos mais recentes no campo da negociação dos produtos culturais e das empresas fonográficas apontam para novos desdobramentos relacionados à aproximação das estratégias de inserção das empresas de entretenimento com a distribuição digital que, por sua vez, buscou transformar o modelo de negócio do mercado fonográfico através de uma redefinição de seus produtos e de sua atuação. A partir de novos serviços legais de disponibilização gratuita de músicas, as grandes empresas fonográficas inauguraram formas distintas de negociação de seus produtos culturais, pautando seus lucros a partir do cada vez mais onipresente marketing comportamental. A música como mercadoria muda de natureza comercial em favor de uma nova lógica de valorização, pautada na abundância e na gratuidade de produtos a partir de seu acesso. Ao reforçar a hegemonia de um modelo de negócio pautado no controle do acesso de informações, na criação de ambientes fechados e voltados à valorização ¿ baseado na ação simultânea de suas estratégias de repressão e de inserção ¿ a indústria fonográfica volta a buscar o controle da produção, distribuição e promoção de música gravada ao mesmo tempo que alteram definitivamente a experiência de navegação do usuário e o próprio desenvolvimento da topologia da internet / Abstract: This research discusses the strategies of repression and insertion of the music industry on the Internet and its effects on the development of the network . To this goal, it starts from the analysis of the traditional music market, that throughout the twentieth century solidified by controlling the means of production, distribution and promotion of recorded copies on physical media as well as through the protection of the laws regulating this market ¿ the copyright laws. However , the internet and the technologies of reproduction and distribution of digitized cultural goods reorganized the music industry by providing a wide and free availability of their products . This restructuring had resonances in various aspects of this market , especially in traditional forms of trading and valuation of cultural products . The first strategy of the music industry were to combat the digital distribution of music in favor of protecting the traditional market for recorded music, guided by the paradigm of scarcity and the highly concentrated and oligopolistic market control. However, recent events in the trading of cultural products and in the record companies fields indicate a new developments related to the integration strategies of entertainment companies in the digital distribution that, in turn, sought to transform the business model of the music industry through a redefinition of its products and its operations. From new legal services with free music available, large music companies opened different ways of negotiating their cultural products, basing its profits from the increasingly ubiquitous digital behavioral marketing. Music as merchandise changes of its commercial nature in favor of a new logic of valuation, based on the abundance and gratuity of product through their access. By reinforcing the hegemony of a business model guided by the access information control, the creation of closed and controlled digital environments - based on the simultaneous action of their strategies of repression and insertion - the music industry back to seek control of production, distribution and sale of recorded music while definitely alter the user's browsing experience and the development of the topology of internet / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutor em Sociologia

Thesis(Ph.D. (Communication Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Digital technologies are increasingly revolutionising music consumption patterns globally. Consequently, there is an emerging culture in which online tools have become primary platforms for music consumption. In this postmodern era, digital technologies make music easily accessed, consumed and shared, thereby providing a seemingly global recognition to artistes beyond their immediate geographical market. As a result, artistes sometimes distribute their music for free with the intention to reach potential consumers. Equally, these technologies also allow consumers to illegally access and share music freely without financial compensation to the artistes. At the same time artistes also sell their music through different online stores to generate revenue. Alongside these developments, there are challenges with access to the Internet in South Africa with older adults and those in rural areas being disadvantaged, and the cost of Internet curtailing what youths can afford to do online. This then prompts critical questions: How do older adults and youth listen to music? Where and how do they access music? How does the new digitalised music affect their music consumption? What are the implications of all these to the social capital and social lifestyles of youth and older South African adults? Also, how has the digitalisation of music impacted on the political economy of the music industry in South Africa? In what ways do the illegal and legal downloads of music benefit or disadvantage local artistes? From a critical theorisation of an emerging ‘download culture’ and a discussion of the postmodern technological turn, this study examined a case study of South African youth and older adults’ music consumption pattern. Through a survey of 202 university students in a rural South African university and 100 older adults from semi rural areas of Limpopo Province in South Africa, the study examined the ways youth and older adults access and consume music. It explored music sharing habits and opinions about piracy in a culture where music has become instantaneously shareable. Apart from findings from this study, new knowledge and a contribution to communication scholarship is presented here with a proposal of new theory of ‘download culture’. Fundamental to this study is the implications of download culture for the creative industry, predominantly, its impact on the South African music industry. The data show that this cohort of South African youth are not different from youths globally, where music is accessed through mobile cell phones. This study also reflects that many older adults do not access digitalised music due to socio economic conditions and challenges of technology access. Nevertheless, the social cultural impact of this has repercussions on the cultural well-being of this vital group in society. Although internet access challenges persist, a critical concern is the blurring distinctions about the legal and illegal download of music. / National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS), in collaboration with the South African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA)

MAAS / Department of Music

This work is concerned with an analysis of the copyright protection of musical works. Musical works form part of the categories of works protected under copyright law. It would be easy to dismiss musical works as not warranting a serious study, as would for example, be warranted for “industrial property” rights such as patents and geographical indicators, or more “serious” copyrights such as architectural works and computer software. Such a perspective would however, not be cognisant of the significant contribution that the music industry, as part of the broader cultural and creative industries makes to the global economy. It has, for example, been shown that in 2013, the global cultural and creative industries contributed some US$2,250b, employing some 29,5 million people, with the music industry being one of the top three employers and with its revenues exceeding those of radio.1 A single successful musician can earn in excess of US$100m per annum,2 making the industry ripe for litigious claims. For this reason therefore a consideration of the legal rules that apply to the protection of musical works is crucial. There is currently no clear exposition and systematic analysis of the legal principles applicable to the field of music copyright and no work devoted to the in-depth delineation of the rights and sub-rights relating to musical copyright protection. This study seeks to address this research and knowledge gap by providing a historical and contextual analysis of the protection of musical works. The aim is to provide a complete picture of the milieu of music copyright protection to enable the reader to feel empowered in dealing with the subject-matter. This the writer does by mapping the historical development of music copyright protection in particular from eighteenth century England when the first copyright legislation was enacted, until the enactment of the British Copyright Act of 1911, which signalled the emergence of the “common law” copyright system. The writer then shows how this enactment shaped the development of modern music copyright law, and concludes by presenting a contextual consideration of the current South African law of music copyright and highlighting the challenges it is faced with. / Mercantile Law / LL. D.