Abstract This study armed to develop a chemical scrubbing process to treat an emitted odorous gas stream from a corn-germ oil-pressing machine. Analytical results demonstrated that the gas contains a total VOC (volatile organic compound) concentration of 323 to 2,100 ppm calibrated as methane. Major VOC ingredients are aldehydes, organic acids, and mercaptans. Ozone, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were used as oxidants for VOCs other than aldehydes and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) was used as a reductant for aldehydes. Experimental setup used in this study consisted of a set of four-stage-in-series scrubbers for VOC oxidation and a set of 18-L bubble column for aldehyde reduction. Each stage of the scrubber was constructed from a 25-cm x 140-cm (OD x H) plastic column packed with 2¡¨-diameter plastic packings to a height of 90 cm. Experiment results showed that suitable conditions for the VOC and odor removal in the oxidation tower are: (1) QL/QG (flowrate ratio of circulating liquid and gas) = 0.0024-0.0035 m3 liquid/m3 gas, (2) dose rate of NaOCl solution (10 % effective chlorine) = 0.0125-0.015 L/m3 gas, (3) pH of the circulating liquid = 7.5-8.0, and (4) supplemental water flowrate = 2.4-5.0 L/m3 gas. Those for the reduction of the residual aldehydes and other odorous compounds are: (1) concentration of NaHSO3 scrubbering solution = 2,156 mg/L as SO2 and (2) pH of the NaHSO3 solution = 5.0-6.0. Under the conditions, experimental data demonstrated that the process could reduce H2S from 0-5.5 to 0 ppm, NH3 from 0.1-0.4 to 0-0.1 ppm, phenols from 0-2.0 to 0 ppm, acids from 15-25 to 0 ppm, acetaldehyde from 10-34 to 0-10 ppm, amines from 0.1 to 0.1 ppm, and mercaptans from 0.5-10.5 ppm to 0 ppm. Overall VOC removal efficacy was 85-100 %. Effluent gas from the oxidation stage had a chlorine smell, while that from the reduction one was odorless. Based on the results from the pilot study, a full-scale plant with a waste gas flow rate 105 m3/min was proposed. It was estimated that the full-scale plant has an equipment cost of US$ 45,000, and an operating cost of around US$ 110/(8-hr day) or US$ 0.75/(1,000 m3 waste gas).

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Dale A. Blasi / Effects of nucleotides (NA) (PSB Complex; DSS Global, Chicago, IL) with corn germ meal (CGM) or dried corn distillers grains (DDG) on growth performance, digestibility, in vitro ruminal gas production, and mucosal immunity were analyzed in 4 experiments. In Exp. 1, 213 crossbred heifers (BW= 262 ± 67.4 kg) were used in a complete block design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the net energy values of CGM in comparison to DDG and the effects of NA at three inclusion levels (0, 2, and 4 g) during an 84-d receiving period. Pens were randomly assigned to one of six treatments: 1) CGM with no NA (CGM0), 2) CGM with 2 g/heifer daily NA (CGM2), 3) CGM with 4 g/heifer daily NA (CGM4), 4) DDG with no NA (DDG0), 5) DDG with 2 g/heifer daily NA (DDG2), and 6) DDG with 4 g/heifer daily NA (DDG4). There were no significant effects of NA or the type of corn byproduct on growth performance (P ≥ 0.15). Exp. 2, was conducted to determine the performance and mucosal immunity effects of NA using 240 crossbred heifers (BW= 268 ± 34.1 kg). Pens were randomly assigned to three treatments which consisted of diets 4, 5 and 6 from Exp. 1. Calves were blocked by weight and assigned to a pen for 56-d. There were no significant effects of NA on growth performance results (P ≥ 0.18). On d 28, fecal samples were collected from approximately 5 calves from each pen and analyzed for secretory IgA concentration. NA inclusion did not affect fecal IgA concentration (P = 0.15). Exp. 3, utilized 4 ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The four treatments included diets 1 and 4 from Exp. 1 along with those two diets supplemented with 3 g/heifer daily NA. Ruminal pH increased as NA was included (P < 0.05). Ammonia concentrations were greater for DDG than for CGM (P < 0.01). Ruminal propionate concentration was less in diets that contained NA (P < 0.05). DDG diets led to greater concentrations of butyrate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate in ruminal fluid than CGM diets (P < 0.01). Valerate concentrations were decreased by NA when included in DDG diets, but not when added to CGM diets (interaction, P < 0.01). Isovalerate concentrations were increased by NA when included in CGM diets, but not when added to DDG diets (interaction, P = 0.01). An in vitro study, Exp. 4, evaluated 24-h gas production effects of the 6 treatments in Exp. 1. Gas production was decreased linearly by the inclusion of NA in DDG diets, but it was unaffected by NA in CGM diets (interaction, P < 0.01). CGM can be included in receiving and growing diets at 24.5% on a DM basis in place of DDG while maintaining growth performance, digestibility, and gas production. There was no effect of NA on growth performance, digestibility, or mucosal immunity, but there was an effect on ruminal gas production and ruminal parameters. Further research is needed to determine the effects of NA on receiving and growing cattle.

Typescript. / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Christopher D. Reinhardt / Three experiments were conducted to examine nutritional and management strategies for different segments of the beef industry. The first experiment examined the effects of feeding traditional step-up diets (STEP) vs. limit-feeding (LIMIT) the finishing diet to adapt cattle to high-concentrate diets. When all cattle reached ad libitum intake of the finishing diet there was a trend (P = 0.09) for DMI to be different between treatments. During week 1, STEP cattle had higher total VFA concentrations (P = 0.02), while LIMIT cattle had higher valerate absorption (P = 0.02) and disappearance (P = 0.08). During week 4, LIMIT cattle had higher total VFA concentrations (P = 0.03) and lower valerate disappearance and absorption (P = 0.05) than STEP cattle. These results indicate that limit-feeding the finishing diet may inhibit nutrient absorption from the rumen or this method may cause increased production of valerate by lactate utilizing bacteria due to a more acidotic rumen environment. The second experiment examined the effects of feeding 5% (DM basis) dried, full-fat corn germ (GERM) on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of naturally raised yearling steers and heifers. Carcass-adjusted ADG was higher for GERM cattle (P = 0.04). There were no other differences in performance or carcass characteristics. Total incidence of liver abscesses and the incidence of severe liver abscesses were decreased by 12 and 8.2% (P = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) when GERM was added to the diet. Corn germ can be added to finishing diets at 5% without affecting performance and carcass characteristics. Producers raising natural cattle may also be able to benefit from the reduced incidence of liver abscesses. The third experiment examined concurrent metaphylactic treatment of high-risk calves with tulathromycin and chlortetracycline. Calves were placed on 1 of 3 treatments: 1) no top-dress pellets; 2) diet top-dressed with pellets containing chlortetracycline; or 3) diet top-dressed with pellets containing no chlortetracycline. There were no differences in the performance or health of these calves (P > 0.25). There are no additive benefits of concurrent metaphylaxis using both tulathromycin and chlortetracycline. This information could assist producers when designing receiving health protocols for high-risk calves.

Orientador: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Banca: Javier Telis Romero / Banca: Eduardo Micotti da Gloria / Resumo: Foi monitorada a hidratação dos germes dos grãos de milho macerados a 52ºC e 180 rpm, em 9 soluções formadas pelas combinações de três níveis de SO2 (0,0 ; 0,1 e 0,2%) e três níveis de ácido lático (0,0 ; 0,55 e 1,0%) em intervalos de tempos de 10 minutos até 36 horas. Para determinar os coeficientes efetivos de difusão da água no germe foi utilizada a solução proposta por Crank (1975) para a Segunda Lei de Fick. Os coeficientes de difusão foram da ordem de 10-6 cm2/s, valores até 10 vezes maiores que os reportados na literatura para o grão inteiro. Verificou-se que o ácido lático dificultou a hidratação nas primeiras 2 horas e facilitou em 24 horas de maceração, ao passo que o SO2 dificultou a hidratação em 24 horas de maceração. Numa segunda etapa, macerou-se 1kg de grãos de milho em 4 tratamentos que apresentaram maior hidratação e no tratamento convencional (36 horas, 0,2% SO2 e 0,55% ácido lático), determinando-se o rendimento, a porcentagem de danificação e o teor de óleo nos germes. Foi verificado que a primeira moagem do processo úmido deve ocorrer somente após o germe atingir umidade próxima de 50% b.u. e que o SO2 e o ácido lático são imprescindíveis para se obter germe de boa qualidade. / Abstract: Moisture content was measured at 15 steep times, from 10 minutes to 36 hours at 9 steep solutions made by combination between three levels of SO2 (0,0; 0,1; 0,2%) and three levels of lactic acid (0,0; 0,55; 1,0%). The solution of Fick's Second Law proposed by Crank (1975) was used to find the water effective diffusivity coefficients. The coefficients were in the order of 10-6cm2/s, and were up to 10 times faster them the values reported on the literature for diffusivity in the whole grain. Lactic acid decreased germ hydration during the first two hours of steeping and increased hydration at steeping time of 24 hours. SO2 decreased hydration for steeping time of 24 hours. On the second part of this work, 1kg of corn grains on the four treatments that showed to be of highest hydration and the conventional steeping treatment (36 hours, 0,2% SO2 and 1,0% lactic acid) were wet milled to recovery germ fraction. Percentage of germ yields, damages and oil content were determined and compared. Results showed that the first milling of the corn wet milling processes must occur only after the germ moisture content achieves approximately 50% w. b., and that SO2 and lactic acid are indispensable to obtain a high quality germ. / Mestre

Plants are potential sources of valuable recombinant and native proteins that can be purified for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food applications. Transgenic rice and corn germ were evaluated for the production of novel protein products. This dissertation addresses: 1) the extraction and purification of the recombinant protein, human lysozyme (HuLZ), from transgenic rice and 2) the processing of dry-milled corn germ for the production of high protein germ and corn protein concentrate (CPC). The factors affecting the extraction and purification of HuLZ from rice were evaluated. Ionic strength and pH was used to optimize HuLZ extraction and cation exchange purification. The selected conditions, pH 4.5 with 50 mM NaCl, were a compromise between HuLZ extractability and binding capacity, resulting in 90% purity. Process simulation was used to assess the HuLZ purification efficiency and showed that the processing costs were comparable to native lysozyme purification from egg-white, the current predominant lysozyme source. Higher purity HuLZ (95%) could be achieved using pH 4.5 extraction followed by pH 6 adsorption, but the binding capacity was unexpectedly reduced by 80%. The rice impurity, phytic acid, was identified as the potential cause of the unacceptably low capacity. Enzymatic (phytase) treatment prior to adsorption improved purification, implicating phytic acid as the primary culprit. Two processing methods were proposed to reduce this interference: 1) pH 10 extraction followed by pH 4.5 precipitation and pH 6 adsorption and 2) pH 4.5 extraction and pH 6 adsorption in the presence of TRIS counter-ions. Both methods improved the binding capacity from 8.6 mg/mL to >25 mg/mL and maintained HuLZ purity. Processing of dry-milled corn germ to increase protein and oil content was evaluated using germ wet milling. In this novel method, dry-milled germ is soaked and wet processed to produce higher value protein products. Lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments identified soaking conditions that reduced germ starch content, enhanced protein and oil content, and maintained germ PDI (protein dispersibility index). Soaking at neutral pH and 25 degrees C maintained germ PDI and improved CPC yield from defatted germ flour. CPC with greater than 75% protein purity was produced using protein precipitation or membrane filtration.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-05-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 manente_jcpp_me_sjrp.pdf: 685880 bytes, checksum: cb9d50daf3a657ec5c57bcb533adeba6 (MD5) / Foi monitorada a hidratação dos germes dos grãos de milho macerados a 52ºC e 180 rpm, em 9 soluções formadas pelas combinações de três níveis de SO2 (0,0 ; 0,1 e 0,2%) e três níveis de ácido lático (0,0 ; 0,55 e 1,0%) em intervalos de tempos de 10 minutos até 36 horas. Para determinar os coeficientes efetivos de difusão da água no germe foi utilizada a solução proposta por Crank (1975) para a Segunda Lei de Fick. Os coeficientes de difusão foram da ordem de 10-6 cm2/s, valores até 10 vezes maiores que os reportados na literatura para o grão inteiro. Verificou-se que o ácido lático dificultou a hidratação nas primeiras 2 horas e facilitou em 24 horas de maceração, ao passo que o SO2 dificultou a hidratação em 24 horas de maceração. Numa segunda etapa, macerou-se 1kg de grãos de milho em 4 tratamentos que apresentaram maior hidratação e no tratamento convencional (36 horas, 0,2% SO2 e 0,55% ácido lático), determinando-se o rendimento, a porcentagem de danificação e o teor de óleo nos germes. Foi verificado que a primeira moagem do processo úmido deve ocorrer somente após o germe atingir umidade próxima de 50% b.u. e que o SO2 e o ácido lático são imprescindíveis para se obter germe de boa qualidade. / Moisture content was measured at 15 steep times, from 10 minutes to 36 hours at 9 steep solutions made by combination between three levels of SO2 (0,0; 0,1; 0,2%) and three levels of lactic acid (0,0; 0,55; 1,0%). The solution of Fick's Second Law proposed by Crank (1975) was used to find the water effective diffusivity coefficients. The coefficients were in the order of 10-6cm2/s, and were up to 10 times faster them the values reported on the literature for diffusivity in the whole grain. Lactic acid decreased germ hydration during the first two hours of steeping and increased hydration at steeping time of 24 hours. SO2 decreased hydration for steeping time of 24 hours. On the second part of this work, 1kg of corn grains on the four treatments that showed to be of highest hydration and the conventional steeping treatment (36 hours, 0,2% SO2 and 1,0% lactic acid) were wet milled to recovery germ fraction. Percentage of germ yields, damages and oil content were determined and compared. Results showed that the first milling of the corn wet milling processes must occur only after the germ moisture content achieves approximately 50% w. b., and that SO2 and lactic acid are indispensable to obtain a high quality germ.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade, o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica da inclusão de derivados do milho: água de maceração (AM), glúten (GM), farelo de glúten (FG), germe (GEM) e dextrina (D) em dietas para tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) e do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). No primeiro, secundo e terceiro experimentos, avaliaram-se a digestibilidade in vivo do AM para a tilápia e para o pacu, e GM, FG, GEM e D somente para o pacu. No quarto e no quinto experimentos, foram avaliados o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica de AM para a tilápia e o pacu. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 126 juvenis de tilápia (peso médio de 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (peso médio de 29,50 g ± 5,13 g) e 108 pacus (peso médio de 77,69g ± 17,65g). Estes peixes foram acondicionados em seis gaiolas submersas em seis aquários de alimentação com capacidade de 100 L de água, e para a coleta de fezes, utilizaram-se três aquários cilíndricos de fundo cônico de 250 L. Para os ensaios de desempenho, foram utilizados 200 alevinos de tilápia (peso médio de 2,81 ± 0,15g) distribuídos em 20 caixas de 130L com densidade de 10 peixes por caixa, e 140 pacus (peso médio de 3,42± 0,30g) distribuídos em aquários de 40L com densidade de sete peixes por aquário. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB) de AM: 94,15% e 84,93%, para tilápia e 97,10% e 98,43%, para pacu, respectivamente. Já para os ingredientes GM, FG, e GEM obtiveram-se os seguintes valores de CDAPB para o pacu: 99,62%, 84,92%, 70,97%, e para CDAEB: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectivamente. Em relação à D, foi determinado apenas o CDAEB de 85,16%. Quanto ao ensaio de desempenho, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, para as duas espécies, exceto para a taxa de eficiência protéica referente à tilápia. A análise de viabilidade econômica demonstrou que as inclusões de 8% de AM em dieta para tilápia nilótica, e 6% em dietas experimentais para o pacu foram os tratamentos que mais reduziram os custos relacionados à formação da dieta em comparação ao controle. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the digestibility, performance and economic viability of corn derivative ingredients inclusions in diets: condensed fermented corn extractive (CE), gluten meal (GM), corn gluten feed 21% (CGF) and dextrin (D) to Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In the first, second and third experiments, were evaluated the digestibility of CE of tilápia and pacu, and others ingredients, just for pacu. In fourth and five experiments, performance assay of CE of tilápia and pacu were evaluated. For the digestibility assays, were used 126 juveniles of tilápia (weight mean 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (weight mean 29,50 g ± 5,13 g), and 108 pacus (weight mean 77,69 g ± 17,65g). The fishes were assigned were assigned to six 100L feeding tanks and three 250 L cylindrical tanks with conical bottom, to feces collection. For the fourth and fifth experiments, were used 200 tilápia fingerlings (weight mean 2,81 ± 0,15g) distributed in twenty 130L tanks and 140 pacu fingerlings (weight mean 3,42± 0,30g) distributed in twenty 40L aquaria. For the CE digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and energy (CE): 94.15% and 84.93%, for tilápia, 97.10% and 98.43%, for pacu, respectively. For the GM, CGF and CG digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of ADCCP: 99,62%, 84,92% 70,97%, and ADCCE values: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectively. In relation to D, were obtained only the ADDCE value: 85,16%. For the performance assays, no significant differences in relation to parameters evaluated were found for both species, except the protein efficiency ratio of tilápia. The evaluation of economic viability demonstrated that inclusions of 8% of AM in diet for Nile tilápia, and 6% in diets for pacu were the treatment that most reduced the cost related to diets elaboration.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade, o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica da inclusão de derivados do milho: água de maceração (AM), glúten (GM), farelo de glúten (FG), germe (GEM) e dextrina (D) em dietas para tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) e do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). No primeiro, secundo e terceiro experimentos, avaliaram-se a digestibilidade in vivo do AM para a tilápia e para o pacu, e GM, FG, GEM e D somente para o pacu. No quarto e no quinto experimentos, foram avaliados o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica de AM para a tilápia e o pacu. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 126 juvenis de tilápia (peso médio de 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (peso médio de 29,50 g ± 5,13 g) e 108 pacus (peso médio de 77,69g ± 17,65g). Estes peixes foram acondicionados em seis gaiolas submersas em seis aquários de alimentação com capacidade de 100 L de água, e para a coleta de fezes, utilizaram-se três aquários cilíndricos de fundo cônico de 250 L. Para os ensaios de desempenho, foram utilizados 200 alevinos de tilápia (peso médio de 2,81 ± 0,15g) distribuídos em 20 caixas de 130L com densidade de 10 peixes por caixa, e 140 pacus (peso médio de 3,42± 0,30g) distribuídos em aquários de 40L com densidade de sete peixes por aquário. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB) de AM: 94,15% e 84,93%, para tilápia e 97,10% e 98,43%, para pacu, respectivamente. Já para os ingredientes GM, FG, e GEM obtiveram-se os seguintes valores de CDAPB para o pacu: 99,62%, 84,92%, 70,97%, e para CDAEB: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectivamente. Em relação à D, foi determinado apenas o CDAEB de 85,16%. Quanto ao ensaio de desempenho, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, para as duas espécies, exceto para a taxa de eficiência protéica referente à tilápia. A análise de viabilidade econômica demonstrou que as inclusões de 8% de AM em dieta para tilápia nilótica, e 6% em dietas experimentais para o pacu foram os tratamentos que mais reduziram os custos relacionados à formação da dieta em comparação ao controle. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the digestibility, performance and economic viability of corn derivative ingredients inclusions in diets: condensed fermented corn extractive (CE), gluten meal (GM), corn gluten feed 21% (CGF) and dextrin (D) to Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In the first, second and third experiments, were evaluated the digestibility of CE of tilápia and pacu, and others ingredients, just for pacu. In fourth and five experiments, performance assay of CE of tilápia and pacu were evaluated. For the digestibility assays, were used 126 juveniles of tilápia (weight mean 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (weight mean 29,50 g ± 5,13 g), and 108 pacus (weight mean 77,69 g ± 17,65g). The fishes were assigned were assigned to six 100L feeding tanks and three 250 L cylindrical tanks with conical bottom, to feces collection. For the fourth and fifth experiments, were used 200 tilápia fingerlings (weight mean 2,81 ± 0,15g) distributed in twenty 130L tanks and 140 pacu fingerlings (weight mean 3,42± 0,30g) distributed in twenty 40L aquaria. For the CE digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and energy (CE): 94.15% and 84.93%, for tilápia, 97.10% and 98.43%, for pacu, respectively. For the GM, CGF and CG digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of ADCCP: 99,62%, 84,92% 70,97%, and ADCCE values: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectively. In relation to D, were obtained only the ADDCE value: 85,16%. For the performance assays, no significant differences in relation to parameters evaluated were found for both species, except the protein efficiency ratio of tilápia. The evaluation of economic viability demonstrated that inclusions of 8% of AM in diet for Nile tilápia, and 6% in diets for pacu were the treatment that most reduced the cost related to diets elaboration.