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L’évaluation des caractéristiques structurelles des chaussées permet l’optimisation de leur maintenance. La mesure de déflexion est une mesure de base de cette évaluation. Aujourd’hui,seuls la déflexion maximale et le rayon de courbures ont analysés. Pourtant, le curviamètre et le déflectographe relèvent le bassin de déflexion complet dont l’analyse permettrait d’extraire des paramètres plus sensibles à l’endommagement des chaussées. Actuellement, l’interprétation des mesures est seulement qualitative et aucun calcul inverse de l’état de dommage de la structure n’est réalisé. La thèse vise à améliorer l’interprétation des mesures de déflexion. Le fonctionnement des appareils a montré que leurs hypothèses de mesure conduisent à des biais de mesure. Pour pallier ce problème, une procédure de correction des mesures a été mise en place. La comparaison avec des bassins théoriques a montré que la méthode de correction était satisfaisante. Ensuite, une étude numérique visant à déterminer la sensibilité du bassin de déflexion à la présence de différents défauts a été conduite. Celle ci a montré que les indicateurs classiques de la mesure de déflexion étaient peu sensibles à un endommagement dans la chaussée. Une méthodologie a donc été développée pour la création d’indicateurs optimisés à un type de défauts spécifiques. L’étude sur cas théoriques a conduit à l’obtention de résultats concluants. L’ensemble de ces travaux a ensuite été validé sur sites expérimentaux pour des mesures de répétabilité, mais également sur site avec la présence avérée de défauts. Finalement, la thèse a envisagé l’utilisation des travaux précédents sur des mesures réelles recueillies sur itinéraire. / The evaluation of the structural characteristics of pavements is involved in their maintenance. The measurement of deflection is a key indicator of this evaluation. Currently, only the maximum deflection and the radius of curvature are analyzed. However, the curviameter and the deflectograph are able to record the whole deflection bowl and the parameters deduced from thismeasurement could help to better characterized damages on pavements. The interpretation of the measurements is only qualitative and back calculation of pavement layer moduli gives unsatisfactory results. The thesis aims to improve the interpretation of deflection measurements. The working principle of these apparatus and the measurement assumptions introduce several measurement biases.To overcome these issues, a correction process has been developed. The comparison with theoretical basins has given satisfactory results on bituminous or flexible pavements. Then, a numerical study has been conducted to determine the influence of pavements damages on the deflection measurement. By this study, it has been showed that the usual indicators of the deflection measurement are notable to detect all damages. So, a methodology hasbeen developed in order to create an optimized indicator specified to a special defect. A study on numerical results has been conducted to validate the implementation of these indicators. Then, the correction method and these new indicators have been tested on experimental sites with and without damages. At last, the research works have been studied at network level.

Dans le cadre d’une médecine de plus en plus technique et spécialisée, les médecins coopèrent de plus en plus ensemble au cours du parcours de soin du patient. Les relations confraternelles entre médecins sont réglementées partiellement par le Code de déontologie. Dans la pratique, il existe parfois des difficultés pouvant altérer la qualité de vie au travail des médecins. À partir de ce constat, l’objet de ce travail est de proposer une réflexion éthique pour ces relations. Après une approche méta-éthique pour définir quelle théorie éthique pourrait aider à conceptualiser l’agir relationnel confraternel, il nous est apparu que l’éthique des vertus était la plus appropriée pour répondre à des situations archétypales de difficultés pratiques. La première partie de ce travail fonde une éthique de la vertu dans le cadre d’une téléologie du bon soin choisie par le médecin au moyen de son intégration au corps médical, ce qui forge son identité médicale, dans un processus que nous appelons iatrologie et s’intégrant dans une approche de l’ordre narratif. La deuxième partie du travail développe trois vertus particulières de la confraternité, désignées par un travail de sciences humaines autour de l’analyse d’entretiens et de questionnaires réalisés auprès de jeunes médecins. Enfin, la troisième partie pose la question des rapports des vertus entre elles en vue de mettre en exergue une vertu architectonique. À partir des notions d’amitié et de justice, abordées à partir d’Aristote et de MacIntyre, nous proposons une vertu de justice se spécifiant dans ce que nous appelons la correction confraternelle. / Within the framework of a more and more technical and specialized medicine, the doctors cooperate more and more together during the course of care of the patient. The fraternal relations between doctors are partially regulated by the Code of ethics. In the practice, there are sometimes difficulties that can affect the quality of life at work for doctors. From this observation, the purpose of this work is to propose an ethical reflection for these relationships. After a meta-ethical approach to define which ethical theory could help to conceptualize confraternal interpersonal skills, it appeared to us that the ethic of virtues was the most appropriate to answer archetypal situations of practical difficulties.The first part of this work establishes an ethic of virtue as part of a teleology of the good care chosen by the physician through his integration into the medical profession, what forges its medical identity, in a process we call iatrology and which is integrated into an approach of the narrative order. The second part of the work develops three particular virtues of the fellowship, appointed by a work of human sciences around the analysis of conversations with young doctors and questionnaires filled in by young doctors. Finally, the third part raises the question of the relation of the virtues to one another to highlight an architectural virtue. From friendship and justice, approached from Aristotle and MacIntyre, we propose a virtue of justice that is specified in what we call the confraternal correction.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a field studying computer processing of human language. Recently, neural network language models, a subset of machine learning, have been used to great effect in this field. However, research remains focused on the English language, with few implementations in other languages of the world. This work focuses on how NLP techniques can be used for the task of grammar and spelling correction in the Swedish language, in order to investigate how language models can be applied to non-English languages. We use a controlled experiment to find the hyperparameters most suitable for grammar and spelling correction on the Göteborgs-Posten corpus, using a Long Short-term Memory Recurrent Neural Network. We present promising results for Swedish-specific grammar correction tasks using this kind of neural network; specifically, our network has a high accuracy in completing these tasks, though the accuracy achieved for language-independent typos remains low.

Malgré les avantages de l'intégration 3D, le test, le rendement et la fiabilité des Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) restent parmi les plus grands défis pour les systèmes 3D à base de Réseaux-sur-Puce (Network-on-Chip - NoC). Dans cette thèse, une stratégie de test hors-ligne a été proposé pour les interconnections TSV des liens inter-die des NoCs 3D. Pour le TSV Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (TSV-IBIST) on propose une nouvelle stratégie pour générer des vecteurs de test qui permet la détection des fautes structuraux (open et short) et paramétriques (fautes de délaye). Des stratégies de correction des fautes transitoires et permanents sur les TSV sont aussi proposées aux plusieurs niveaux d'abstraction: data link et network. Au niveau data link, des techniques qui utilisent des codes de correction (ECC) et retransmission sont utilisées pour protégé les liens verticales. Des codes de correction sont aussi utilisés pour la protection au niveau network. Les défauts de fabrication ou vieillissement des TSVs sont réparé au niveau data link avec des stratégies à base de redondance et sérialisation. Dans le réseau, les liens inter-die défaillante ne sont pas utilisables et un algorithme de routage tolérant aux fautes est proposé. On peut implémenter des techniques de tolérance aux fautes sur plusieurs niveaux. Les résultats ont montré qu'une stratégie multi-level atteint des très hauts niveaux de fiabilité avec un cout plus bas. Malheureusement, il n'y as pas une solution unique et chaque stratégie a ses avantages et limitations. C'est très difficile d'évaluer tôt dans le design flow les couts et l'impact sur la performance. Donc, une méthodologie d'exploration de la résilience aux fautes est proposée pour les NoC 3D mesh. / 3D technology promises energy-efficient heterogeneous integrated systems, which may open the way to thousands cores chips. Silicon dies containing processing elements are stacked and connected by vertical wires called Through-Silicon-Vias. In 3D chips, interconnecting an increasing number of processing elements requires a scalable high-performance interconnect solution: the 3D Network-on-Chip. Despite the advantages of 3D integration, testing, reliability and yield remain the major challenges for 3D NoC-based systems. In this thesis, the TSV interconnect test issue is addressed by an off-line Interconnect Built-In Self-Test (IBIST) strategy that detects both structural (i.e. opens, shorts) and parametric faults (i.e. delays and delay due to crosstalk). The IBIST circuitry implements a novel algorithm based on the aggressor-victim scenario and alleviates limitations of existing strategies. The proposed Kth-aggressor fault (KAF) model assumes that the aggressors of a victim TSV are neighboring wires within a distance given by the aggressor order K. Using this model, TSV interconnect tests of inter-die 3D NoC links may be performed for different aggressor order, reducing test times and circuitry complexity. In 3D NoCs, TSV permanent and transient faults can be mitigated at different abstraction levels. In this thesis, several error resilience schemes are proposed at data link and network levels. For transient faults, 3D NoC links can be protected using error correction codes (ECC) and retransmission schemes using error detection (Automatic Retransmission Query) and correction codes (i.e. Hybrid error correction and retransmission).For transients along a source-destination path, ECC codes can be implemented at network level (i.e. Network-level Forward Error Correction). Data link solutions also include TSV repair schemes for faults due to fabrication processes (i.e. TSV-Spare-and-Replace and Configurable Serial Links) and aging (i.e. Interconnect Built-In Self-Repair and Adaptive Serialization) defects. At network-level, the faulty inter-die links of 3D mesh NoCs are repaired by implementing a TSV fault-tolerant routing algorithm. Although single-level solutions can achieve the desired yield / reliability targets, error mitigation can be realized by a combination of approaches at several abstraction levels. To this end, multi-level error resilience strategies have been proposed. Experimental results show that there are cases where this multi-layer strategy pays-off both in terms of cost and performance. Unfortunately, one-fits-all solution does not exist, as each strategy has its advantages and limitations. For system designers, it is very difficult to assess early in the design stages the costs and the impact on performance of error resilience. Therefore, an error resilience exploration (ERX) methodology is proposed for 3D NoCs.

The aim of this study was to assess posible sources of unacuracy in measurement of soil microbial phosphorus by extraction-fumigation method. The biggest one is the correction for sorption in two forest soils of watershed Plešné lake and Čertovo lake and one waterlodged soil. We also tried to assess the correction factor (Kp) for these soils, but we were unsuccesful. We would like to assess extractability of phosphorus sorbed during fumigation and assess Kp factor in future. Therefore we set up an appropriate methodology.

Le relief représente une perturbation de l’épandage, qui n’est pas encore gérée par les épandeurs centrifuges des engrais minéraux. Pour combler cette lacune, nous proposons de développer un nouveau dispositif de commande. Un modèle est d’abord développé afin d’avoir des cartes d’application mettant en exergue les erreurs d’application dans divers cas du relief. Il utilise une technique de mise à jour des conditions initiales des vols balistiques en tenant compte des angles d’inclinaison du tracteur à chaque point de la trajectoire. Les simulations effectuées montrent que les amplitudes de surdosage et de sous-dosage peuvent atteindre ±40%, et sont dues à la modification de la portée des particules comparée à la situation sur un terrain plat. Les reliefs irréguliers sont les plus affectés à cause de la différence d’inclinaison entre le tracteur et la surface d’épandage, tandis que seule la gravité agit dans le cas de reliefs réguliers. En tenant compte de ces résultats, un système qui commande l’inclinaison des disques est proposé car il est capable de corriger les écarts de portée des particules tout en ciblant les zones fortement affectées. Les lois de commande sont déduites de la résolution d’un problème d’optimisation. L’objectif y est de minimiser la somme des écarts quadratiques de portée d’un nombre limité de particules représentatives de la déformation de la nappe statique. Cette approche de correction permet de réduire les erreurs d’application à l’intervalle admissible de ±10%, même en présence de changements d’attitude de haute fréquence du tracteur. / Non-flat fields represent a disturbance for fertilizer spreading, that is not handled yet by centrifugal spreaders. To bridge this gap, a new control device is proposed. A model is build first to derive application rate maps highlighting application errors in several cases. It uses an updating technique of ballistic flights initial conditions, taking into account the tractor orientation. The simulations conducted show that overapplication and underapplication may reach ±40%, and that they stem from altered particles range compared to that on a flat field. Irregular fields are the most affected due to the difference between the tractor and spread surface inclination, while only the gravity acts on regular fields. These results allowed retaining a system based on discs inclination, because it can both correct the particles range and target the most affected areas. The control laws are deduced from solving an optimization problem. Its objective is minimizing the sum of quadratic range errors of a limited number of particles representative of the static the spread pattern deformation. This approach allows reducing the application errors to ±10%.

Un vérificateur de modèle peut produire une trace de contreexemple, pour un programme erroné, qui est souvent difficile à exploiter pour localiser les erreurs dans le code source. Dans ma thèse, nous avons proposé un algorithme de localisation d'erreurs à partir de contreexemples, nommé LocFaults, combinant les approches de Bounded Model Checking (BMC) avec un problème de satisfaction de contraintes (CSP). Cet algorithme analyse les chemins du CFG (Control Flow Graph) du programme erroné pour calculer les sous-ensembles d'instructions suspectes permettant de corriger le programme. En effet, nous générons un système de contraintes pour les chemins du graphe de flot de contrôle pour lesquels au plus k instructions conditionnelles peuvent être erronées. Ensuite, nous calculons les MCSs (Minimal Correction Sets) de taille limitée sur chacun de ces chemins. La suppression de l'un de ces ensembles de contraintes donne un sous-ensemble satisfiable maximal, en d'autres termes, un sous-ensemble maximal de contraintes satisfaisant la postcondition. Pour calculer les MCSs, nous étendons l'algorithme générique proposé par Liffiton et Sakallah dans le but de traiter des programmes avec des instructions numériques plus efficacement. Cette approche a été évaluée expérimentalement sur des programmes académiques et réalistes. / A model checker can produce a trace of counter-example for erroneous program, which is often difficult to exploit to locate errors in source code. In my thesis, we proposed an error localization algorithm from counter-examples, named LocFaults, combining approaches of Bounded Model-Checking (BMC) with constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). This algorithm analyzes the paths of CFG (Control Flow Graph) of the erroneous program to calculate the subsets of suspicious instructions to correct the program. Indeed, we generate a system of constraints for paths of control flow graph for which at most k conditional statements can be wrong. Then we calculate the MCSs (Minimal Correction Sets) of limited size on each of these paths. Removal of one of these sets of constraints gives a maximal satisfiable subset, in other words, a maximal subset of constraints satisfying the postcondition. To calculate the MCSs, we extend the generic algorithm proposed by Liffiton and Sakallah in order to deal with programs with numerical instructions more efficiently. This approach has been experimentally evaluated on a set of academic and realistic programs.

Context. Fault correction process is one of the two main activities in software evolution model. As it is very important for software maintainability, software industry especially large-scaled global companies, aim to have mature fault correction processes that detect faults and correct them in a continuous and efficient way. Considerable amount of effort is needed and some measures should be taken in order to be successful. This master thesis is mainly related with fault correction and finding possible solutions for better process. Objectives. The main aim of this study is to investigate and identify influential factors having affects over undesired fault correction outcomes. This study has three main stages: 1) to identify factors from company data that have affects over target factors, 2) to elicit influential factors from interviews and literature review, 3) to prioritize influential factors based on their significance. Based on the outcomes, giving recommendations to company and software industry is the other aim of this master thesis. Methods. This study mainly reflects the empirical research of software fault correction process and undesired outcomes of it. In this master thesis, both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were performed. Case study was conducted with Ericsson AB that data analysis was made with the archival data by using several methods including Machine Learning and Apriori. Also, surveys and semi-structured interviews were used for data collection instruments. Apart from this, literature review was performed in order to collect influential factors for fault correction process. Prioritization of the influential factors was made by using hierarchical cumulative voting. Results. Throughout the case study, quantitative data analysis, interviews and literature review was conducted and totally 45 influential factors were identified. By using these factors prioritization was performed with 26 practitioners (4 internal and 22 external) in order to find which factors are most a) significant and b) relevant in undesired fault correction outcomes. Based on the outcomes of prioritization, cause-effect diagram was drawn which includes all the important factors. Conclusions. This research showed that there are lots of factors influencing fault correction process. The practitioners mostly complained about the lack of analysis of deeply including correction of faults are not resulted the new requirements and they are not used for process improvement. Also, limited resources (such as work force, vacations and sickness), unbalanced fault correction task assignment and too much fault reports at the same time cause problems. Moreover, priorities of faults and customers affect the lead time of fault correction process as the critical faults are fixed at first. / +90 533 7698780

The main aim of this master’s thesis is to provide online path correction of 6 – axis robot leaded by an external distance measuring sensor interface. First part is describing the actual state and required options of some robot manufacturers. Next part justifies selection and is describing the real robotic cell. Third part is focused on programming of path correction of Kuka KR16 based on generated signal and also based on signal from distance sensor interface. There is also described the communication between PLC and robot and how to display data from robot to HMI. Last part is focused on data analysis and is describing some problems discovered by application of path correction.