La zone littorale concentre des enjeux socio-économiques et environnementaux majeurs. Pour comprendre la dynamique des systèmes associés et prévoir leurs évolutions, en particulier dans un contexte de forte pression anthropique et de changement climatique, il est nécessaire de s’appuyer sur des systèmes d’observation pérennes fournissant des données robustes. Par son emprise spatiale, la télédétection de la couleur de l’eau a démontré ces dernières années son fort potentiel pour l’observation du littoral et tend à devenir une composante centrale des systèmes d’observation. Néanmoins, les capteurs à très haute résolution spatiale (noté par la suite THRS), adaptés à l’observation petite échelle des processus physiques et bio-géochimiques qui caractérisent la dynamique de la zone littorale, présentent encore de fortes limitations nécessitant des développements techniques et scientifiques importants. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je vais m’intéresser au problème des corrections atmosphériques. Ces dernières représentent une étape clé du traitement du signal en télédétection de la couleur de l’eau. Elles permettent d’extraire du signal total mesuré par un radiomètre embarqué sur une plateforme spatiale, le signal marin. Ce signal, qui ne représente qu’environ 10% du signal total, est ensuite utilisé pour mesurer, à partir de modèles d’inversion, des paramètres physiques et bio-géochimiques caractérisant les systèmes aquatiques marins et continentaux. Or, les méthodes de corrections atmosphériques développées pour les missions standards en couleur de l’océan sont le plus souvent inadaptées ou inopérantes pour les capteurs THRS du fait de caractéristiques instrumentales moins poussées (faible résolution spectrales et faible rapport signal sur bruit). Mon travail a été d’abord de développer une méthode de corrections atmosphériques innovante basée sur la construction d’un modèle aérosol local, le modèle ISAC. Ce modèle aérosol est le résultat de l’étude des variations des propriétés optiques et microphysiques des aérosols sur Arcachon, basée sur 4 années de données AERONET. Cette méthode a par la suite été appliquée sur des images Landsat 8 et les résultats obtenus ont été évalués avec d’autres méthodes standards de corrections atmosphériques. Puis, une comparaison avec des données terrain a permis de valider et de montrer les bonnes performances de la méthode. Enfin, les images corrigées avec la méthode ISAC ont été utilisées afin d’évaluer les performances d’un modèle d’inversion permettant d’extraire la bathymétrie. / The coastal area accumulates major socio-economic and environmental issues. To understand the dynamics of the associated systems and predict their evolution, particularly in a context of strong human pressure and climate change, it is necessary to rely on long-termobservation systems providing robust data. By its spatial extent, ocean color remote sensing has demonstrated in recent years its strong potential for the observation of the coast and tends to become a central component of observation systems. However, very high resolution sensors (hereafter named THRS), suitable for small-scale observation of the physical and biogeochemical processes that characterize the dynamics of the coastal zone, still have strong limitations requiring important technical and scientific developments. As part of my PhD, I will focus on the atmospheric correction issues. The latter represent a key step of the signal processing in ocean color remote sensing. They are used to extract the marine signal from the total signal measured the sensor through an onboard radiometer. This signal, which only represents about 10% of the total signal, is used to measure, from inversion models, physical and biogeochemical parameters characterizing the marine and continental aquatic systems. However, atmospheric correction methods developed for ocean missions are often inadequate or ineffective for THRS sensors due to lower instrumental characteristics (low spectral resolution and low signal to noise ratio). My work was first to develop an innovative atmospheric correction method based on the elaboration of a local aerosol model, the ISAC model. This aerosol model is the result of the study of variations of the optical and microphysical properties of aerosol over Arcachon, based on four years of AERONET data. This method has later been applied to Landsat 8 images and the results were evaluated with other standard methods. Then, a comparison with field data was used to validate and demonstrate the good performance of the method. Finally, the ISAC’s corrected images were used used to evaluate the performance of an inversion model to extract bathymetry.

Over 13-weeks a control group (n=7) had all errors corrected, while an experimental group (n=9) had only article and sentence construction (run-on sentences, fragments, comma splices) errors corrected. Separating the two types of errors is essential, since the latter (representing grammar) are subject to theories of acquisition and the former (representing usage) are not. One-way analyses of variance ran on pretest versus posttest found no significant difference in either groups' article errors; however, the experimental group had significantly fewer sentence construction errors, implying that teachers should be sensitive to both the correction technique and error type; researchers should not combine the two error types in gathering data.

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Suicidal ideation and associated behaviors are up to four times more common among jail inmates than the general community (Jenkins et al., 2005; Hayes, 1986). Research finds a variety of social, biological, and psychological factors interact to influence suicidal thoughts of incarcerated individuals (Bonner, 1992; Borrill et al., 2005). Particularly, psychological distress such as, depression and feelings of hopelessness, along with loss of social support and decreased feelings of connectedness have been linked to suicidal ideation and behaviors (Moscicki, 1997; Hawton & van Heeringen, 2009). Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017) has emphasized the importance of connectedness for suicide prevention. Feelings of loneliness and isolation are of particular concern among jail inmates. These factors have been linked to disproportionate rates of suicidal ideation or participation in suicidal behavior among inmates relative to community populations (Biggam & Power, 1997, Chapman et al., 2005, Ivanoff & Jang, 1991, Jenkins et al., 2005, Palmer & Connelly, 2005; Larney et al., 2012; Liebling, 1992, Marzano et al., 2011; Suto & Arnaut, 2010). Using longitudinal data collected from newly incarcerated jail inmates, the current study examines the impact family, social support, and connectedness have on suicide risk and ideation amongst jail inmates. Study findings have potential implications for policy and practice to better identify and manage suicide risk within jail settings.

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Though correctional leadership issues have been approached by some, few, if any, studies have focused exclusively on the directors of the state operated juvenile and adult correctional systems, and none have focused on the topics of vision, leadership, and rehabilitation with this group. A forty-two item mail questionnaire was used to collect data from the directors of state operated adult and juvenile correctional systems in the United States. Results from this study provided answers and insights to nine research questions: (1) What is the correctional policy model of choice for directors of state correctional systems? (2) What do directors of state correctional systems perceive as the major function of the correctional system? (3) What predictions do directors of state correctional systems have regarding the future of corrections in their states? (4) What do directors of state correctional systems perceive as the major issue in corrections? (5) Do the directors of state correctional systems believe that any treatment intervention "works" with offenders? (6) By what process are directors of state correctional systems selected for their positions? (7) What do directors of state correctional systems believe is the public opinion regarding knowledge of, and support for, the criminal justice system in their state? (8) Who do directors of state correctional systems perceive as being the most influential person(s) in their state concerning correctional issues? (9) What are the similarities and differences in perceptions and opinions of directors of state adult and juvenile correctional systems regarding correctional issues? In conclusion, the correctional management and correctional academic communities were asked to consider a list of fourteen specific recommendations for enhancing correctional leadership and research.