Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Corruption in South Africa has become a topical issue, especially in the public sector. Public officials are expected to uphold the public interest, but corrupt officials abuse public office for personal gain. Corruption has many forms and facets and it occurs on both large and petty scales. Despite the scale, corruption has negative consequences, such as the loss of public confidence, the undermining of efficiency in service delivery and the diversion of resources. The reporting of corruption through whistle blowing is important because it alerts the organisation of corrupt activities that have been witnessed. However, even though whistle blowers disclose corrupt activities which are detrimental to the public interest, they often experience retaliation, for example harassment, victimization and threats. Whistle blowers are thus often reluctant to blow the whistle. The South African government has enacted legislation, in particular the Protected Disclosures Act (2000), which protects whistle blowers from retaliation; however, in itself this may not be sufficient to encourage employees to blow the whistle. Organisations therefore need to devise effective whistle blowing mechanisms and create a culture of transparency that encourages employees to blow the whistle In light of the above, this study focuses on employee perceptions of whistle blowing mechanisms within Stellenbosch Municipality as a case study, with the primary objective of ascertaining the importance of whistle blowing in curbing corruption in the public sector. The study also investigates the extent to which employees are well informed on whistle blowing legislation and other mechanisms. Additionally the study focuses on the challenges and the consequences that whistle blowers face when they expose corruption. A literature review was also conducted to explore the conceptualisation of whistle blowing, corruption and anti-corruption strategies. From the literature review, it became evident that there is a need for the effective management and application of whistle blowing mechanisms to effectively curb corruption. The research design used was methodological triangulation; this consisted of a quantitative research method, namely a structured questionnaire, as well as a qualitative research method, namely semi-structured interviews. The different methods were used because they allowed for a more comprehensive approach to the study. Ninety-eight respondents, who are employees of Stellenbosch Municipality, participated in the study by completing the questionnaire. The results of the study indicate that the majority of respondents view the term whistle blowing negatively which might contribute to why individuals are reluctant to blow the whistle. Furthermore, employees agreed unanimously that they lacked confidence in their manager/supervisors to deal with disclosures of corruption. Based on the findings of this study, Stellenbosch Municipality is commended for its efforts in developing a Fraud and Corruption Policy and establishing a Fraud Hotline. However, there should be enhanced protection of whistle blowers at the Municipality in order to encourage employees to blow the whistle on any corruption that they witness in the organisation. The study contributes to anti-corruption research, and in particular whistle blowing mechanisms within the public sector in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Korrupsie in Suid-Afrika is 'n aktuele kwessie, veral in die openbare sektor. Van staatsamptenare word verwag om openbare belang te prioritiseer, maar korrupte amptenare misbruik hul staatsamp vir persoonlike gewin. Korrupsie het baie vorme en fasette en kom voor op groot en klein skaal. Ongeag die skaal het korrupsie negatiewe gevolge, soos die verlies van vertroue deur die publiek, die ondermyning van doeltreffendheid in dienslewering en die misbruik van hulpbronne. Die aanmelding van korrupsie deur die fluitjie te blaas is van groot belang omdat dit organisasies inlig oor korrupte aktiwiteite wat opgemerk word. Selfs al word korrupte aktiwiteite, wat nadelig is vir die openbare belang, aangemeld deur fluitjieblasers, ervaar hulle dikwels vergelding deur die beweerde partye, byvoorbeeld teistering, viktimisering en dreigemente. Fluitjieblasers is dus dikwels huiwerig om die fluitjie te blaas. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het wetgewing uitgevaardig, veral die Wet op Openbare Bekendmakings (2000), wat fluitjieblasers teen weerwraak beskerm; hierdie wetgewing alleen mag egter nie voldoende wees om werknemers aan te moedig om die fluitjie te blaas nie. Organisasies moet dus effektiewe fluitjieblaas meganismes ontwikkel en 'n kultuur van deursigtigheid skep wat werknemers sou aanmoedig om die fluitjie te blaas. In die lig van bogenoemde, fokus hierdie studie op werknemer persepsies van fluitjie-blaas binne die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit as 'n gevallestudie, met die oorhoofse doel om die belangrikheid van fluitjie-blaas as meganisme om korrupsie in die openbare sektor te bekamp, vas te stel. Die studie ondersoek ook tot watter mate werknemers ingelig is oor fluitjieblaas wetgewing en ander meganismes. Daarbenewens fokus die studie op die uitdagings en die gevolge wat fluitjieblasers in die gesig staar wanneer hulle korrupsie ontbloot. 'n Literatuurstudie is ook gedoen ten einde die konseptualisering van fluitjie blaas, korrupsie en anti-korrupsie strategieë te verken. Uit die literatuuroorsig, het dit duidelik geword dat daar 'n behoefte is aan doeltreffende bestuur en toepassing van fluitjie blaas meganismes om korrupsie teen te werk. Metodologiese triangulasie is as navorsingontwerp gebruik; dit bestaan uit 'n kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetode, naamlik 'n gestruktureerde vraelys, sowel as 'n kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode, naamlik semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Die verskillende metodes is toegepas aangesien dit lei tot 'n meer omvattende benadering tot die studie. Agt en negentig persone, in diens van Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit, het aan die studie deelgeneem deur die vraelys te voltooi. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat die meerderheid van die respondente die term “fluitjie blaas” as negatief beskou, wat kan bydra tot ‘n huiwering deur indiwidue om wel die fluitjie te blaas. Verder dui die resultate eenvormig daarop dat werknemers nie vertroue het in hul bestuurder / toesighouers om die openbaarmaking van korrupsie te hanteer nie. Gebaseer op die bevindinge van hierdie studie, word die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit geprys vir sy pogings met die ontwikkeling van 'n bedrog en korrupsie beleid en die vestiging van 'n bedrogblitslyn. Beskerming van fluitjieblasers by die Munisipaliteit moet egter verbeter word om sodoende werknemers aan te moedig om die fluitjie te blaas oor enige korrupsie wat opgemerk word in die organisasie. Die studie dra by tot anti-korrupsie navorsing, en in besonders, fluitjie-blaas meganismes binne die openbare sektor in Suid-Afrika.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Architecture (Professional) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / In light of an increasing scientific and social focus on unsustainable human practices, mankind’s dominant relationship with the natural world is now being challenged. Few phenomena demonstrate this destructive relationship better than the growing number of animals being driven to extinction through human actions. The most notable of these, within the South African context, is the devastation of rhinoceros populations caused by illegal poaching, particularly in the Kruger National Park. In dealing with this issue, we have a unique opportunity to embody and catalyse a sustainable paradigm shift. Such a shift would seek to transition mankind into a symbiotic rather than parasitic relationship with the natural world. It would promote the use of cutting edge technologies for the benefit both human and non-human actors, breaking down the separation between man and nature. The resultant hybridised ecosystem would stand as an exemplary manifestation of the long theorised ‘cyborg’ entity, not as individual, but as a new form of habitat and, ultimately, societal organisation. Contextualising such a ‘Cyborgian Nexus’ as a solution to the scourge of rhino poaching is the chief subject of this research report. The Matsulu Centre for Rhino Defense is proposed as a Connected Conservation Centre in the disadvantaged Matsulu community, bordering the Kruger National Park. Its aim is to be the heart of a sophisticated system of cutting edge technologies which allow park rangers to overcome the poaching threat. Through its program as well as its architecture, the project aims to become a recognizable icon of a new relationship between man and nature. One in which human innovation allows for the natural world and the human world to coexist sustainably to the mutual benefit of both. / GR2017

Fraudulent behaviour by management has become a global problem that cuts across cultural and ideological divides. Therefore, given the high incidence and cost of fraud internationally and locally, as well as the fact that stakeholders, including shareholders, governments and non-governmental organisations, are increasing the pressure on organisations to manage unethical behaviour more effectively, it is astonishing that fraud per se has not attracted more research efforts. Enron, WorldCom and Arthur Andersen, among others, have underscored the fact that the current modes which are governing companies are not sufficient to protect investors and public interests, because it is easy for otherwise honest people to be swept along in a climate of corruption. The aim of this study was to propose a model to predict potential risk of management fraud based on the organisational climate of the organisation. An interpretative framework was used to develop a conceptual model. Analytical induction and Lawshe’s content validity ratio were applied to validate the conceptualised model. The conceptual model assumes that there are certain organisational climate factors (determinants and dimensions) within an organisation which could indicate the direction of climate within the organisation. The determinants are leadership style, managerial values, trustworthiness, and organisational values. The following dimensions were identified: level of individual autonomy, reward system of organisation, degree of open communication between employees and management, perceived individual pressure, and fairness and innovation. The conceptual model further assumes that, although employees’ acceptance and/or tolerance of unethical behaviour might be high, not all managers will engage in fraud, as the various aspects of the fraud diamond also impose a form of constraint on the organisation. The level of individual constraint as imposed by the fraud diamond is moderated by an individual’s gender, tenure, education and age, which form part of an individual’s capability and comprise the acquired traits of an individual. Apart from these biographical traits, the model includes personal traits that will also have an impact on an individual’s capability. The limitations, practical implications and recommendations for future research are also discussed. This study, not only augments fraud literature, but also contributes to industrial/organisational psychology by studying individual deviance from an organisational perspective. / Psychology / D. Phil. (Consulting psychology)

In this dissertation I study corruption in the public sector in Sweden, a country which the literature regards as having few corruption problems. Sweden is therefore classified as a “least corrupt” case, and such countries are seldom studied in corruption research. My work is thus an effort to fill a gap in the literature. This research is also motivated by a conviction that such a case provides a fertile ground for studying danger zones for corruption. For example, this work allows me to explore how institutional and contextual changes impact on corruption and danger zones. Though the main focus of this work is on Sweden, I also have comparative ambitions. First, I locate Sweden in a cross-national context. I then study corruption in Sweden using a comparative methodology and with an eye to international comparisons. I apply a combined theoretical approach and a multi-method investigation based on several empirical sources and both quantitative and qualitative techniques. This research strategy enables me to capture a phenomenon (corruption) that is more difficult to identify in countries with relatively few obvious corruption scandals than it is in countries in which the phenomenon has traditionally been studied. Regarding danger zones for corruption, the results show that some of the zones identified in the international literature, such as public procurement, are also important in Sweden. For the Swedish case, my empirical research also identifies the types of corruption that occur, perceptions of danger zones and corruption, how corruption changes over time, and how corruption is fought. With regard to the latter, one conclusion is that ingrained (male) sub-cultures can be problematic and may need to be opened up using a combination of measures like promoting a more heterogeneous group of politicians, creating more transparent proceedings in decision groups and conducting more effective audits. The research also highlights the importance of adapting control measures to existing structures of delegation. For example, if delegation arrangements are changed to improve efficiency and cut costs, new accountability measures may be necessary. In general, delegation and control structures should be structured in such a way as to make the cost of shirking quite high. Finally, based on the results of this multi-method investigation, I conclude that one avenue for further corruption research is to connect our knowledge of danger zones to what we know about mechanisms effecting corrupt behaviour, and then to apply this to discussions of new models of the politics of management in multi-level governance.

Partendo da un’estesa analisi empirica della corruzione attiva di pubblici agenti stranieri, che rivela le dinamiche individuali, organizzative e ambientali che ne caratterizzano la realizzazione, la tesi si propone di condurre un esame critico sia della fattispecie criminosa di cui all’art. 322-bis, co. 2, n. 2, che della relativa responsabilità ex d. lgs. 231/2001 a carico degli enti metaindividuali, onde esaminarne i profili di efficacia nella prospettiva preventiva. Lo studio normativo si serve, oltre che della ancora esigua giurisprudenza italiana sinora intervenuta in materia, anche di sei ipotetici casi di corruzione internazionale da parte di imprese multinazionali con sede in Italia, basate su altrettanti casi reali ricostruiti grazie all’attività di enforcement del Foreign Corrupt Practices Act statunitense. Il lavoro di analisi evidenzia diverse esigenze di adeguamento normativo o di mutamento degli indirizzi interpretativi, che interessano la sfera penalistica (toccando in particolare l’oggetto giuridico della fattispecie, la definizione delle qualifiche pubblicistiche, l’estensione applicative della figura del traffico di influenze, la definizione degli obblighi impeditivi delle diverse cariche societarie, in particolare nei gruppi di società), quella processualistica (specialmente in tema di bis in idem internazionale) e quella della responsabilità da reato degli enti (in particolare in punto di responsabilità del cessionario d’azienda per gli illeciti di corruzione internazionale commessi nell’ambito dell’azienda ceduta, e dunque in materia di obblighi di pre-acquistion due diligence). La necessità di un cambio sostanziale si palesa altresì in relazione alla metodologia e ai contenuti dei modelli di organizzazione, gestione e controllo delle imprese multinazionali per la prevenzione del reato di corruzione internazionale, e di conseguenza nei criteri di valutazione dell’adeguatezza del modello in sede giudiziale. / Moving from an exhaustive empirical analysis of the active bribery of foreign public officials, which reveals its individual, organizational and environmental issues/dynamics, the thesis conducts a critical review of the criminal offence set forth in the Art. 322-bis, par. 2, n. 2 of the criminal code, and the consequent liability of legal entities, aimed at testing their real efficiency in terms of crime prevention. The legal analysis is conducted not only on the basis of the still limited Italian jurisprudence, but also by examining six hypothetical cases of international bribery perpetrated by Italian MNEs, which follow the structure of six real U.S. F.C.P.A. violation cases. The study illustrates the need for a series of normative adjustments or an interpretative adaptation of the legislation currently in force, which concern the sphere of criminal law (especially the individuation of the protected interest, the concept of foreign public official, the extent of trading in influence offence, the definition of the company’s officials duties to prevent other’s commission of bribery in particular among the corporate groups), criminal procedure law (specifically, the risk of an international double jeopardy) and the legal person’s liability regime (above all in the field of successor’s liability and pre-acquistion due diligence duties). The demand for a substantial change is revealed as well in relation with the methodology and the contents of the multi-national enterprises anti-bribery compliance programs, and thereof in the criteria for their judicial assessment.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Corporate mergers and partnerships are common in today’s competitive environment and inevitably require organisations to integrate information and telecommunication systems when such unisons take place. One of the most important challenges in each enterprise, especially forced by global markets and the resulting competition, is the capability to efficiently interact, collaborate and exchange information with business partners and within an organisation. Many software systems within organisations are not integrated into a homogeneous structure and therefore the sharing and exchange of information, not being synchronised, leads to possible misappropriation of such information. These isolated systems in organisations, could consequently become possible platforms for corruption and fraud, leading to increase in computer crime. While key risk areas remain, new dangers are emerging. Government stakeholders require departments to be accountable and responsible, which underpins the sharing and exchanging of relevant information, which in turn necessitates the integration of inter- as well as intra-departmental systems. If corruption and fraud is committed in these departments the impact may be significant, including damage to their reputation and image and even detrimental to service delivery to communities. Government and law enforcement agencies all over the world are faced with challenges of combating corruption and fraud. Fighting corruption and fraud committed via computers necessitates the need to close the gaps created by computers which were designed without consideration for future integration. Hence organisations should seek a way to link systems that were developed in isolation in order to simplify and automate business processes to the greatest extent possible. The aim of this study is to discuss factors affecting the implementation of application systems in large organisations with special reference to the South African Department of Defence (SA DOD). Current systems will be studied and a possible approach on how the DOD Vehicle Management Systems could be integrated will be recommended. This study introduces and defines the problem, describes different research methodologies including the methodology that was used. The topics of corruption and fraud, electronic commerce and e-government will be explored through intensive research of the extant literature, drawing interpretations to be applied to the empirical data gathered on fraud and corruption in DOD and on their ITC systems. Finally the findings and recommendations of this research, based on the theoretical and empirical data, will be presented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Korporatiewe oornames en vennootskappe is algemeen in vandag se kompeterende omgewing. Dit is dus onvermydelik dat daar van ondernemings verwag word om informasie en telekommunikasie stelsels te integreer by die paasvind van sulke verbintenisse. Een van die mees belangrike uitdagings in elke onderneming, veral in die lig van globale markte met die gevolglike kompeterende uitdagings, is die vermoë vir effektiewe interaksie, samewerking en uitruil van inligting met besigheidsvennote en ook in die onderneming self. Talle sagteware stelsels in ondernemings is nie geïntegreer in ʼn homogene struktuur nie en gevolglik, omdat dit nie gesinkroniseer is nie, lei die deel en uitruil van informasie tot moontlike wederregtelike toe-eiening van sulke informasie. Sulke geïsoleerde stelsels in ondernemings kan dus die platvorms word van korrupsie en bedrog en lei tot ʼn verhoging van rekenaarmisdywe. Terwyl sleutel risiko areas steeds van toepassing is, is daar ook weer nuwe gevare wat te voorskyn kom. Die Staat se aandeelhouers vereis dat departemente aanspreeklik en verantwoordelik sal wees wat die belangrikheid van die deel en uitruil van inligting onderstreep en wat op sy beurt weer die integrasie van inter- asook intradepartementele stelsels noodsaak. As misdaad en korrupsie gepleeg word in hierdie departemente mag die impak betekenisvol wees. Dit sluit in skade aan hul reputasie en beeld en kan selfs dienslewering aan gemeenskappe belemmer. Om korrupsie en bedrog wat met rekenaars gepleeg word te beveg, is dit nodig om die gapings toe te maak wat deur ontwerpe geskep is sonder dat toekomstige integrasie inaggeneem is. Ondernenings moet dus ‘n manier soek om stelsels te koppel wat in isolasie ontwikkel was met die doel om besigheidsprosesse tot die grootste moontlike mate te vereenvoudig en te outomatiseer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die faktore te ondersoek wat die implementering van stelsels beïnvloed in groot ondernemings met spesifieke verwysing na die Suid Afrikaanse Departement van Verdediging (SA DVV). Huidige sisteme sal bestudeer word en ʼn moontlike benadering sal aanbeveel word oor hoe die DVV se Voertuig Bestuurstelsels geintegreer kan word. In hierdie studie word die besiheids- asook die navorsings-probleem gedefineer. Die onderwerpe van korrupsie en bedrog, elektroniese handel en e-regering sal ondersoek word deur intensiewe navorsing van bestaande literatuur te doen. Dit word aangevul deur vertolkings van die hierdie toepaslike literatuur gepaard met empiriese data versameling oor bedrog en korrupsie in die DVV en die Departement se “ITK” stelsels. As finale stap sal die bevindings en aanbevelings van hierdie navorsing, gebasseer op teoretiese en impiriese data, aangebied word.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether publicly disclosed violations by U.S corporations, resulting in convictions or settlements, erode shareholder investment in the offending organizations. This study was designed to assess whether or not the shareholders' reactions to corporations' violations were related to a decline in organizations' stock valuations across sectors. In addition, this study attempted to assess whether or not shareholder support, expressed by stock prices, declined more after a corporation was prosecuted or reached a settlement for violations, as compared to corporations that disclosed earnings disappointments. Also, this study investigated the stock prices of violating corporations compared to the non-offending corporations from within the same business sector, as well as considered the percentage decline for repeat offenders for violation two compared to violation one. Opposite to hypothesis, results showed that stock prices for the violating companies were significantly greater 12 months after the violation compared to the other months and no significant differences in percent decline between the eight sectors on any of the five decline measures. There were also no differences between violating companies and their matched companies. Companies with a violation had significantly greater stock prices overall than those without a violation.

Thesis (M. A. (Political Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / State capture in South Africa became the talk of the day in the mainstream media and social media alike. This was the case following state capture report (herein after referred to as ―the report‖) released by former public protector Thuli Madonsela which shed a light about the close relationship between former president Jacob Zuma and the Gupta family. The report alleged that the Gupta family played a role in appointing and offering ministerial positions to those who would bid for them in government procurements and tender awarding. This study seeks to analyse whether or not the state capture controversy in the context of the Zuma-Gupta family is a political manoeuvrings or economic contestations between the business competitors (White establishments and the Gupta family). The existing literature on the state capture narrative looks more at the Gupta family‘s ties with former President Jacob Zuma, highlighting their tumultuous relationship. The dissertation does not justify the Guptas‘ wrongdoings or nepotism, but it showcases that the State Capture narratives has been bolstered by those opposed to economic development. In terms of methodology, the study used qualitative and content analysis to examine the South African state capture debate

Construction companies, in particular, abuse the objectives of BEE in order to secure multimillion-rand contracts. Misrepresentations, specifically to the Department of Public Works, are made in various forms and stages during the submission of tender documentation by contractors. The status of BEE company owners is abused in order to secure contracts. Apartheid in South Africa prevented black citizens from entering the corporate world and thereby attaining a quality education. The South African government has, since 1994, adopted the BEE policy in order to redress racial and economic imbalances of the past. Fronting (which is regarded as fraud) is detrimental to the objectives of BEE, which are governed by legislation. Fronting further negatively affects the transformation of the South African economy which could be globally competitive. Fraud detection and its investigation are two concepts which are closely linked to each other and are vitally important to any fraud investi-gator. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The study focuses on an evaluation of the anti-corruption initiatives in Botswana and their relation to Botswana’s development. An evaluation was needed to find out whether the anti-corruption initiatives were effective and whether there were a correlation between the effectiveness of the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes (DCEC) and the level of development in Botswana. This study showed that, the DCEC has succeeded to low corruption in Botswana through its most successful public education mandate and debatable good governance. The DCEC has helped to enhance service delivery in the public sector through the establishment of the Anti-Corruption Units (ACUs) within the Ministries aimed at tackling corruption in-house. Consequently, a significant slight improvement was registered in both public health and education sectors. However, that improvement was still minimal to the extent that it has been hampered by the challenging working conditions of the DCEC attributable to the inadequacy of legislation, lack of manpower, shortage of required skills and slow criminal justice system as well as the debatable independence of the DCEC, evidenced by its reporting and appointing lines. This implies that the impact of the DCEC in the development of Botswana has been minimal, as the country is still devastated by socio-economic disparities especially in rural areas. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)