Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In elke samelewing kan die jeug as 'n opsigselfstaande groep geldentifiseer word. Die unieke eienskappe van die jeugfase lei tot die ontstaan· van konstruktiewe of subkulturele jeuggroeperinge en destruktiewe of kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge oefen 'n direkte invloed op die onderwys en opvoeding van die jeug uit. 'n Ondersoek na die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is in die lig daarvan van dwingende belang. 'n Analise van die stambegrippe kultuur, subkultuur en kontrakultuur is 'n voorvereiste vir die begryp en verstaan van die tema ter sprake. Kultuur is die somtotaal van menslike betrokkenheid in sy materiele en nie-materiele wereld. Hierdie betrokkenheid lei tot kultuurvorming. Die vorming, oordrag en verandering van kultuur bet 'n bepaalde gesindheidsverandering by individue tot gevolg. Die nie-konfonnering met kultuurverandering het die fonnulering van 'n altematiewe of subkulturele stel waardes en nonne tot gevolg. 'n Subkultuur kan beskryf word as enige segment van die dominante kultuur waarvan die waarde en normstruktuur van die dominante kultuur verskil, maar nie in konflik daarmee is nie. Die algehele afwysing of pogings tot die omverwerp van dominante waardes en nonne het kontrakulturele waardes en norme tot gevolg. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is eiesoortig van aard. Subkulturele jeuggroeperinge funksioneer met gemak in die dominante kultuur. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge word deur die dominante kultuur as 'n bedreiging beskou. Die faktore wat tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge in Suid-Afrika aanleiding gee, kan kortliks saamgevat word as: politieke omstandighede, ideologiese invloede, ekonomiese, demografiese, sosiale (waaronder 'n gedepriveerde sosiale omgewing en huislike faktore, gesinsgrootte, enkelouergesinne, gesagskrisis, generasiekonflik en religieuse faktore), kulturele vervreemding en onderwyskundige faktore. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge wat op geweld uitloop, bet 'n destruktiewe invloed op die fisiese en psigiese omgewing van die skool, die medeleerlinge, die gesagsdraers en die leeromgewing. Desnieteenstaande staan die skool in 'n ideate posisie ten opsigte van die identifisering, rehabilitering en akkommodering van kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge en die onderrig van lewensvaardighede waardeur anti-normatiewe gedrag afgewys kan word. / In every society the youth can be identified as a separate group. The unique characteristics of the youth phase results in constructive or subcultural youth groupings, as well as destructive or countercultural youth groupings. Sub- and countercultural groupings exert a direct influence on the instruction and education of the youth. An investigation of the factors giving rise to the development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings is therefore imperative. An analysis of the key concepts of culture, subculture and counterculture is a prerequisite for the comprehension of the theme at issue. Culture is the sum total of people's involvement in their material and nonmaterial world. This involvement generates culture. Culture, and the forming, transmission and change of culture results in a change of mindset in individuals. Nonconformity with cultural change results in the formulation of an alternative or subcultural set of values and norms. A subculture can be defined as any segment of the dominant culture that subscribes to a set of values and norms that differ from, but are not in conflict with, those of the dominant culture. Complete rejection of, or attempts to overthrow dominant values and norms result in the formation of countercultural values and norms. Sub- and countercultural youth groupings are unique. Subcultural youth groupings function with ease in the context of the dominant culture. Countercultural youth groupings are perceived as a threat by the dominant culture. The factors leading to the origin and development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings in South Africa can be briefly summarised as: political circumstances, ideological influences, economic, demographic and social influences (including a deprived social environment and domestic factors, family size, single-parent families, authority crises, generation conflict and religious factors), cultural alienation and educational factors. Countercultural youth groupings that resort to violence have a destructive influence on the physical and psychic school environment, on fellow pupils, on office-bearers and on the learning environment. Despite all this, however, the school is ideally placed to identify, rehabilitate and accommodate countercultural youth groupings and to provide instruction in life skills with a view to expelling antinormative behaviour. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In elke samelewing kan die jeug as 'n opsigselfstaande groep geldentifiseer word. Die unieke eienskappe van die jeugfase lei tot die ontstaan· van konstruktiewe of subkulturele jeuggroeperinge en destruktiewe of kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge oefen 'n direkte invloed op die onderwys en opvoeding van die jeug uit. 'n Ondersoek na die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is in die lig daarvan van dwingende belang. 'n Analise van die stambegrippe kultuur, subkultuur en kontrakultuur is 'n voorvereiste vir die begryp en verstaan van die tema ter sprake. Kultuur is die somtotaal van menslike betrokkenheid in sy materiele en nie-materiele wereld. Hierdie betrokkenheid lei tot kultuurvorming. Die vorming, oordrag en verandering van kultuur bet 'n bepaalde gesindheidsverandering by individue tot gevolg. Die nie-konfonnering met kultuurverandering het die fonnulering van 'n altematiewe of subkulturele stel waardes en nonne tot gevolg. 'n Subkultuur kan beskryf word as enige segment van die dominante kultuur waarvan die waarde en normstruktuur van die dominante kultuur verskil, maar nie in konflik daarmee is nie. Die algehele afwysing of pogings tot die omverwerp van dominante waardes en nonne het kontrakulturele waardes en norme tot gevolg. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is eiesoortig van aard. Subkulturele jeuggroeperinge funksioneer met gemak in die dominante kultuur. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge word deur die dominante kultuur as 'n bedreiging beskou. Die faktore wat tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge in Suid-Afrika aanleiding gee, kan kortliks saamgevat word as: politieke omstandighede, ideologiese invloede, ekonomiese, demografiese, sosiale (waaronder 'n gedepriveerde sosiale omgewing en huislike faktore, gesinsgrootte, enkelouergesinne, gesagskrisis, generasiekonflik en religieuse faktore), kulturele vervreemding en onderwyskundige faktore. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge wat op geweld uitloop, bet 'n destruktiewe invloed op die fisiese en psigiese omgewing van die skool, die medeleerlinge, die gesagsdraers en die leeromgewing. Desnieteenstaande staan die skool in 'n ideate posisie ten opsigte van die identifisering, rehabilitering en akkommodering van kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge en die onderrig van lewensvaardighede waardeur anti-normatiewe gedrag afgewys kan word. / In every society the youth can be identified as a separate group. The unique characteristics of the youth phase results in constructive or subcultural youth groupings, as well as destructive or countercultural youth groupings. Sub- and countercultural groupings exert a direct influence on the instruction and education of the youth. An investigation of the factors giving rise to the development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings is therefore imperative. An analysis of the key concepts of culture, subculture and counterculture is a prerequisite for the comprehension of the theme at issue. Culture is the sum total of people's involvement in their material and nonmaterial world. This involvement generates culture. Culture, and the forming, transmission and change of culture results in a change of mindset in individuals. Nonconformity with cultural change results in the formulation of an alternative or subcultural set of values and norms. A subculture can be defined as any segment of the dominant culture that subscribes to a set of values and norms that differ from, but are not in conflict with, those of the dominant culture. Complete rejection of, or attempts to overthrow dominant values and norms result in the formation of countercultural values and norms. Sub- and countercultural youth groupings are unique. Subcultural youth groupings function with ease in the context of the dominant culture. Countercultural youth groupings are perceived as a threat by the dominant culture. The factors leading to the origin and development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings in South Africa can be briefly summarised as: political circumstances, ideological influences, economic, demographic and social influences (including a deprived social environment and domestic factors, family size, single-parent families, authority crises, generation conflict and religious factors), cultural alienation and educational factors. Countercultural youth groupings that resort to violence have a destructive influence on the physical and psychic school environment, on fellow pupils, on office-bearers and on the learning environment. Despite all this, however, the school is ideally placed to identify, rehabilitate and accommodate countercultural youth groupings and to provide instruction in life skills with a view to expelling antinormative behaviour. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

A tese resulta de pesquisa sobre o pensamento educacional de Rubem Alves, em diálogo com Nietzsche, Marx, Freud, Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein, Feuerbach, Fernando Pessoa, Adélia Prado, Guimarães Rosa e muitos outros, filósofos, poetas e literatos, explicitando as bases humanísticas e contraculturais de seu pensamento filosófico e pedagógico. De caráter bibliográfico, a pesquisa restringe-se intencionalmente, à obra de Rubem Alves e às diversas dissertações e teses sobre o pensamento. Busca mostrar que preocupação primeira de Rubem Alves é o resgate da concepção do homem, enquanto ser corporal, de desejos e de sonhos, no interior das filosofias, culturas e literatura ocidentais. Mostra então que a proposta pedagógica de Rubem Alves tem raízes antropológicas e contraculturais, ancoradas no pensamento crítico e romântico, em contraponto à metafísica clássica e ao pensamento moderno, iluminista, cientificista e positivista. Com Freud, Feuerbach, Kierkegaard, diversos poetas e literatos, mostra que a essência da vida e do homem está mais no desejo e na imaginação que na razão. Para se compreender este postulado norteador do pensamento do filósofo brasileiro, dois conceitos foram trabalhados: o corpo e a linguagem. Evidencia-se que, sem formular proposta pedagógica sistemática e metodologicamente conformada aos parâmetros acadêmicos, este pensador formula profundas e contundentes críticas às pedagogias tradicionais que, considera intelectualistas, centradas em saberes abstratos, desencarnados e distantes da vida e das experiências concretas dos alunos. Os resultados da presente investigação encontram-se arrolados nas Considerações Finais e podem ser sintetizados na seguinte proposição: confirma-se a existência, no pensamento alvesiano, de uma proposta pedagógica, disseminada em suas mais de oitocentas crônicas e nos mais de trinta livros de estórias para pequenos e grandes. É, também, parte integrante das conclusões desta pesquisa a afirmação de que a referida proposta tem raízes antropológicas e reminiscências românticas e contraculturais, que, por sua vez se fundam em seu pensamento filosófico e teológico. / The thesis is a result of a research about Rubem Alvess educational thoughts in a dialogue with Nietzsche, Marx, Freud, Koerkegaard, Wittgensteins, Feuerbach, Fernando Pessoa, Adélia Prado, Guimarães Rosa and many other philosophers, poets and literatis explaining the countercultural and humanistic bases of his philosophical and pedagogical thoughts. On a bibliographic matter this research is willfully restricted to Rubem Alvess work and several other dissertations and thesis about his thought and it searches show that Rubem Alvess first concern is the conception of mans rescue inside the philosophy, the culture and the western literature as a carnal being of wishes and dreams. As it is, also shows that Rubem Alvess pedagogical proposal has anthropological and countercultural roots on the critical and romantic thought opposing to the classic metaphysics and to the modern, to the illuminist, to the scientific and to the positivist thoughts. As written by Freud, Feuerback, Kierkegaard and divers poets and literatis, Rubem Alves explicitates that the essence of life and man is inside the desire and imagination more than it is in rationality. To understand the guiding principle of the Brazilian philosopher thought, two concepts were worked/used, the body and the language. Without formulate a systematic and methodological pedagogic proposal conformed to the academics parameters, is evident that this speculator presents deep and stinging critics about the traditional pedagogies that he considerate intellectualist, focused on abstract knowledge disembodied and far from life and from concrete students experience. The results of this present investigation are found enrolled on Final Considerations and can be synthesized in the following proposition: in the ALVESIANO thinking it is confirmed the existence of a pedagogical proposal, disseminated in its more than eight hundred chronic and in more than thirty books of stories for little ones and grown ones. It is also inside the conclusions of this research and confirm that the said proposal has anthropologic roots and romantic and countercultural reminiscence that are merged in a philosophical and theological thought.

A tese resulta de pesquisa sobre o pensamento educacional de Rubem Alves, em diálogo com Nietzsche, Marx, Freud, Kierkegaard, Wittgenstein, Feuerbach, Fernando Pessoa, Adélia Prado, Guimarães Rosa e muitos outros, filósofos, poetas e literatos, explicitando as bases humanísticas e contraculturais de seu pensamento filosófico e pedagógico. De caráter bibliográfico, a pesquisa restringe-se intencionalmente, à obra de Rubem Alves e às diversas dissertações e teses sobre o pensamento. Busca mostrar que preocupação primeira de Rubem Alves é o resgate da concepção do homem, enquanto ser corporal, de desejos e de sonhos, no interior das filosofias, culturas e literatura ocidentais. Mostra então que a proposta pedagógica de Rubem Alves tem raízes antropológicas e contraculturais, ancoradas no pensamento crítico e romântico, em contraponto à metafísica clássica e ao pensamento moderno, iluminista, cientificista e positivista. Com Freud, Feuerbach, Kierkegaard, diversos poetas e literatos, mostra que a essência da vida e do homem está mais no desejo e na imaginação que na razão. Para se compreender este postulado norteador do pensamento do filósofo brasileiro, dois conceitos foram trabalhados: o corpo e a linguagem. Evidencia-se que, sem formular proposta pedagógica sistemática e metodologicamente conformada aos parâmetros acadêmicos, este pensador formula profundas e contundentes críticas às pedagogias tradicionais que, considera intelectualistas, centradas em saberes abstratos, desencarnados e distantes da vida e das experiências concretas dos alunos. Os resultados da presente investigação encontram-se arrolados nas Considerações Finais e podem ser sintetizados na seguinte proposição: confirma-se a existência, no pensamento alvesiano, de uma proposta pedagógica, disseminada em suas mais de oitocentas crônicas e nos mais de trinta livros de estórias para pequenos e grandes. É, também, parte integrante das conclusões desta pesquisa a afirmação de que a referida proposta tem raízes antropológicas e reminiscências românticas e contraculturais, que, por sua vez se fundam em seu pensamento filosófico e teológico. / The thesis is a result of a research about Rubem Alvess educational thoughts in a dialogue with Nietzsche, Marx, Freud, Koerkegaard, Wittgensteins, Feuerbach, Fernando Pessoa, Adélia Prado, Guimarães Rosa and many other philosophers, poets and literatis explaining the countercultural and humanistic bases of his philosophical and pedagogical thoughts. On a bibliographic matter this research is willfully restricted to Rubem Alvess work and several other dissertations and thesis about his thought and it searches show that Rubem Alvess first concern is the conception of mans rescue inside the philosophy, the culture and the western literature as a carnal being of wishes and dreams. As it is, also shows that Rubem Alvess pedagogical proposal has anthropological and countercultural roots on the critical and romantic thought opposing to the classic metaphysics and to the modern, to the illuminist, to the scientific and to the positivist thoughts. As written by Freud, Feuerback, Kierkegaard and divers poets and literatis, Rubem Alves explicitates that the essence of life and man is inside the desire and imagination more than it is in rationality. To understand the guiding principle of the Brazilian philosopher thought, two concepts were worked/used, the body and the language. Without formulate a systematic and methodological pedagogic proposal conformed to the academics parameters, is evident that this speculator presents deep and stinging critics about the traditional pedagogies that he considerate intellectualist, focused on abstract knowledge disembodied and far from life and from concrete students experience. The results of this present investigation are found enrolled on Final Considerations and can be synthesized in the following proposition: in the ALVESIANO thinking it is confirmed the existence of a pedagogical proposal, disseminated in its more than eight hundred chronic and in more than thirty books of stories for little ones and grown ones. It is also inside the conclusions of this research and confirm that the said proposal has anthropologic roots and romantic and countercultural reminiscence that are merged in a philosophical and theological thought.