本研究探討人格特質、績效考核公平感與反生產行為之間相互關係，透過匿名的問卷，調查342位任職於臺北市及新北市的教職員工。分析結果指出，嚴謹性、友善性、開放性及神經質人格，皆能有效地預測反生產行為。 進一步檢視績效考核公平各構面在人格特質與反生產行為間的調節效果，研究發現分配公平能有效調節。本研究運用結構方式模型測試，分析各公平構面的調節情形，分析結果分配公平具有最佳的調節效果。 建議教育主管機關及人員可透過增進組織之公平相關政策，降低反生產行為之發生。 / The study examined the interrelation of personality characteristics, performance appraisal justice and counterproductive work behavior(CWB). An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted, with 342 teaching and administrative staffs in Taipei and New Taipei city. Statistical analysis indicated that CWB can be predicted by the following personality characteristics; conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness and neuroticism. Moderation analysis discovered that the association between personality characteristics and CWB is moderated by distributive justice. Structural Equation Modelling was adopted in order to examine the efficacy of the identified moderators, and revealed that distributive justice has the strongest moderating effect. Implications of the findings to organizational management and personnel practitioners are discussed accordingly, including; that the occurrence of CWB could be reduced through the implementation of organizational justice enhancement policies.

Excerpt: The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between dimensions of work ethic and dimensions of OCB and CWB.

Counterproductive employee behaviors are inevitable, unpredictable, and widespread in the U.S. retail industry. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore U.S. midlevel retail leadership strategies used to prevent and correct employee behaviors that sabotage quality service encounters. Gilbert's behavior engineering model, which links employee behaviors to performance, was the framework used in this study. The data-collection process comprised 7 semistructured interviews with midlevel retail leaders, online company documentation, and researcher observations and assisted in achieving methodological triangulation. Member checking ensured the accuracy of participant responses, while Moustakas' modified van Kaam method was used to guide the data analysis process. Making the customer service experience special, employee rudeness and bad attitudes, and leading by example were the primary emergent themes. The participants revealed key behavior intervention and corrective strategies prior to termination consisted of only 2 steps: coaching or 1-on-1 discussions and formal training. The findings of this study may contribute to retail business practices by expanding existing leadership strategies to engineer employee behaviors that produce consistent quality service encounters, empower employees, improve consumer satisfaction, and increase retail profitability and competitiveness. Resultant retailers' profitability and consumer satisfaction may contribute to social change by directly impacting the U.S. gross domestic product, local communal tax base, and reinforce human civility throughout the retail industry.

Project managers who fail to apply strategies to prevent counterproductive work behavior in information technology projects could negatively affect users, budget costs, timelines, or projects. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that project managers used to prevent counterproductive work behavior that put project success at risk. Social learning theory was the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through document review of published Project Management Institute (PMI) material as well as semistructured interviews with 10 project managers who were members of a PMI chapter in the southeastern United States, and who held a project management professional certification or an agile certified practitioner certification. Data were analyzed using Yin's methodology and consisted of transcribing, organizing, and coding the interview data, as well as triangulating the interview data in relation to the PMI literature. Five themes emerged from the data: (a) participant communication, (b) proactive planning, (c) personal impact, (d) participant engagement, and (e) issue management. The implications of the study for positive social change include the potential to increase the occurrence of conflict-free and healthy project environments, which could lead to satisfied and motivated project participants resulting in productive and engaged members of the community.

The present study summarizes the validity of a multi-method integrity test developed to measure integrity and counterproductive work behaviors (CWB) in personnel selection of a Peruvian sample. This instrument has been thoroughly studied in other cultural contexts, establishing its validity in predicting counter-productive behaviors. In order to study external validity, two criteria were used: (a) The Counterproductive Work Behavior Checklist (CWB-C) and (b) a supervisor evaluation questionnaire. The criterion validity of the Peruvian Spanish version was studied with a sample of 194 employed students, 86 male (44.3%) and 108 (55.7%) female. Participants were recruited from a large private Peruvian university. The instrument’s overall score correlated with self-reported CWB (r= -.62, p <.01). Regarding the other criterion, only the Ethical Dilemmas sub-scale showed a significant correlation with supervisor-rated CWB (r=.18, p< .05). Female participants reported higher scores than male participants on the Attitudes (U (193) = 3842.5, p<.05), Ethical Dilemmas (U (193) = 3619.5, p<.05), and Past Behaviors (U (193) = 3463.5, p<.01) dimensions of the integrity test (r=.15-.22), as well as on the overall score (U (193) = 3395.5, p<.01). Results support the validity of the multi-method integrity measure to predict counterproductive work behaviors, without adverse gender impact. / El presente estudio evaluó la validez de una prueba de integridad multimétodo desarrollada para medir la integridad y las conductas contraproducentes en el trabajo (CWB) en la selec­ ción de personal en una muestra peruana. La prueba ha sido estudiada en otros contextos culturales, habiéndose probado su validez en la predicción de conductas contraproducentes (Fine & Pecker, 2015). Para la validez externa, se usaron dos criterios: (a) La lista de cotejo de conductas contraproducentes en el trabajo/The Counterproductive Work Behavior Chec­ klist (CWB-C), y (b) un cuestionario de evaluación dirigido a los supervisores. Para la validez de criterio, según el español que se habla en el Perú, se consideró una muestra de 194 estudiantes que trabajan, 86 hombres (44.3%) y 108 (55.7%) mujeres, quienes fueron reclutados de una universidad privada peruana. El puntaje total de la prueba correlacionó significativamente con el autorreporte de CWB (r=-.62, p<.01). En el segundo criterio solo la dimensión de Dilemas éticos mostró una correlación significativa con la evaluación del supervisor (r=.18, p<.05). Las participantes mujeres reportaron puntajes más altos que los varones para las dimensiones de Actitudes (U (193) = 3842.5, p<.05), Dilemas Éticos (U (193) = 3619.5, p<.05) y Comportamiento Pasado (U (193)= 3463.5, p<.01) de la prueba de integridad (r=.15-.22), así como en el puntaje final (U (193) = 3395.5, p<.01). Los resul­ tados del presente estudio apoyan la validez de la prueba de integridad multi-método para predecir las conductas contraproducentes en el trabajo, sin un impacto adverso de género. / Este estudo avaliou a validade de um teste multi-método desenvolvido para medir a inte­ gridade e comportamentos contraproducentes no trabalho (CWB) na seleção de pessoal no Peru. Este teste tem sido estudado extensivamente em outros contextos culturais e foi encon­ trado válida e eficaz na predição de comportamentos contraproducentes (Fine & Pecker, 2015). Para validade externa, foram utilizados dois critérios. (a) The Counterproductive Behavior Checklist (CWB-C), e (b) um questionário de avaliação dirigido a supervisores. Para estudar a validade de critério da versão em espanhol peruana do teste, uma amostra de 194 estudantes que trabalham foi usado, 86 homens (44,3%) e 108 (55,7%) mulheres, recrutados a partir de uma grande universidade privada no Peru. A pontuação total do teste correlação significativa com CWB auto-reportado (r = -. 62, p <0,01). Sobre o segundo critério, apenas a dimensão de dilemas éticos do teste mostrou uma correlação significa­ tiva com a avaliação do supervisor (r = 0,18, p <0,05). Mulheres participantes relataram uma maior pontuação que os homens para as dimensões de Atitudes (U (193) = 3842.5, p<.05), Dilemas Éticos (U (193) = 3619.5, p<.05), e Comportamento passado (U (193)= 3463.5, p<.01) do teste de integridade (r = 0,15-0,22). Os resultados deste estudo reforçam a validade de teste multi-método do integridade de prever comportamentos de trabalho contraproducentes, sem um impacto adverso do género.

In today's global competitive environment, many organizations utilize virtual workgroups to overcome geographic and organizational boundaries. Research into their dynamics has received the attention of scholars within multiple disciplines, and the potential for an integrative approach to the study of virtual workgroups exists. This dissertation is a first step towards such an approach. The primary aim of this research is to examine antecedent and contextual factors that affect the emergence and effectiveness of leaders in virtual workgroups. To achieve this aim, an integrative model assembled from theory and empirical findings in leadership, management, social identity, and communications research is posited. Hypothesized relationships depicted in the model identify key dispositional and contextual variables linked to leader emergence, member behavior, and leader effectiveness within virtual workgroups. This study employed a nonexperimental research design, in which leader emergence and social identity manifest as naturally occurring phenomena. Data collection occurred via two web-based surveys administered at different points in time. Hypothesized relationships were tested utilizing correlational and hierarchical moderated multiple regression analyses. The findings of this dissertation suggest that traits, such as personality and cognitive ability, are not associated with leader emergence in virtual workgroups. In addition, the results indicate that the exhibition of relationship-oriented leader behaviors enhances group identity. In turn, identification is associated with increases in perceptions of leader effectiveness and decreases in counterproductive behavior exhibited by group members. This dissertation exposes an important limitation to the application of trait leadership theory. It also demonstrates the importance of relationship-oriented behavior and social identity in virtual contexts. Further, it advances an integrative theoretical model for the study of virtual workgroup phenomena. These contributions should assist and inform other researchers, as well as practitioners, interested in leadership and group member behavior in virtual workgroups.

Les équipes de travail occupent aujourd’hui une place particulièrement importante dans les organisations et sont devenues essentielles au bon fonctionnement de nombreuses entreprises (Marks, Mathieu et Zaccaro, 2001). En effet, selon une étude conduite par Kumar (2016) aux États-Unis, 60 % des entreprises prévoyaient implanter davantage d’équipes de travail au cours des deux prochaines années. Il est toutefois possible de constater une forte variation dans le niveau de performance qu’atteignent les équipes en milieu organisationnel, variant d’une très mauvaise performance à une excellente performance (Hackman, 2002 ; Rousseau, Savoie et Battistelli, 2007). Les comportements des membres sont les déterminants les plus directs de la performance des équipes. Dès lors, dans un contexte où les membres adoptent des comportements contre-productifs qui font obstacle au travail en équipe, la performance collective s’en ressent nécessairement. Bien qu’il ait été précédemment établi que les comportements contre-productifs nuisent au bon fonctionnement et à la performance des équipes (ex. : Aubé, Rousseau, Mama et Morin, 2009; Aubé et Rousseau, 2014; Cole, Walter et Bruch, 2008), leurs causes sont encore mal comprises, principalement en ce qui a trait aux facteurs propres au contexte organisationnel. Ainsi, cette thèse a pour premier objectif de clarifier l’état des connaissances sur les comportements contre-productifs dans les équipes et comme second objectif de faire avancer les connaissances relatives aux antécédents contextuels des comportements contre-productifs au sein des équipes de travail. Afin de répondre au premier objectif, une recension de la littérature des vingt dernières années sur les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers est effectuée dans le premier article de cette thèse. Un modèle intégrant les résultats des recherches empiriques sur les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers est présenté et un riche agenda de recherches futures est proposé. Ce premier article permet aussi de clarifier la notion de comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers et de les distinguer des autres types de comportements contreproductifs. Afin de répondre au deuxième objectif, soit de faire avancer les connaissances relatives aux antécédents contextuels des comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers, la relation entre le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe et les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers a été explorée. Toutefois, avant de tester cette relation, il s’avérait nécessaire de valider la structure factorielle du construit de contexte de soutien au travail en équipe. En effet, la structure multidimensionnelle d’ordre supérieur de ce construit n’avait jamais été testée. Ainsi, à travers des analyses de type Bifactor-ESEM, le deuxième article de cette thèse a permis de soutenir l’hypothèse selon laquelle le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe s’avère un construit d’ordre supérieur, composé de quatre facteurs. Enfin, dans le cadre du troisième article, la relation entre le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe et les comportements contre-productifs d’équipiers a été testée à partir d’un échantillon de 105 équipes de travail provenant d’une organisation du domaine de la sécurité publique. Des analyses acheminatoires ont été effectuées et soutiennent un modèle de médiation par lequel une déficience dans le contexte de soutien au travail en équipe génère des affects négatifs d’équipiers, qui se traduisent ensuite par l’adoption de comportements contreproductifs d’équipiers. Les résultats de cette étude soutiennent aussi le rôle modérateur de l’engagement de l’équipe dans la relation entre les affects négatifs et les comportements contreproductifs d’équipiers. / Today, work teams hold a particularly important role in organizations and have become essential to the proper functioning of many businesses (Marks, Mathieu, and Zaccaro, 2001). Indeed, according to a study conducted by Kumar (2016), 60% of US companies plan to set up more work teams over the next two years. However, work teams are not a guarantee of success, given that strong variations are typically observed in work teams’ performance levels (Hackman, 2002; Rousseau, Savoie and Battistelli, 2007). Team members’ behaviors are the most direct determinants of team performance. Consequently, in a context where members adopt counterproductive behaviors that hinder teamwork, collective performance necessarily suffers. Although it has been previously established that team counterproductive behaviors hinder the proper functioning and performance of teams (e.g., Aubé, Rousseau, Mama and Morin, 2009; Aubé and Rousseau, 2014; Cole, Walter and Bruch, 2008), their causes are still poorly understood, especially in terms of organizational context factors. Thus, the first objective of this thesis is to clarify the state of knowledge on team counterproductive behaviors and the second objective is to advance knowledge of the contextual antecedents of team counterproductive behaviors. To answer the first objective, a review of the literature of the last twenty years on team counterproductive behaviors was carried out in the first article of this thesis. We thus integrate and advance TCBs scholarship by proposing an integrative model and we help identify and guide where future research efforts related to TCBs should be directed. This first article also clarifies the notion of team counterproductive behaviors and distinguishes them from other types of counterproductive behaviors. In order to address the second objective, namely to advance knowledge about the contextual antecedents of team counterproductive behaviors, the relationship between a supportive organizational context for teams and team counterproductive behaviors was explored. However, before testing this relationship, it was deemed necessary to assess the factor structure of the supportive organizational context for teams’ construct. Indeed, its higher-order multidimensional representation had never been tested. Thus, using a Bifactor-ESEM framework, this study supports the notion that a supportive organizational context for teams is a higher-order construct including four components: rewards, information, educational, and resource allocation systems. Finally, in the third paper, the relationship between a supportive organizational context for teams and team counterproductive behaviors was tested using a sample of 105 work teams from an organization in the field of public safety. Using a path analytic procedure, the results of this study support the mediation model: a lack of organizational support aligned with teamwork triggers negative team affective tone responses at a team level, which then drives the adoption of team counterproductive behaviors. Results also corroborate the moderating role of team commitment in the relationship between negative team affective tone and team counterproductive behaviors.

(in English) This thesis examines erosive elements (counterproductive behaviour or dishonesty) within the organization culture. The study is based on organization theories and criminology and also on studies on a same or similar topics not only from Czechia but also from foreign researches. The practical part of this study works with data file of Quality of life research (Štohanzlová, 2016), which includes the battery of thirteen erosive elements that were explored. The analysis of the occurrence, tolerance and unacceptability of these elements was conducted. Its context and influence on the perceived frequency of respondent's stress at work environment were analysed too. Connections with erosive elements were tested with basic socio-demographic variables and with sizes of organizations and it was often argued by industries in which respondents work. There were identified differences in an appearance and tolerance of observed phenomena. Based on the analysis was found that relationship problems at workplaces proved to be problematic: The relationship problems have significant influence on a frequency of perceived stress of respondents at work.

Behaviors that may waste time in the workplace, like surfing the Internet for personal purposes (cyberloafing) or smoking breaks, may be the root antecedent for poor productivity. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine whether there was a relationship between the independent variables: time spent cyberloafing and time in uncontrolled smoking breaks, and the dependent variable: employee productivity. Procedural justice theory was used to frame the study. The population consisted of 34 employees working in a multinational engineering company in Jordan who have official smoking policies, but not cyberloafing policies. Correlations and multiple regression were computed using a Cyberloafing Scale and time spent smoking (independent variables) and The Endicott Work Productivity Scale (dependent variable). The results of the correlations indicated no significant relationship between Internet surfing and employee productivity. Smoking breaks were not a significant source of wasted time during the workday (the subsample and frequency of engaging in smoking were low); therefore, smoking did not have an effect on productivity. The findings of this study support the theory that using the Internet at work does not affect employee productivity. These findings have implications for positive social change that are also supported by existing research. Employees who engage in personal Internet activities at work tend to meet private demands and obligations. This connectivity may help to facilitate work-life balance.

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