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Proefschrift--Geesteswetenschappen--Universiteit Leiden, 2001. / Contient un résumé en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 411-429.

Proefschrift--Geesteswetenschappen--Universiteit Leiden, 2001.

Job loss and unemployment have been consistently shown to have deleterious consequences for health. However, less is known about how insecure employment experiences and the threat of job loss influence well-being. Given the high levels of uncertainty associated with threatened and insecure employment, perceptions of job insecurity are thought to constitute a potent form of work stress because the ambiguity over a future undesirable event—job loss—undermines coping strategies and attempts at stress reduction. It has been suggested, then, that health penalties should be greatest with prolonged exposure to this threat. Further, since the meaning of job loss likely varies across working life, individual reactions may be contingent on life course position. Drawing from the Stress Process Model and the life course perspective, this dissertation explores whether the two factors of timing and duration influence the health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity, along with its impact on personality traits that are fundamental to well-being. iii Findings reveal the detrimental social-psychological and health implications of perceived job insecurity based on a national panel study of American workers surveyed in 2005 and 2007. Health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity are greatest for middle age workers reporting prolonged exposure to the threat of job loss. In addition, a personality trait—a high sense of personal control over one’s life—is demonstrated to alleviate the stress of perceived job insecurity; but this trait is itself prone to erosion with prolonged exposure to insecure employment. Collectively, this dissertation contributes to knowledge about the social-psychological processes through which insecure employment impacts individual well-being, and how these processes are shaped by age as a key social status and life course marker.

Job loss and unemployment have been consistently shown to have deleterious consequences for health. However, less is known about how insecure employment experiences and the threat of job loss influence well-being. Given the high levels of uncertainty associated with threatened and insecure employment, perceptions of job insecurity are thought to constitute a potent form of work stress because the ambiguity over a future undesirable event—job loss—undermines coping strategies and attempts at stress reduction. It has been suggested, then, that health penalties should be greatest with prolonged exposure to this threat. Further, since the meaning of job loss likely varies across working life, individual reactions may be contingent on life course position. Drawing from the Stress Process Model and the life course perspective, this dissertation explores whether the two factors of timing and duration influence the health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity, along with its impact on personality traits that are fundamental to well-being. iii Findings reveal the detrimental social-psychological and health implications of perceived job insecurity based on a national panel study of American workers surveyed in 2005 and 2007. Health penalties associated with perceived job insecurity are greatest for middle age workers reporting prolonged exposure to the threat of job loss. In addition, a personality trait—a high sense of personal control over one’s life—is demonstrated to alleviate the stress of perceived job insecurity; but this trait is itself prone to erosion with prolonged exposure to insecure employment. Collectively, this dissertation contributes to knowledge about the social-psychological processes through which insecure employment impacts individual well-being, and how these processes are shaped by age as a key social status and life course marker.

The best predictor of future criminal behavior is past criminal behavior. At the same time, the vast majority of people who engage in crime are teenagers and stop offending with age. Explaining these empirical findings has been the main task of life-course criminology, and contributing to an understanding of how and why offenders continue their criminal careers once they have started, and how and why they stop, is also the purpose of this dissertation. To do this, the dissertation studies a number of facets of the criminal career: the importance of childhood risk factors (Paper I), the notions of turning points (Paper II) and intermittency (Paper III), and the connection between masculinities and criminal careers (Paper IV). In contrast to much life-course criminological research, the dissertation mainly relies on qualitative life history interviews, collected as part of The Stockholm Life Course Project. The findings suggest a need for increased sensitivity to offenders’ lives, and their complexity. Whereas continuity and change can be understood within a frame of age-graded social control, this perspective needs to be extended and developed further, in mainly three ways. First, the concept and phenomenon of human agency needs closer study. Second, lived experiences of various forms of social stratification (e.g. gender, ethnicity, and so on) must be integrated into understandings of continuity and change in crime, seeing as phenomena such as social control may be contingent on these in important ways. Third, this dissertation highlights the need to go beyond the transition to adulthood and explore the later stages of criminal careers. In closing, the dissertation suggests that we move toward a focus on the contingencies of criminal careers and the factors, events, and processes that help shape them. If we understand those contingencies in more detail, possible implications for policy and practice also emerge. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted</p>

These days WebCT, Learning Space, FirstClass and other learning spaces are used very wide. There is controllable content: storing, renewable, additional. Content in every learning space is released in different formats. There are widely defined tools of computer learning. Every virtual class runs in virtual learning space and only some of them have video conference mode. Hypertext creation tools are used widely. Apply to world wide web all study material is storing in study center server. All learning enviroment courses are administrated by network administrators or tutors. All virtual learning enviroments are relative directly with computer network. The most important condition of virtual learning – right selection of virtual learning enviroment.

This thesis explores social construction of the life course of post-war Japanese immigrant (shin ijuusha) women in Canada, based on interviews with 48 Japanese women in Toronto, Kingston and Ottawa. First, why women leave Japan is explored. Their emigration occurs in contexts of tourism, Japanese longing for America/the West constructed through Western popular culture, and gender and the life course. Japanese women negotiate their lives, cleverly using multiple meanings attached to the migration experience. Second, their lives in Canada are examined. Advantages Japanese women found in Canada include freedom and different perspectives, whereas they face serious disadvantages such as language/cultural barriers and difficulty finding employment. They cannot really recognize the existence of racism, however, because of their language/cultural barriers and of subtlety of today’s racism. Though dispersed and invisible, shin ijuusha networks have developed in Toronto since the early 1970s, with a major motivation to provide Japanese language education for nisei children. Shin ijuusha mothers tend to regret that their children have acquired only basic Japanese, but some have successfully connected their children to Japan/Japanese culture. Japanese immigrant women often attach emotional meanings to immigration status. Some choose their status with their family in mind. Subjectively, they tend to feel they are “Japanese,” hesitating to claim to be “Canadian.” They have internalized the mainstream gaze and see themselves as “others” in Canada. Meanwhile, many women feel that Canada is their home. They tend to transform Canada to a homeland over their life course, establishing meaningful social relations. Third, shin ijuusha women’s transnationalism is explored. They keep ties with Japan, especially for social connections. Many women provide transnational care provision for their aging parents in Japan, which is a new gender role invented after World War II. Shin ijuusha women’s transnationalism is associated with life-course transitions. Spatial connection between Canada and Japan is still contingent in societal context, however. Finally, how migration to Canada has changed lives of Japanese women is considered. Although the migration did not necessarily empower women, they tend to view it positively, because migration helped them to acquire plural perspectives that have deeply enriched their lives. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-22 16:48:52.437

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This study explored the use of rituals in substance abuse counseling. Data were obtained from a total of 25 mental health workers in the substance abuse field from the northern region of Utah. Four research questions were asked about rituals and their use in substance abuse counseling: (I) Are addictions therapists using rituals? (2) How did therapists determine when to use rituals? (3) What types of rituals do they use? and (4) How do therapists assess ritual effectiveness? Results indicated that about three fourths of the mental health workers questioned were using rituals in their treatment protocol with substance abuse clients. The most common methods used for determining when to implement rituals into treatment were (a) clients were emotionally stuck, (b) client's cognitive ability, and (c) therapist's perception. The findings also suggested that therapists presented means of assessing the effectiveness of the rituals they implemented, but the data also supported past literature findings that showed little empirical means of assessment.