This thesis provides a thorough analysis of the covered- and uncovered interest parity conditions (CIP, UIP) as well as the forward rate unbiasedness hypothesis (FRUH) for Sweden and the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). By studying data on interbank rates in Sweden (STIBOR) and the EMU (EURIBOR) as well as the corresponding spot- and forward exchange rates, monetary integration and country-specific risks are determined and analyzed with direct applications to the potential entry of Sweden into the EMU. As interest rate parity in general gives insight into market efficiency and frictions between the chosen regions, such points are discussed in addition to EMU entry. Drawing on past studies that mainly studied one condition in isolation, a nested formulation of interest rate parity is instead derived and tested using cointegration and robust estimation methods. The results point to a strict rejection of the FRUH for all horizons except the shortest and a case where CIP only holds for the 6-month horizon and partially over one year. This implies, based on the nested formulation, that UIP is rejected for all horizons as well. Ultimately, the study concludes that a Swedish entry into the EMU is not motivated given the lackluster results on UIP and due to the lack of monetary integration. / Den här uppsatsen presenterar en djupgående analys av det kurssäkrade- och icke-kurssäkrade ränteparitetsvillkoret samt den effektiva marknadshypotesen på valutaterminer för Sverige och den europeiska ekonomiska och monetära unionen (EMU). Genom att studera data på interbankräntor i Sverige (STIBOR) och EMU (EURIBOR) samt respektive spot- och valutaterminskurser så skattas och analyseras monetär integration samt landsspecifika risker med en direkt tillämpning på Sveriges eventuella inträde i EMU. Eftersom ränteparitet generellt ger insikt i marknadseffektivitet och friktioner regioner emellan, diskuteras även dessa punkter utöver ett eventuellt EMU-inträde. Genom att bygga på föregående studier som i huvudsak studerar ränteparitetsvillkoren var för sig, härleds en sekventiell formulering av villkoren som sedan testas med kointegration och robusta estimeringsmetoder. Resultaten ger att den effektiva marknadshypotesen strikt förkastas på alla tidshorisonter förutom på en dag respektive en vecka, samt att kurssäkrad ränteparitet håller på 6 och delvis 12 månaders sikt. Baserat på den sekventiella formuleringen så innebär detta att icke-kurssäkrad ränteparitet inte håller på någon tidshorisont. Slutligen, baserat på både resultat och diskussion, är ett svenskt inträde i EMU inte motiverbart givet negativa resultat för icke-kurssäkrad ränteparitet och avsaknaden av fullständig monetär integration mellan regionerna.

The goal of this thesis was to design the reconstruction of the railway station Svitavy. The line speed was rised from the current value to 160 km·h-1. New platforms were designed, therefore the railway substructure and the drainage were adjusted accordingly. Also, the effective length of the main tracks was extended to 740 m.

海洋占地球面積的百分之七十以上，海洋生物資源占有相當重要的地位，供應食物，也提供往來各地的交通道路，與人類生活習習相關。 一九O九年"國際法學之父"格老秀斯(Hugo Grotius)"海洋自由論"(Mare Liberum)一書中反對葡萄牙對東印度航海與貿易的壟斷之主張，奠定國際法上『海洋自由原則』之理論基礎。一直以來，『海洋自由原則』一直被視為海洋法之主要原則。 各國之所以願意遵循海洋自由原則，乃是鑑於海上航行與貿易量遽增，各國對海運依賴日深，一旦部分海域為某國占有，則會影響其他國家對該海域的使用權。所以，依傳統國際法的規定，沿海國僅得對有限之海域行使管轄權，但隨陸上天然資源匱乏及對需求的增加，各國對於海域管轄權範圍之擴大主張，及大陸礁層、專屬經濟海域概念等主張，因此出現對海洋過渡濫用的情形，污染海洋環境。所以是否該遵循『海洋自由原則』？但偌大的海洋亦不能因此淪為無律法之地。基於此，國際社會召開一系列會議、協商、簽訂許多有關防止海洋污染的法規。 傳統國際法上，並無海洋環境保護的國際法規則，但文明國家所承認之一般法律原則：〝一人使用其自身權利，應不得損及他人之權利〞。而在一九四九年哥甫海峽案、一九四一年美加崔爾煉製場仲裁案的司法判例亦確認〝一國行使其權利時，應不得對他國權益產生損害〞。以及一九五八年公海公約序言、一九七二年『聯合國人類環境會議』的宣言中第七原則，所以以上幾個文件似乎可認為國際慣例不准國家及其人民將有害他國或其人民的物質排入海中。因此，可依〝類比〞(Analogy)方式，將上述文明國家所承認之一般法律原則適用於海洋環境保護之範疇內。 但是，此種習慣慣例最大的缺點在於內容不明確，必須經過編纂(Codification)，將不夠清楚的規則加以澄清、不夠確切的規則加以確定、不夠充分的規則加以補充及不合時宜的規則加以改進，並使其成系統化的法典，以便適用，但有適用上的困難，所以一般海洋污染的規定，幾乎由條約規定。但有許多國家未批准這些條約時，有時仍只有適用習慣法來解決海洋污染。 本論文寫作架構是依據《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》所列之污染來源：船舶污染、傾倒污染、陸地來源之污染、來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染、海底活動及冰封區域內之污染方向，並配合【附錄一】的重要國際條約來寫作。 所以，原則上，本論文以《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》內第十二部分§192-§237共四十五條有關『海洋環境保護』為主軸，再依船舶污染、傾倒污染、陸地來源之污染、來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染、國家管轄的海底活動造成之污染、來自區域內活動之污染與冰封區域內污染之重要相關國際法規範 為主，但因資料、時間的關係，未納入其他較細小的區域性條約，且國內有關海洋環境保護亦不在本論文討論之內，僅就重要相關條約說明。最後，並提到關於臺灣的『海洋環境保護』之新發展。 國際法上『海洋環境保護』之研究 目錄 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與研究目的 1 第二節 研究方法與研究架構 4 第三節 研究範圍 6 第四節 研究資料與研究限制 7 第貳章 有關『海洋環境保護』之一般問題 9 第一節 海洋環境污染之概念 10 第一項 海洋環境污染之定義 10 第二項 海洋環境污染之來源 12 第三項 『海洋環境保護』之形成背景 15 一、『海洋自由原則』之形成與挑戰 15 二、『海洋環境保護』觀念之形成與實踐 19 第二節 有關『海洋環境保護』之國際法律架構 32 第一項 有關『海洋環境保護』之習慣國際法 34 第二項 有關『海洋環境保護』之國際公約 37 第三節 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關 『海洋環境保護』之義務 48 第參章 船舶污染 59 第一節 主要國際公約 59 第一項 概論 59 第二項 《一九五四年防止海洋油污染國際公約》 及其修正案 63 第三項 《一九七三年防止源自船舶污染國際公 約》 71 第四項 《一九七三年防止源自船舶污染國際公 約一九七八年議定書》及其三個修正案79 第五項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 82 第二節 如何防止船舶污染海洋環境 83 第一項 船旗國的權利與義務 84 一、船旗國防止海洋污染之權利 84 二、船旗國防止海洋污染之義務 85 第二項 沿海國的相關規定 86 一、領海 86 二、專屬經濟區 88 三、公海 90 第三項 港口國的權利與義務 106 一、港口國防止海洋污染之權利 106 二、港口國防止海洋污染之義務 108 第四項 小結 111 第三節 損害賠償責任 112 第一項 民事賠償責任與國際基金公約 112 一、一九六九年《油污染損害民事責任國際公約》 113 二、一九七一年《建立國際基金補償油污損害國際公約》 117 三、一九八四年議定書 122 第二項 油輪船東和石油公司之自願賠償計劃 125 第肆章 傾倒污染 131 第一節 相關國際公約 131 第一項 概論 131 第二項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 132 第三項 其他區域公約 135 第二節 拋棄廢棄物及其他物質： 《倫敦傾倒公約》的具體規範 140 第一項 制定過程 140 第二項 基本規定 142 第三項 各種物質傾倒處理之問題 148 第三節 船舶及飛機： 一九七二年《奧斯陸傾倒公約》與一 九九二年《巴黎公約》的具體規範 156 第一項 一九七二年《奧斯陸傾倒公約》 157 第二項 一九九二年《巴黎公約》 159 第伍章 其他污染 161 第一節 相關國際公約 161 第二節 陸地來源之污染 164 第一項 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》 165 第二項 巴塞爾《危險廢棄物的跨界活動控制及 其處置公約》 167 第三項 巴黎《防止陸源物質污染海洋公約》 169 第四項 其他 173 第三節 來自大氣層或通過大氣層之污染 182 第四節 海底活動及冰封區域內之污染 189 第一項 國家管轄的海底活動造成之污染 190 第二項 來自『區域』內活動之污染 193 第三項 冰封區域內之污染 195 第陸章 結論 196 附 圖 【圖A】Diagram of LOT Procedure 69 附 表 【表一】第三屆海洋法會議 25 【表二】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》之一般義務與特別義務 51 【表三】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》適用於船舶之污染立法相關規定 94 【表四】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》適用於船舶之污染法律規章之執行 99 【表五】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》關於沿海國之執行(§220) 103 【表六】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》關於港口國有充分證據下可提起司法程序 109 【表七】 《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》中關於 港口國認為有污染情事發生，會造成污染 或威脅損害到海洋環境時可進行調查 110 【表八】 油輪船東和石油公司之自願賠償計劃 126 【表九】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關 『海洋環境保護』，依不同污染源所規 定之立法、執行、責任與法律賠償條款 199 附 錄 【附錄一】有關『海洋環境保護』之重要國際公約 212 【附錄二】《一九九四年協定》之最新發展 239 【附錄三】各國低放射性廢料最終處置現況 249 【附錄四】一九九二年《波羅的海海洋環境保護公約》 252 【附錄五】《一九八二年聯合國海洋法公約》有關 『海洋環境保護』之條款 267 【附錄六】《中華民國領海及鄰接區法》與《中華 民國專屬經濟海域及大陸礁層法》 294 英文簡稱與縮寫 300 參考書目 304 / Customary international Law contains few rules relevant to the question of marine pollution. In the Corfu Channel，the International Court of Justice said that〝every State's obligation not to allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the rights of other States'〞. And in the Trail Smelter arbitration，the arbitral tribunal held that 〝no State has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another or the property or persons therein….〞. Article 2 of the High Seas Convention which state 〝with reasonable regard to the interests of other States must exercise the freedoms of the high seas". It could be argued that， taking the principles in Articel 2 of the High Seas and in the Corfu Channel case together and Trail Smelter case by 〝analogy〞，there is a gereral rule of customary international law that States must not permit their nationals to discharge into the sea matter that could cause harm to the national of other States. However，this rule appears to be too vague to be very effective. So, given these deficiencies of customary internatinal law，it is not surprising to find that the international law relating to marine pollution is contained almost wholly in treaties. There are total Six Chapter，According to The UN Convention on the Law of the sea 1982 (UNCLOS)，described Pollution from vessels、Pollution by dumping、Pollution from land-based sources、Pollution from or through the atmosphere 、Pollution from sea-bed activities、Pollution from activities in the『 Area』 and Pollution from Ice-covered areas. Finally，mentioned Taiwan's New development about The Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment.

This diploma thesis, called „Parish church, Brno-Líšeň“, is compiled as documentation for building construction. There is one complex building situated in slope. Therefore it consists of one partly underground floor and first floor. It is divided into three sections. Central part is designed as round-shaped body of the church with tower in the southern part of the church. Shed roof has an angle of 7° for body and an angle of 13° for tower. From the western side there is an administrative area connected to the church and from eastern side there is a community area which is supposed to be used as residential premises. Roof of both these parts is constructed as flat vegetative roof. Structural design is systemic, Velox. Foundation construction combines concrete and ferro-concrete belts and footing.

The inability to effectively hedge against unfavourable exchange rate movements, using the current forward exchange rate as the only guideline, is a key inhibiting factor of international trade. Market participants use the current forward exchange rate quoted in the market to make decisions regarding future exchange rate changes. However, the current forward exchange rate is not solely determined by the interaction of demand and supply, but is also a mechanistic estimation, which is based on the current spot exchange rate and the carry cost of the transaction. Results of various studies, including this study, demonstrated that the current forward exchange rate differs substantially from the realized future spot exchange rate. This phenomenon is known as the exchange rate puzzle. This study contributes to the dynamics of modelling exchange rate theories by developing an exchange rate model that has the ability to explain the realized future spot exchange rate and the exchange rate puzzle. The exchange rate model is based only on current (time t) economic fundamentals and includes an alternative approach of incorporating the impact of the interaction of two international financial markets into the model. This study derived a unique exchange rate model, which proves that the exchange rate puzzle is a pseudo problem. The pseudo problem is based on the generally excepted fallacy that current non–stationary, level time series data cannot be used to model exchange rate theories, because of the incorrect assumption that all the available econometric methods yield statistically insignificant results due to spurious regressions. Empirical evidence conclusively shows that using non–stationary, level time series data of current economic fundamentals can statistically significantly explain the realized future spot exchange rate and, therefore, that the exchange rate puzzle can be solved. This model will give market participants in the foreign exchange market a better indication of expected future exchange rates, which will considerably reduce the dependence on the mechanistically derived forward points. The newly derived exchange rate model will also have an influence on the demand and supply of forward exchange, resulting in forward points that are a more accurate prediction of the realized future exchange rate. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Risk management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The inability to effectively hedge against unfavourable exchange rate movements, using the current forward exchange rate as the only guideline, is a key inhibiting factor of international trade. Market participants use the current forward exchange rate quoted in the market to make decisions regarding future exchange rate changes. However, the current forward exchange rate is not solely determined by the interaction of demand and supply, but is also a mechanistic estimation, which is based on the current spot exchange rate and the carry cost of the transaction. Results of various studies, including this study, demonstrated that the current forward exchange rate differs substantially from the realized future spot exchange rate. This phenomenon is known as the exchange rate puzzle. This study contributes to the dynamics of modelling exchange rate theories by developing an exchange rate model that has the ability to explain the realized future spot exchange rate and the exchange rate puzzle. The exchange rate model is based only on current (time t) economic fundamentals and includes an alternative approach of incorporating the impact of the interaction of two international financial markets into the model. This study derived a unique exchange rate model, which proves that the exchange rate puzzle is a pseudo problem. The pseudo problem is based on the generally excepted fallacy that current non–stationary, level time series data cannot be used to model exchange rate theories, because of the incorrect assumption that all the available econometric methods yield statistically insignificant results due to spurious regressions. Empirical evidence conclusively shows that using non–stationary, level time series data of current economic fundamentals can statistically significantly explain the realized future spot exchange rate and, therefore, that the exchange rate puzzle can be solved. This model will give market participants in the foreign exchange market a better indication of expected future exchange rates, which will considerably reduce the dependence on the mechanistically derived forward points. The newly derived exchange rate model will also have an influence on the demand and supply of forward exchange, resulting in forward points that are a more accurate prediction of the realized future exchange rate. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Risk management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Diploma thesis of was preceded by a specialized studio focused on the development of urban-architectural design in the area of "Vsetín - Ohrada". The newly created objects have the a task of transform the whole territory, which nowadays deteriorate. The solved area is separated by the highest industrial zone from the edge of the city and after the connection to the urban area. The whole sports complex is conceived as an independent urban complex, mainly linked to the surrounding nature. These are cycle paths that are designed for the entire area. The center is designed for the needs of the population of Vsetín and its catchment areas. Sports, recreational options for all ages. The grassy wall divides the river from the city and reflects the calm zone by the river, and at the same time divides large flat areas. In addition to sports, the area offers wellness, gastro and meeting places. The advantage of this place is cycling trail parallel to the beautiful nature. Moreover, the grassy wall is used to hide service roads and parking spaces. This ensures excellent transport accessibility and supply, but does not interfere with the sports complex. Wall created from excavations of single buildings and demolition works of the original stadium will achieve a safe transition from one sports ground to another, creating a natural observation post and incorporating buildings and sports facilities to become part of the wall and form a single unit. By embedding buildings in the wall, the buildings visually diminish. The embedded sports ground is bounded on two sides by a rampart and the third by a staircase. It can be used as a grandstand, or to enter the ridge of the dike. This minimizes the need for unsightly fencing on each pitch. With the new concept we will meet the requirements of visitors in the given locality and, above all, the attractiveness of the whole area will be increased.

<p>Proučavane su koroziona postojanost i tendencija lepljenja različitih<br />materijala u kontaktu sa tečnom Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu legurom. Ispitivanjem su<br />obuhvaćeni čelik za rad na toplo, plazma nitrirani čelik i dupleks<br />slojevi sa CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN i CrAlN prevlakama, različitog nivoa<br />površinske hrapavosti. Za ispitivanja pomenutih fenomena<br />primenjena je metoda izvlačenja, koja je unapređena kako bi se povećale<br />njena tačnost i verodostojnost simulacije procesa livenja. Korozioni<br />efekti su pojačani tako što su uzorci osim kratkog kontakta sa odlivkom<br />zadržavani i u dužim periodima u kontaktu sa tečnom legurom (5 i 20<br />min). Uprkos opštim stavovima, za ispitivane materijale je<br />ustanovljeno da su sile izvlačenja uzoraka iz Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu odlivaka<br />nezavisne od njihovog hemijskog sastava. Uticaj hrapavosti je izražen<br />kod uzoraka sa prevlakama kod kojih pri smanjenju hrapavosti dolazi do<br />povećanja sile izvlačenja. Sve ispitane prevlake su sklone mehaničkom<br />lepljenju Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu legure za svoje površine, ali sa aspekta korozije u<br />tečnom metalu značajno prevazilaze performanse čelika i plazma<br />nitriranog sloja. Duži kontakt livene legure sa površinama prevlaka<br />uzrokovao je niže vrednosti sila izvlačenja, što je posledica<br />oksidacije površina prevlaka. Ustanovljeno je da su ispitivane<br />prevlake inertne ka tečnoj leguri aluminijuma. Međutim, dolazi do<br />oksidacije i korozije materijala podloge kroz greške rasta koje su<br />prisutne u prevlakama. Stečena znanja o identifikovanim<br />mehanizmima habanja i propadanja zaštitnih slojeva prevlaka<br />poslužiće daljem razvoju dupleks slojeva namenjenih za zaštitu alata<br />za livenje pod pritiskom.</p> / <p>Corrosion resistance and soldering tendency of different materials in molten<br />Al&ndash;Si&ndash;Cu alloy were studied. Hot-working tool steel, plasma nitrided steel and<br />duplex layers with CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN and CrAlN top coatings, which were<br />produced to various degree of surface roughness, were covered by the study.<br />An ejection test was employed for investigation of the concerned phenomena.<br />The ejection test was improved in order to increase its accuracy and the<br />reliability of process simulation. Samples were examined in both short and<br />extended periods of contact (5 and 20 min) with liquid casting. Casting<br />solidification was extended in order to intensify the corrosion effects. Contrary<br />to common findings, it was found that the ejection force of the investigated<br />materials does not depend on their chemical composition. For the coated<br />samples, a pronounced dependence of the ejection force on the surface<br />roughness was found. The ejection force increases with decrease in surface<br />roughness. All investigated coatings are prone to mechanical soldering by Al&ndash;<br />Si&ndash;Cu alloy. Still, their corrosion resistance substantially exceeds the corrosion<br />resistance of steel and plasma nitrided layer. Longer exposure of coated<br />samples to cast alloy induced lower ejection forces, which is a consequence<br />of coatings oxidation. It was found that the investigated coatings are inert to<br />liquid aluminium. However, the underlying material undergoes oxidation and<br />corrosion through coating growth defects. The findings concerning the wear<br />mechanisms of protective layers support further development of duplex layers<br />intended for die casting tools protection.</p>

"The sick body needs a doctor friend sick souls." (Menandros)