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Le sport est reconnu, par un nombre croissant de sociologues, comme un moyen heuristique de compréhension du social contemporain. Au cours de l'année 2007, l'institution sportive a été confrontée à une situation particulière. En effet, Oscar Pistorius, un athlète double amputé tibial appareillé, participe à des compétitions dites de « valides » (meetings internationaux d'athlétisme). La singularité de cette situation génère des controverses médiatisées à propos de la légitimité de sa participation. L'étude de cas, fondée sur une approche « pragmatique », vise à mettre en évidence ce que ces controverses révèlent du sport dans les sociétés contemporaines. L'analyse des discours médiatiques à propos de Pistorius montre que cet athlète pose un problème de catégorisation sportive. En effet, d'une part, les performances qu'il produit le distinguent de la catégorie « sportif handicap » et semblent permettre de l'intégrer dans la catégorie « athlète valide ». Mais d'autre part, son appareillage empêche d'entériner cette classification sportive. Malgré le verdict du Tribunal Arbitral du Sport qui l'autorise à participer à toute compétition d'athlétisme, la persistance des controverses témoigne du fait que la situation de Pistorius marque une rupture de l'intelligibilité sportive. Cette situation doit alors être comprise comme une monstruosité, au sens foucaldien du terme, car elle met en échec les définitions nécessaires pour penser le sport. Remettant en question les fondements de l'institution sportive, la situation controversée de Pistorius révèle ainsi la manière avec laquelle le sport met en ordre les athlètes. Plus précisément, cette monstruosité donne à voir l'incapacité de l'institution sportive à prendre en charge la différence radicale des corps performants appareillés. / Sport is acknowledged, by an increasing number of sociologists, as an heuristic way to understand contemporary societies. During year 2007, sports institution was faced up to a particular situation. Indeed, Oscar Pistorius, a double legs amputated athlete with artificial lower limbs, takes part in « able bodied » competitions (international athletics meetings). The singularity of this situation causes media covered controversies regarding legitimacy of his involvement. The study of this case, based on a « pragmatic » approach, highlighting what those controversies show from sport in contemporary societies.The analysis of media speeches about Pistorius reveals that this athlete poses a sports categorization problem. Indeed, on the one hand, the performances he produces distinguishes between him and « disabled athlete » category and seems to allow to put him in the « able bodied » one. But, on the other hand, his artificial limbs prevent from validating this sports classification. Despite the verdict of the Court of Arbitration for Sport which autorises him to take part in all athletics competitions, the persistence of controversies shows that Pistorius’ situation gives a breach of sports understandability. Then, this situation has to be understood like a monstrousness, in the Foucaldian sense of the word, because it messes up the required definitions to think sport. Challenging sports institution basis, thus the disputed pistorius’ situation reveals the way in which sport sets athletes in order. More exactly, this monstrousness proves sport inability to take charge of the efficient fited bodies radical difference.

Les Hautes Montagnes d’Asie (HMA) abritent la plus grande superficie de glaciers en dehors des régions polaires. Environ 15 % des ~100 000 km² de glaciers des HMA sont couverts de débris d’épaisseur variable. L’influence de cette couverture détritique sur la réponse des glaciers au changement climatique reste méconnue. Au-delà d’une épaisseur critique (quelques cm), les débris protègent les glaciers de la fonte par effet isolant. Mais ces glaciers présentent des structures qui pourraient sensiblement accentuer leur fonte : en surface ce sont les falaises où la glace est à nue et les lacs supra-glaciaires, alors qu’au cœur des glaciers c’est leur réseau hydrologique intra-glaciaire complexe. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer l’influence de la couverture détritique sur le bilan de masse des glaciers des HMA. Jusqu’à présent, cette influence a été évaluée à partir de changements de longueurs ou sur des échantillons de glaciers restreints, et aucune étude n’a quantifié l’influence de la couverture détritique sur le bilan de masse des glaciers à grande échelle.Nous avons d’abord traité plus de 50 000 couples stéréoscopiques du capteur ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) pour dériver des modèles numériques de terrain (MNTs) sur la quasi-totalité des glaciers des HMA. Nous avons mesuré ainsi le bilan de masse régional entre 2000 et 2016 avec une résolution jamais atteinte auparavant. La perte totale est de 16.3 ± 3.5 Gt a-1 soit un bilan de masse moyen de -0.18 ± 0.04 m équivalent (éq.) eau a-1, très variable spatialement, avec une perte de masse record pour le Nyainqentanglha (-0.62 ± 0.23 m éq. eau a-1) et un léger gain pour le Kunlun (+0.14 ± 0.08 m éq. eau a-1).Cette variabilité spatiale des bilans de masse reflète au premier ordre la variabilité des climats, différents d’un bout à l’autre des HMA. Pour s’en affranchir, nous avons découpé cette région en 12 sous-régions supposées homogènes climatiquement, où nous avons étudié l’influence de la couverture détritique sur le bilan de masse des glaciers de plus de 2 km² (>6 500 glaciers soit 54 % de la surface englacée totale). Statistiquement, la couverture de débris n’est pas un bon prédicteur du bilan de masse. Dans quatre sous-régions, les glaciers couverts ont des bilans de masse plus négatifs que les glaciers blancs, c’est l’opposé dans le Tien Shan alors que pour les sept sous-régions restantes, les bilans ne sont pas différents statistiquement entre glaciers blancs et couverts. Souvent, la couverture détritique a une influence plus faible que la pente de la langue ou l’altitude moyenne du glacier, car les langues couvertes de débris descendent plus bas en altitude, là où l’ablation est la plus forte.Ce type d’étude statistique est intéressant pour se forger une intuition, mais reste peu informatif en termes de compréhension des processus glaciologiques. Pour mieux contraindre les contributions des processus responsables de la fonte, nous avons travaillé en parallèle à une échelle plus fine en nous intéressant au glacier du Changri Nup (2.7 km²) situé non loin de l’Everest au Népal. A partir de MNTs haute résolution dérivés d’images des satellites Pléiades ou acquises avec un drone, nous avons montré que les falaises de glace, bien qu’elles n’occupent que 7 à 8 % de la surface de la langue de ce glacier, ont contribué à ~23 ± 5 % de l’ablation nette totale au cours de deux années contrastées. Ces falaises sont donc des zones d’ablation préférentielle mais couvrent des surfaces trop faibles pour compenser la réduction d’ablation induite par la couverture détritique environnante. Si l’on observe des taux d’amincissement similaires sur les langues couvertes ou non de débris, c’est que la vitesse d’émergence est plus faible sur les langues couvertes ce qui compense un bilan de masse de surface moins négatif que sur les glaciers blancs. Il est néanmoins nécessaire de mieux comprendre la dynamique des langues couvertes de débris. / High Mountain Asia (HMA) hosts the largest glacierized area outside the polar regions. Approximately 15 % of the ~100 000 km² of HMA glaciers is covered by a debris layer of various thickness. The influence of this debris on the HMA glacier response to climate change remains debated. In principle, the presence of a thick layer of debris reduces the melt of the ice beneath it, due to the insulating effect. However, other processes such as ablation of bare ice cliff faces, subaqueous melt of supraglacial ponds and internal ablation due to englacial hydrology could substantially contribute to enhance the debris-covered glacier mass losses. The aim of this PhD work is to assess the impact of the debris on glacier mass balance in HMA. Up to now, the influence of the debris cover has been assessed through glacier front position changes or on a restricted sample of glaciers, and no large scale study of the influence of the debris cover on the glacier-wide mass balance is available.As a starting point, we derived glacier mass changes for the period 2000-2016 for the entire HMA, with an unprecedented resolution, using time series of digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) optical satellite imagery. We calculated a total mass loss of -16.3 ± 3.5 Gt yr-1 (-0.18 ± 0.04 m w.e. yr-1) with contrasted rates of regionally-averaged mass changes ranging from -0.62 ± 0.23 m w.e. yr-1 for the eastern Nyainqentanglha to +0.14 ± 0.08 m w.e. yr-1 for the western Kunlun Shan.At the scale of HMA, the pattern of glacier mass changes is not related to the presence of debris, but is linked with the climatology. Consequently, we studied the influence of the debris-cover on mass balance within climatically homogeneous regions. Based on the mass balances of individual glaciers larger than 2 km² (more than 6 500 glaciers, which represent 54% of the total glacierized area), we found that debris-covered glaciers have significantly more negative mass balances for four regions out of twelve, a significantly less negative mass balance for one region and non-significantly different mass balances for the remaining seven regions. The debris-cover is generally a less significant predictor of the mass balance than the slope of the glacier tongue or the glacier mean elevation. The influence of the debris is not completely clear and complicated to untangle from the effect of the other morphological parameters, because heavily debris-covered tongues are situated at lower elevations than debris-free tongues, where ablation is higher.However, such a statistical analysis of the influence of the debris-cover on the glacier-wide mass balance variability is not very informative in terms of glaciological processes. In order to better constrain the contribution of the different ablation processes on debris-covered tongues, work at a finer scale is required. For the debris-covered tongue of Changri Nup Glacier, Everest region, Nepal, we quantified the contribution of ice cliffs to the ablation budget. Using a combination of very high resolution DEMs derived from Pléiades images and an unmanned aerial vehicle, we found that ice cliffs contributed to ~23 ± 5 % of the total net ablation of the tongue, over two contrasted years, although they occupy only 7 to 8 % of its area. Ice cliffs are large contributors to the ablation of a debris-covered tongue, but they cannot alone explain the so-called debris cover anomaly, i.e. the fact that debris free and debris covered tongues have similar thinning rates. This anomaly is probably due to smaller emergence velocity over debris-covered tongues than over debris-free tongues, resulting in similar thinning rates, despite less negative surface mass balance rates. We advocate for more measurements of ice thickness of debris-covered tongues in order to better understand their dynamics.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-30T13:50:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Márcia Rodrigues Cappelle Santana - 2014.pdf: 631835 bytes, checksum: 92e31eb230a1e5640350250db336b352 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-04-30T13:54:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Márcia Rodrigues Cappelle Santana - 2014.pdf: 631835 bytes, checksum: 92e31eb230a1e5640350250db336b352 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-30T13:54:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Márcia Rodrigues Cappelle Santana - 2014.pdf: 631835 bytes, checksum: 92e31eb230a1e5640350250db336b352 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-01 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / In this thesis, we present some results concerning about the sizes of maximal independent sets in graphs. We prove that for integers r and D with r 2 and D 3, there are only finitely many connected graphs of minimum degree at least 2, maximum degree at most D, and girth at least 7 that have maximal independent sets of at most r different sizes. Furthermore, we prove several results restricting the degrees of such graphs. These contributions generalize known results on well-covered graphs. We study the structure and recognition of the well-covered graphs G with order n(G) without an isolated vertex that have independence number n(G)􀀀k 2 for some non-negative integer k. For k = 1, we give a complete structural description of these graphs, and for a general but fixed k, we describe a polynomial time recognition algorithm. We consider graphs G without an isolated vertex for which the independence number a(G) and the independent domination number i(G) satisfy a(G) 􀀀 i(G) k for some non-negative integer k. We obtain a upper bound on the independence number in these graphs. We present a polynomial algorithm to recognize some complementary products, which includes all complementary prisms. Also, we present results on well-covered complementary prisms. We show that if G is not well-covered and its complementary prism is well-covered, then G has only two consecutive sizes of maximal independent sets. We present an upper bound for the quantity of sizes of maximal independent sets in complementary prisms and other wellcovered concerning results. We present a lower bound for the quantity of different sizes of maximal independent sets in Cartesian products of paths and cycles. / Nesta tese, apresentamos alguns resultados relacionados, principalmente, aos tamanhos de conjuntos independentes maximais em alguns grafos. Mostramos que para inteiros r e D, com r 2 e D 3, há um número finito de grafos conexos de grau mínimo pelo menos 2, grau máximo até D e cintura pelo menos 7 que têm tamanhos de conjuntos independentes maximais de até r tamanhos diferentes. Além disso, provamos outros resultados que restringem os graus de tais grafos e que generalizam resultados já conhecidos sobre grafos bem-cobertos. Foram estudados a estrutura e o reconhecimento dos grafos bem-cobertos G de ordem n(G) sem vértice isolado que têm número de independência n(G)􀀀k 2 , para algum inteiro não negativo k. Para k = 1, apresentamos uma descrição estrutural completa destes grafos e para um k geral, porém fixo, descrevemos um algoritmo de complexidade polinomial de tempo para o reconhecimento de tais grafos. Consideramos grafos G sem vértice isolado cuja diferença entre o maior e o menor conjuntos independentes maximais é no máximo k, para algum inteiro k não negativo. Obtivemos um limite superior sobre o número de independência destes grafos. Apresentamos um algoritmo de complexidade polinomial de tempo para reconhecimento de alguns produtos complementares, o qual inclui todos os prismas complementares. Apresentamos também alguns resultados sobre prismas complementares bem-cobertos. Mostramos que se G não é um grafo bem-coberto e seu prisma complementar é bem-coberto, então G tem somente dois tamanhos de conjuntos independentes maximais que são consecutivos. Apresentamos um limite superior para a quantidade de tamanhos de conjuntos independentes maximais em prismas complementares e também outros resultados relacionados à bem-cobertura. Apresentamos um limite inferior para a quantidade de conjuntos independentes maximais de tamanhos diferentes em produtos Cartesianos de caminhos e ciclos.

The aim of this study was to map the prevalence of aeolian sand dunes in Västerbotten, northern Sweden to find dunes formed during earlier deglaciation phases, which was then preserved in cold-based conditions during the youngest stadial of the Weichselian glaciation. These preserved dunes were expected to be covered by a layer of till and have a rather faint morphology compared to dunes formed during the Holocene. Consequently, high resolution LIDAR-derived images from the Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) was used to detect the dunes throughout an area covering most of Västerbotten, above the highest coastline and below the mountain range. The analysis resulted in several new findings of aeolian dunes compared to the findings in the quaternary soil map created by the Geological Survey of Sweden. Despite the fact some of the dunes at the LIDAR-derived image had a strange faint appearance, it was quickly evident during the fieldwork that the aeolian sand was not covered by till on any of the dunes visited. The common view during the last decades has been that cold-based ice will not erode or alter the morphology of the landscape beneath the ice. However, this study suggests that hypothesis may not be entirely correct, and therefore it can be hard to use geomorphological implications to reconstruct past glacial environments. Thus, it can be concluded that even under cold-based conditions, preservation of aeolian sand dunes in Västerbotten is probably not very common.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the processing of project documentation for the construction of children's hospice. The building is located in Opava, specifically in the Jaktař district. Acess to the building is from street Karafiátová on building 2121/1, 2119, 2118, 2117, 2122/1. The children's hospice is a health and social facility in which relief care and facilities for a child suffering from a serious illness will be provided. The ground plan of its object is reminiscent of a person with open arms, which leads to the hospice garden, where a memorial site will be created. The capacity of the hospice is 10 rooms for patients, which will be connected to the rooms of family members. There will also be 4 separate rooms for patients, where it will be possible to place an extra bed. The children's hospice has two above-ground and one basement. The building will be built next to the hospital in Opava and is intended to expand the services provided by palliative care not only in the Moravian-Silesian Region, but throughout the Czech Republic, in which none of these buildings is yet in operation. External walls of the basement are reinforced concrete monolithic, the rest of the external walls are made of ground brick blocks with mineral insulation. The ceiling structures of all floors are monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. The roofs of the building are flat, above the single-storey part a vegetated flat roof is designed and above the second above-ground floor there is a flat roof loaded with aggregate. There is wall structural system.

Presented diploma thesis deals with problems connected with accidents at railroad crossings from the road and railway drivers´ perspectives. The theoretical part is particularly focused on the explanation of chosen regulations associated with railroad crossings, with their construction and technical design and also with ways and options of marking in connection with railroad crossing safety system. The paper mentions the most frequent causes why dangerous situations occur. These causes arise from the railway and road drivers´ personal experience, supplemented by statistics of accidents at railroad crossings for the previous periods. The practical part analyses the options for averting a collision on two particular railroad crossings. For this purpose, the railroad crossing secured by lights and the railroad crossing secured only by a warning cross were chosen. Here, with Virtual Crash programme support, the origin of the chosen crisis situations is simulated and later options of their averting are evaluated. Finally, proposals for increasing railroad crossings safety are formulated for both cases. The appendix consists of a list of legislative regulations dealing with railroad crossings, a driving record of the rail vehicle and its technical parameters and simulation programme´s outputs.

In this paper, we discuss bond financing as an interesting source of debt finance for listed real estate companies in Sweden. Furthermore, we compare 10 bonds issued by Swedish real estate companies in 2013. These bonds are analysed from different perspectives and the pricing of each bond is discussed. In addition, this paper will describe the real estate companies’ business concepts and business activities in order to relate these concepts and activities to the size of the coupon rates the issuing real estate firms have to pay. The analysis discusses the pricing of the bonds from the following perspectives: • Company size • Number of issues • Average debt financing costs • Underlying assets • Covered vs. uncovered Our conclusion regarding the pricing of bonds in the real estate sector is that it is dependable on most of the variables above and the interaction between them. As an investor in the bond market, the main focus should be on the issuer’s payment capacity regarding the coupons as well as the principal. / I denna uppsats fördjupar vi oss inom ämnet obligationsfinansiering. Arbetet ska ge en djupare insyn i hur obligationsfinansiering går till samt ge kunskap om andra typer av skuldinstrument som används. Arbetet lägger stor tyngd vid analys och beskrivning av obligationsfinansiering på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. I analysen jämförs 10 obligationer som emitterats av svenska fastighetsbolag under 2013. Dessa obligationer analyseras ur olika perspektiv och prissättningen på varje enskild obligation diskuteras. Dessutom ska uppsatsen ge en fördjupning av de ingående fastighetsbolagens verksamheter samt affärsidéer, med syfte att söka eventuella samband mellan bolagens verksamheter och storleken på kupongräntor som olika fastighetsbolag får betala. Följande aspekter har beaktats i analysen av hur prissättningen av obligationerna har gått till: • Bolagets storlek • Antal emissioner • Genomsnittliga finansieringskostnader • Bolagets tillgångar • Säkerställda jämfört med icke säkerställda obligationer. Uppsatsen studerar framförallt skillnaden mellan säkerställda och icke-säkerställda obligationer. Hur stor skillnad bör det vara i riskpremie vid investering i en obligation som saknar säkerhet jämfört med en säkerställd obligation från samma emittent? Vår slutsats kring prissättningen av obligationer i fastighetssektorn är att den är beroende av flertalet av faktorerna ovan och samspelet mellan dessa. Som investerare i obligationsmarknaden handlar det dock om att kunna förutse och analysera emittentens betalningsförmåga gällande kuponger (räntor) och återbetalning av obligationernas nominella belopp

Background: Single-cohort studies suggest that second-generation stents (SGS; “mesh stents”) may improve carotid artery stenting (CAS) outcomes by limiting peri- and postprocedural cerebral embolism. SGS differ in the stent frame construction, mesh material, and design, as well as in mesh-to-frame position (inside/outside). Objectives: To compare clinical outcomes of SGS in relation to first-generation stents (FGSs; single-layer) in CAS. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies with FGSs and SGS (PRISMA methodology, 3302 records). Endpoints were 30-day death, stroke, myocardial infarction (DSM), and 12-month ipsilateral stroke (IS) and restenosis (ISR). A random-effect model was applied. Results: Data of 68,422 patients from 112 eligible studies (68.2% men, 44.9% symptomatic) were meta-analyzed. Thirty-day DSM was 1.30% vs. 4.11% (p < 0.01, data for SGS vs. FGS). Among SGS, both Casper/Roadsaver and CGuard reduced 30-day DSM (by 2.78 and 3.03 absolute percent, p = 0.02 and p < 0.001), whereas the Gore stent was neutral. SGSs significantly improved outcomes compared with closed-cell FGS (30-day stroke 0.6% vs. 2.32%, p = 0.014; DSM 1.3% vs. 3.15%, p < 0.01). At 12 months, in relation to FGS, Casper/Roadsaver reduced IS (−3.25%, p < 0.05) but increased ISR (+3.19%, p = 0.04), CGuard showed a reduction in both IS and ISR (−3.13%, −3.63%; p = 0.01, p < 0.01), whereas the Gore stent was neutral. Conclusions: Pooled SGS use was associated with improved short- and long-term clinical results of CAS. Individual SGS types, however, differed significantly in their outcomes, indicating a lack of a “mesh stent” class effect. Findings from this meta-analysis may provide clinically relevant information in anticipation of large-scale randomized trials.