The focus of this dissertation aims to bring about a dialogue between craft and design by using interior architecture as design medium. The study will investigate how craft can be implemented in space, in the form of products and as a part of place-making, in order for it to be elevated to the status of design. The roles of the producer and the user are of particular focus and are the means by which this re-establishment of craft’s identity, previously prey to local and global perceptions, will take place. An intervention that enables a productive work ethic is envisioned, to help contextualise a product effectively in order for it to reach its full potential. This concern for craft can raise awareness of local and global trends in its innovation and encourage the continuous integration of various creative fields. Furthermore, the investigation anticipates a redefinition of the term, commonly associated with souvenirs or curios, into an entity that harbours independence: an attribute that many designed products have. A vacant building in the Pretoria CBD is home to this crafts centre and its refurbishment aims at addressing the needs of those within the creative fields, as well as the general public. This Pretoria regionalist building from the 1960s poses an opportunity in terms of its materiality and its interior, comprising only a column grid. Thus a design opportunity arises in the form of vertical planes as infill, light entry and pedestrian movement, allowing surfaces and details to illustrate craft’s potential within the built environment. The value in the Modern facade is considered to a great extent in terms of retention, whereas the interior allows for a bolder intervention. / Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Architecture / unrestricted

From the music composers, the film producers and the sketch artists to the nail technicians and hairdressers, the creative industry can economically emancipate the youth of Africa. Employment is a valuable mechanism that enables people to live. It supports one’s livelihood. However, the lack of availability thereof, proves to put society in an uncomfortable position. The unemployment rate experienced in Africa is very high. Research provides that about 29% of the people in SA and around 18% of people in Botswana are unemployed. With the youth being the most vulnerable. Various programs have been introduced by different administrations over time to address youth unemployment which has been an issue of significant public concern all around. It would prove that more and more Africans are joining a depressed job market. This is due to the perception that only certain careers can fund a livelihood. There are jobs available in financial services, power, real estate, hospitality and healthcare and so forth, but these are not necessarily helpful or functional for everyone. Not all youth is academically suited for certain careers, and because of the marginalized education system, people are all heading to the same jobs. This leads to a limited intake into the workforce. There are hardly enough jobs in the creative industry. African State Parties provide a small portion of their national budget into the industry. The SA government in particular devoted R4.5-billion of its National budget to the Department of Arts and culture for 2018/19, which contributes to the promotion of arts, culture and development and heritage preservation among others. However, much of the SA budget is devoted to Education which includes arts education. For the potential impact it could have on development, the creative industry deserves more recognition. It is a “Can do” type of field with a large portion of it being informal and at times, people in the industry work for little-to-no income. State Parties are not injecting enough money into the industry itself for its growth and manifestation. Most of the creative industry is funded by the private sector and thus is difficult to penetrate by the young people living in townships and informal settlements. Governments will have to play a critical role in finding solutions to the issue of youth unemployment and with the prevalence of a high unemployment rate in South Africa, the creative industry can produce ways in which these challenges can be eradicated. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Knitting always begins with a line. As the needles and hands work together, performing the same action over and over again, the line quickly becomes a collection of lines, crossing, looping and locking. The looping and locking generates a surface, and the surface becomes a form. Knitting generates form. Knitting is commonly categorized as a craft, associated with quick hands, idle time, and everyday objects that clothe us, and as a result, the technique is often overlooked and rarely pursued beyond its’ culturally constructed boundaries. What if knitting constructed new forms that transcended the ordinary and the expected, and challenged tradition? What if those forms spoke to shape, space, and light? The following collection of lines documents research and material explorations in an attempt to reinvent and redefine the boundaries and application of a traditional arts and crafts technique.

No description available.

No description available.

The development of the Friedel-Crafts reaction using anhydrous aluminum chloride in the condensation or aromatic hydrocarbons and alkyl or acyl halides has resulted in many new and diversified applications of this reaction, such as the preparation of hydrocarbons, keto acids, acids, ketones, and phenols. Halides of iron, tin, phosphorus, zinc, and other metals, and acids such as phosphoric, sulfuric, and anhydrous hydrofluoric have been found to catalyze a large number of reactions of this type. These same catalysts now find a wide commercial application in the alkylation of paraffins and naphthenes, and other types of reactions, such as isomerization, transfer of radicals, and cracking of petroleum. Although the Friedel-Crafts synthesis is very widely used in organic syntheses because of its high efficiency, very little work has been done toward developing a more economical catalyst. The anhydrous aluminum chloride generally used is wholly or partially consumed in a large number of the reactions, in addition to presenting a difficult corrosion problem. Some work has recently been done by Sachanen and Caesar⁽²⁵⁾ on the catalytic effect of activated clays and the type of silica-alumina catalysts used in the cracking of petroleum, when used in a Friedel-Crafts type reaction. The limited amount of work which has been done so far indicates that it might be economical to use a synthetic silica-alumina type catalyst to replace the anhydrous aluminum chloride in reactions of this type, because it could be used for some time without replacement. The object of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of using different synthetic silica-alumina type catalysts in the condensation of benzene with acetic anhydride to produce acetophenone. / Master of Science

Neste trabalho, um polímero eletrólito derivado do poli(indeno) (PInd) foi desenvolvido como componente de membranas poliméricas a base de polibenzimidazol (PBI) para célula a combustível de média temperatura. Foi investigado o método de síntese, envolvendo a reação de fosfonação pelo método de Friedel-Crafts assistido por catalisador ácido de Lewis AlCl3. O polímero poli(indeno) fosfonado (PPInd) foi comparado com seu análogo sulfonado, o poli(indeno) sulfonado (SPInd), e usados nas blendas com 5, 7,5 e 10% em peso com o PBI. Os polímeros precursores foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, espectrometria de espalhamento Rutherford, análise termogravimétrica acoplada com espectrometria de massas e calorimetria exploratória diferencial. As blendas PPInd/PBI e SPInd/PBI foram caracterizadas por análise termogravimétrica, grau de dopagem e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. A modificação realizada pelo método de Friedel-Crafts permitiu a obtenção do poli(indeno) fosfonado parcialmente solúvel em solventes orgânicos e água, com grau de modificação de 81%. Houve convergência dos teores de modificação encontrados pelas análises termogravimétrica, espectrometria de espalhamento Rutherford e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. O polímero PPInd apresentou estabilidade química na temperatura de operação da célula a combustível de média temperatura, passando por processos de degradação típicos de sua estrutura aromática fosfonada. A degradação dos polímeros PInd, PPInd e SPInd ocorreu majoritariamente com cisão de unidades monoméricas de indeno não funcionalizado. A inserção dos polímeros modificados PPInd e SPInd no PBI resultou no aumento da condutividade iônica, tendo a blenda com 10% de PPInd apresentado o maior valor de condutividade protônica (0,015 S.cm-1), a 25 oC. O uso do poli(indeno) modificado com grupos ácido fosfônico visa aumentar a gama de eletrólitos para células a combustível de média temperatura. / In this work a polymer electrolyte derivated from the poly(indene) (PInd) was developed to be used as polymer electrolyte membrane in medium-temperature fuel cells. The modification method, based on the AlCl3 assisted Friedel-Crafts reaction, was investigated as fosfonation strategy. The phosphonated poly(indene) was compared to its similar sulphonated poly(indene) and they were used in blends of 5, 7.5 and 10wt% in polybenzimidazole (PBI). Pristine polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and differential scanning calometry. The PPInd/PBI and SPInd/PBI blends were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, doping level and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The modification by Friedel-Crafts reaction produced phophonated poly(indene) with degree of phosphonation of 81%, partially soluble in organic solvent and water. It was found convergence on the results for degree of phosphonation calculated by thermogravimetric analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy. PPInd presented chemical and thermal stabilities within the fuel cell operating temperature, passing by typical degradation processes of macromolecules made of phosphonated aromatic structures. The degradation of PPInd and SPInd occurred mainly by cleavage of monomeric units of non-funcionalized indene. Addition of modified polymers PPInd and SPInd resulted in increase of PBI’s ionic conductivity. 10PPInd/PBI blend presented the highest ionic conductivity (0.015 S.cm-1) at 25 oC. The use of phosphonated poly(indene) on PBI membranes enlarges the variety of available polymer electrolyte membranes for medium-temperature fuel cells.

This exegesis tells the story of my Master of Design project, Embarrassment of Riches. During this project I have gleaned obsolete furniture pieces and operated on them to present new possibilities. This text discusses the body of work I have created in the context of three main ideas: the use of gleaning, intervention and the role played by memory in rekindling desire. I have focussed on making in a heuristic, research-through-design practice, testing ideas through making/reflecting and then developing my ideas further in new pieces. Combining this actionresearch method with bricolage has enabled me to critically self-reflect on my practice. Through this I have discovered that I can continue to design and create objects in an age of overproduction and consumption. With ecological considerations in mind I can make obsolete objects desirable (again) by encouraging people to feel intimate with them. I intervene in the objects’ interstices to suggest histories that kindle engagement and attachment. The interstice has been a rich source of inspiration, not only as site of intervention, but as site where experimentation occurs, a process by which objects are found and a space where new genres develop.

Thesis (M.A.) (Honours) -- University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 2001. / Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (Honours), Contemporary Art, University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 2001. Bibliography : leaves 53-54.

Neste trabalho, um polímero eletrólito derivado do poli(indeno) (PInd) foi desenvolvido como componente de membranas poliméricas a base de polibenzimidazol (PBI) para célula a combustível de média temperatura. Foi investigado o método de síntese, envolvendo a reação de fosfonação pelo método de Friedel-Crafts assistido por catalisador ácido de Lewis AlCl3. O polímero poli(indeno) fosfonado (PPInd) foi comparado com seu análogo sulfonado, o poli(indeno) sulfonado (SPInd), e usados nas blendas com 5, 7,5 e 10% em peso com o PBI. Os polímeros precursores foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de infravermelho, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva, espectrometria de espalhamento Rutherford, análise termogravimétrica acoplada com espectrometria de massas e calorimetria exploratória diferencial. As blendas PPInd/PBI e SPInd/PBI foram caracterizadas por análise termogravimétrica, grau de dopagem e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. A modificação realizada pelo método de Friedel-Crafts permitiu a obtenção do poli(indeno) fosfonado parcialmente solúvel em solventes orgânicos e água, com grau de modificação de 81%. Houve convergência dos teores de modificação encontrados pelas análises termogravimétrica, espectrometria de espalhamento Rutherford e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva. O polímero PPInd apresentou estabilidade química na temperatura de operação da célula a combustível de média temperatura, passando por processos de degradação típicos de sua estrutura aromática fosfonada. A degradação dos polímeros PInd, PPInd e SPInd ocorreu majoritariamente com cisão de unidades monoméricas de indeno não funcionalizado. A inserção dos polímeros modificados PPInd e SPInd no PBI resultou no aumento da condutividade iônica, tendo a blenda com 10% de PPInd apresentado o maior valor de condutividade protônica (0,015 S.cm-1), a 25 oC. O uso do poli(indeno) modificado com grupos ácido fosfônico visa aumentar a gama de eletrólitos para células a combustível de média temperatura. / In this work a polymer electrolyte derivated from the poly(indene) (PInd) was developed to be used as polymer electrolyte membrane in medium-temperature fuel cells. The modification method, based on the AlCl3 assisted Friedel-Crafts reaction, was investigated as fosfonation strategy. The phosphonated poly(indene) was compared to its similar sulphonated poly(indene) and they were used in blends of 5, 7.5 and 10wt% in polybenzimidazole (PBI). Pristine polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry and differential scanning calometry. The PPInd/PBI and SPInd/PBI blends were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, doping level and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The modification by Friedel-Crafts reaction produced phophonated poly(indene) with degree of phosphonation of 81%, partially soluble in organic solvent and water. It was found convergence on the results for degree of phosphonation calculated by thermogravimetric analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and energy dispersive spectroscopy. PPInd presented chemical and thermal stabilities within the fuel cell operating temperature, passing by typical degradation processes of macromolecules made of phosphonated aromatic structures. The degradation of PPInd and SPInd occurred mainly by cleavage of monomeric units of non-funcionalized indene. Addition of modified polymers PPInd and SPInd resulted in increase of PBI’s ionic conductivity. 10PPInd/PBI blend presented the highest ionic conductivity (0.015 S.cm-1) at 25 oC. The use of phosphonated poly(indene) on PBI membranes enlarges the variety of available polymer electrolyte membranes for medium-temperature fuel cells.