1 |
INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC CRASHES IN TWO-LANE RURAL HIGHWAYS IN OHIOAlhomidan, Abdullah January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
|
2 |
Estimating Injury Severity and Cost in Two-Vehicle CrashesAngel, Alejandro January 2008 (has links)
This dissertation performs a comprehensive analysis of the effect of different environmental, demographic and vehicle variables on the severity of two-vehicle crashes. The limitations associated with previous studies have been addressed by using a large crash database, properly defining the independent variables, using appropriate statistical models, and by considering the effect of factors normally unaccounted for such as crash type, impact speed, and weight or height incompatibilities between the two vehicles.The use of multinomial logit models at the individual occupant and crash levels provides the flexibility to evaluate variables that have opposing effects at different injury levels (such as airbags). Alternative formulations with interaction terms and with instrumental variables are included. An analysis of marginal probabilities and costs is also provided, which is particularly useful when discussing potential safety treatments with transportation officials, politicians and other decision makers.The findings from the different models are consistent and suggest that the type of crash has a great impact on severity. Age is the most significant demographic variable, with children and older occupants being least and most likely to be injured, respectively. Behavior also seems to be critical, as the use of seatbelts greatly decreases occupant injuries. Heavier vehicles increase the safety of its occupants but decrease the safety of occupants of the other vehicle. The effect of vehicle type is not as significant as weight, with the exception of pickups, which are both more crashworthy and more aggressive than passenger cars. Further research is needed on the effects of airbags and impaired driving, as the analyses conducted have been inconclusive.
|
3 |
Silenced Voices: Experiences of Grief Following Road Traffic Crashes in Western AustraliaBREEN, Lauren, l.breen@ecu.edu.au January 2007 (has links)
Despite the introduction of road safety measures and media campaigns, crashes are a leading cause of death in Western Australia. While economic costs of crashes are relatively easy to determine, their psychosocial burden remains appreciably under-studied, as are the social, cultural, historical, temporal, and political contexts within which grief experiences are housed. As such, I explored the experience of grief resulting from losing a loved one in a crash in Western Australia and described the influence of contextual factors on those grief experiences.
|
4 |
Examining the application of conway-maxwell-poisson models for analyzing traffic crash dataGeedipally, Srinivas Reddy 15 May 2009 (has links)
Statistical models have been very popular for estimating the performance of highway
safety improvement programs which are intended to reduce motor vehicle crashes. The
traditional Poisson and Poisson-gamma (negative binomial) models are the most popular
probabilistic models used by transportation safety analysts for analyzing traffic crash
data. The Poisson-gamma model is usually preferred over traditional Poisson model
since crash data usually exhibit over-dispersion. Although the Poisson-gamma model is
popular in traffic safety analysis, this model has limitations particularly when crash data
are characterized by small sample size and low sample mean values. Also, researchers
have found that the Poisson-gamma model has difficulties in handling under-dispersed
crash data. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the performance of the
Conway-Maxwell-Poisson (COM-Poisson) model for various situations and to examine
its application for analyzing traffic crash datasets exhibiting over- and under-dispersion.
This study makes use of various simulated and observed crash datasets for accomplishing
the objectives of this research.
Using a simulation study, it was found that the COM-Poisson model can handle under-,
equi- and over-dispersed datasets with different mean values, although the credible
intervals are found to be wider for low sample mean values. The computational burden of
its implementation is also not prohibitive. Using intersection crash data collected in
Toronto and segment crash data collected in Texas, the results show that COM-Poisson
models perform as well as Poisson-gamma models in terms of goodness-of-fit statistics and predictive performance. With the use of crash data collected at railway-highway
crossings in South Korea, several COM-Poisson models were estimated and it was found
that the COM-Poisson model can handle crash data when the modeling output shows
signs of under-dispersion. The results also show that the COM-Poisson model provides
better statistical performance than the gamma probability and traditional Poisson models.
Furthermore, it was found that the COM-Poisson model has limitations similar to that of
the Poisson-gamma model when handling data with low sample mean and small sample
size. Despite its limitations for low sample mean values for over-dispersed datasets, the
COM-Poisson is still a flexible method for analyzing crash data.
|
5 |
Creating a culture of safety : Austin, TexasBennett, Lauren Dayle 08 August 2012 (has links)
Pedestrian and cyclist collisions with motor vehicles are a growing
problem in the United States and in particular Austin, Texas. These collisions cause
unnecessary loss of life and injury. This research explores strategies in the realms of
engineering, education and enforcement from three leading cities for pedestrian and
cyclist safety. Based on the analysis, I have identified possible strategies for use in
Austin, Texas to prevent these collision types. I also offer a conceptual model that can be
used as a framework for organizing and thinking about the various components involved
in preventing pedestrian and cyclist collisions with motor vehicles. / text
|
6 |
The Effect of Lane Departure Warning Systems on Cross-Centerline CrashesHolmes, David Alexander 16 May 2018 (has links)
Cross-centerline crashes occur rarely in the United States but are especially severe. This type of crash is characterized by one vehicle departing over a centerline and encountering a vehicle traveling in the opposite direction. In recent years, automakers have started developing and implementing lane departure warning (LDW) on newer vehicles. This system provides the potential to reduce or significantly impact the frequency of cross-centerline crashes. The objective of this thesis was to estimate the potential crash and injury benefits of a LDW system if installed on every vehicle in the US fleet.
This research includes the following 1) a characterization of cross-centerline crashes in the United States today with current and future prevention methods, 2) a reconstruction methodology used for all crashes including rollovers and heavy vehicles, and 3) a simulation model and approach method used to estimate potential benefits of LDW systems on cross-centerline crashes.
Cross over to left crashes account for only 4% of non-junction non-interchange crashes but account for 44% of serious injury crashes of the same type. As part of this research, 42 cross-centerline crashes were reconstructed and simulated as if they had a LDW system installed. Accounting for driver capability to react to a LDW alert, crash reduction benefits ranged from 22 – 30%.Using injury risk curves, the probability of experiencing a MAIS2+ injury in a cross-centerline crash was reduced by 29% when using a LDW system. / Master of Science
|
7 |
[en] THE LOG PERIODIC MODEL FOR FINANCIAL CRASHES FORECASTING: AN ECONOMETRICINVESTIGATION / [pt] UMA INVESTIGAÇÃO ECONOMÉTRICA DO MODELO LOG-PERIÓDICO PARA PREVISÃO DE CRASHES FINANCEIROSLUIZA MORAES GAZOLA 04 July 2006 (has links)
[pt] Nesta dissertação utilizamos um modelo baseado na teoria
de fenômenos
críticos para explicar a formação de preços de ativos
financeiros no período précrash.
A evolução dos preços é descrita por um crescimento lento
em forma de lei
de potência, superposto a oscilações periódicas em escala
logarítmica, sendo
denominado modelo log-periódico. Este crescimento é
eventualmente
interrompido por um colapso dos preços que ocorre em um
curto e crítico
intervalo de tempo.O objetivo deste trabalho é o de
investigar o modelo logperiódico
do ponto de vista econométrico, criticando e propondo
melhoramentos
na sua especificação de forma que as inferências
estatísticas dos seus parâmetros
sejam mais confiáveis. Baseado nesta análise é proposta
uma extensão do modelo
log-periódico, com a incorporação de estrutura auto-
regressiva e heterocedástica
condicional no termo aleatório do modelo original. O
modelo é aplicado a índices
de diversos mercados mundiais, a saber: HANG SENG (Hong
Kong), NASDAQ
(EUA), IBOVESPA (Brasil), MERVAL (Argentina), INDIA BSE
NATIONAL
(Índia) e FTSE100 (Grã-Bretanha). Os nossos resultados
indicam que a utilização
destes modelos na prática requer alguma cautela uma vez
que a sua base
inferencial é frágil. / [en] In this work we employ a model based on the critical
phenomena theory to
explain the asset price formation associated to the pre-
crash period. The evolution
of the price is given by an over-all power law
acceleration decorated by
oscillations called log-periodic model. This growth is
likely to be interrupted by a
crash of prices that happen in a short and critical time
interval. The purpose of this
work is to investigate the log-periodic model within the
econometric approach by
suggesting guidelines to achieve its performance in order
to accomplish reliable
statistical inferences. Based on this analysis we here
propose a stretching of the
log-periodic model through the introduction of an
autoregressive structure and an
autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity at the
residual of the original model.
The current model is applied to the study of financial
index of the stock markets
worldwide as: HANG SENG (Hong Kong), NASDAQ (USA), IBOVESPA
(Brazil), MERVAL (Argentina), INDIA BSE NATIONAL (India)
and FTSE100
(United Kingdom). The output of such work indicates that
the use of the logperiodic
model requires some care as far as its inference basis is
fragile.
|
8 |
The economic impact of traffic crashesKittelson, Matthew James 08 July 2010 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis is to quantify the economic costs associated with traffic crashes for 83 of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States and compare those costs to that of congestion. This was done by collecting injury and fatality data for each area and multiplying those by economic cost estimates for each developed by the FHWA. The findings of this analysis show that the economic cost of traffic crashes exceeds the economic costs of congestion in every metropolitan area studied. These results indicate that transportation safety deserves similar consideration to that of traffic congestion when allocation transportation funds.
|
9 |
Factors Associated with Traffic Crashes in Pasto, Colombia: 2005-2006O'Bryant, Adam L. 28 July 2008 (has links)
Road traffic injuries (RTI) currently rank as the 11th leading cause of death world wide and the leading cause of injury related deaths worldwide. Globally, road traffic crashes kill over 1.2 million people per year with over 90% of the deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists, collectively called vulnerable road users, are often times the victims. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the factors that are associated with traffic fatalities as well as the factors that are associated with being a vulnerable road user in traffic injuries and traffic fatalities in Pasto, Colombia. The results from this study showed that males had increased odds of being involved in a traffic fatality (OR=2.16 95%;CI 1.03-4.53). Rural road users are more likely to be involved in fatal traffic crashes than their urban counterparts (OR=5.92 95%;CI 3.00-11.71) Other groups such as young adults, vulnerable road users, and those not using safety equipment were also more likely to be injured or die in a traffic crash. Interventions specifically targeting these groups are needed.
|
10 |
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FATAL & INJURY CRASHES AT WORK ZONES IN OHIO'S INTERSTATESDESHPANDE, NITIN PRAKASH 13 July 2005 (has links)
No description available.
|
Page generated in 0.0401 seconds