Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2017-09-01T17:05:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marco Aurelio R Hundsdorfer.pdf: 5023740 bytes, checksum: 41becfa0989c009ce106bfe85691cddd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T17:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Marco Aurelio R Hundsdorfer.pdf: 5023740 bytes, checksum: 41becfa0989c009ce106bfe85691cddd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-11 / Em Coronel Vivida (PR), no distrito de Vista Alegre, foi identificada um cratera de impacto de meteorito em 2004, que posteriormente foi tombada como patrimônio geológico-geomorfológico paranaense. A cratera se situa a 12 quilômetros da sede do município e apresenta 9,5 quilômetros de diâmetro. É considerada rara por ser uma das sete crateras de impacto conhecidas no Brasil, e uma das quatro existentes sobre derrames de lava basáltica no mundo. Sua descoberta fomentou estudos científicos sobre o geossítio que, porém, estiveram restritos ao meio acadêmico e não chegaram à população paranaense e à comunidade local com o alcance desejado. O impacto aconteceu há aproximadamente 115 milhões de anos e deixou registros geológico-geomorfológicos na paisagem, que sofreram modificações ao longo destes últimos milênios. A análise realizada neste trabalho, a partir de estudos teóricos e levantamento de campo, envolve discussões sobre a origem de asteroides e meteoritos, sua importância na história do planeta e investiga o contexto de evolução da cratera de impacto de Vista Alegre. O desconhecimento das características do geossítio e seu valor tende a colocar em risco a preservação do patrimônio científico-cultural. Ações de divulgação e subsídios para fomentar o turismo foram implantadas no local a partir de 2007, como a instalação de painéis explicativos e a distribuição de folhetos. Em 2016 foi construído um mirante para a contemplação da paisagem da cratera, buscando fortalecer o geoturismo e divulgar o geossítio. Entretanto, não há um sentimento de pertencimento por parte da população local e o geossítio é pouco valorizado como patrimônio estadual, muito em função da ausência de disseminação de uma cultura de conhecimento científico. Este trabalho busca, por meio da educação não formal, a difusão pública do conteúdo geocientífico referente ao geossítio, procurando sua valorização como patrimônio por parte da comunidade. Com este escopo foi elaborado um vídeo-documentário que apresenta: a origem de asteroides e sua interação com a Terra através de impactos; o contexto geológico antes do impacto que ocasionou a cratera; o evento que a formou, sua idade e sua evolução, incluindo também fatores antrópicos. São correlacionados aspectos astronômicos, geológicos e climáticos para um melhor entendimento da raridade desta feição geológica e a necessidade de sua preservação. O vídeo foi disponibilizado na internet e aplicado, em caráter experimental, a um público de universitários e professores da rede pública estadual com questionários que buscaram avaliar sua eficácia na compreensão do tema. As informações resultantes apontaram que o vídeo não é suficiente para amplo aprendizado sobre o tema, mas induz o interesse e promove conscientização patrimonial. Estatísticas da divulgação na internet mostraram cerca de três mil visitas em três meses de exposição, o que sugere avanços no conhecimento mínimo sobre o geossítio em médio e longo prazo. / In Coronel Vivida (PR), in the district of Vista Alegre, a crater of meteorite impact was identified in 2004, which later was classified as geological-geomorphological heritage of Paraná. The crater is located 12 kilometers far from the county seat and is 9.5 kilometers in diameter. It is considered rare because it is one of the seven impact craters known in Brazil, and one of the four existing on basalt lava flows in the world. His discovery fostered scientific studies on the geosite which, however, were restricted to the academic milieu and did not reach the population of Paraná and the local community as desired. The impact occurred about 115 million years ago and left geological-geomorphological records in the landscape, which have undergone modifications over the past few millennia. The analysis carried out in this work, from theoretical studies and field survey, involves discussions about the origin of asteroids and meteorites, their importance in the history of the planet and investigates the evolution context of the Vista Alegre impact crater. Ignorance of the characteristics of the geosite and its value tends to jeopardize the preservation of the scientific-cultural heritage. Publicity actions and subsidies to promote tourism were implemented in the place from 2007, such as the installation of explanatory panels and the distribution of leaflets. In 2016 a gazebo was built to contemplate the landscape of the crater, seeking to strengthen geotourism and disseminate the geosite. However, there is no sense of belonging on the part of the local population and the geosite is little valued as state patrimony, much due to the lack of dissemination of a culture of scientific knowledge. This work seeks, through non-formal education, the public diffusion of the geoscientific content referring to the geosite, seeking its valuation as patrimony by the community. With this scope was elaborated a video documentary that presents: the origin of asteroids and their interaction with the Earth through impacts; The geological context before the impact caused by the crater; The event that formed it, its age and its evolution, including also human factors. Astronomical, geological and climatic aspects are correlated for a better understanding of the rarity of this geological feature and the need for its preservation. The video was made available on the internet and applied, on an experimental basis, to a public of university students and teachers of the state public network with questionnaires that sought to evaluate its effectiveness in understanding the theme. The resulting information pointed out that the video is not enough for extensive learning on the subject, but it induces interest and promotes equity awareness. Internet dissemination statistics showed about three thousand visits in three months of exposure, which suggests advances in the minimum knowledge about the geosite in medium and long term.

Cichlid visual system is highly adaptive to the environment. Fish visual abilities are deter- mined by composition of opsin-based photosensitive pigments located in photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) as well as their distribution. In this thesis, four species of Lake Barombi Mbo cichlids were targeted: Stomatepia mariae, Konia eisentrauti, Konia dikume and Myaka myaka. Shallow-water cichlids K. eisentrauti and S. mariae express these types of cone opsin genes: LWS, RH2A (RH2Aβ more than RH2Aα), SWS2A and SWS2B. Contra- rily, both seasonally deep-water M. myaka and deep-water K. dikume lack expression of SWS2B and LWS in their retinae, but they express SWS2A and RH2Aα more than RH2Aβ, which corresponds to modified light conditions in deep water - a dimmer habitat lacking marginal parts of the spectrum (i.e., ultraviolet and red wavelengths). The photoreceptor distribution of selected species was investigated by means of fluorescent in situ hybridi- zation (FISH) in order to understand the performance and evolution of their visual per- ception with emphasis on the effect of depth. Distinctively, cichlid cones are arranged in a retinal mosaic consisting of short-wavelength sensitive single cones, each surrounded by four long-wavelength sensitive double cones. In this thesis, the same arrangement is...

Thesis (M.S.)-Oregon State University, 1975. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127). Also available via the Internet.

A pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender a evolução da drenagem e do relevo na cratera de Colônia e entorno, no setor meridional do Planalto Paulistano, em São Paulo-SP. Parte-se da hipótese de que o relevo da área resulta da degradação de uma zona de estruturas concêntricas, formada em conjunto com a cratera, por impacto de bólido extraterrestre. Essas estruturas seriam atribuídas a um ou mais mecanismos, entre eles: a) controle exercido por um sistema de falhas radiais e concêntricos, b) estratificação do alvo, c) pico anelar em cratera complexa, d) ejecta fluidificada e e) fluidificação de finos, que resultaram na geração de uma zona de formas concêntricas no entorno da cratera. Após sua formação, o relevo da cratera e seu entorno foram degradados pela drenagem, que promoveu trabalho erosivo mais intenso a leste que a oeste, produzindo níveis hipsométricos menores a leste. Com base na proposta metodológica de Oliveira (2003), elabora-se uma descrição do relevo e da drenagem para identificar elementos sugestivos de condicionamento geológico produzido pela estrutura de impacto, por meio de fotointerpretação, trabalhos de campo e morfometria. A partir dos dados de hipsometria, rupturas de declividade e lineamentos da drenagem, descartam-se os mecanismos de estratificação do alvo, pico anelar e ejecta fluidificada, restando apenas o sistema de falhas radiais e concêntricos e a fluidificação de finos como possibilidades em aberto, cujo teste definitivo dependerá da disponibilidade de dados geofísicos detalhados. Os dados de morfometria, por sua vez, sugerem maior trabalho erosivo efetuado pelos rios da bacia do Jurubatuba que do Embu-Guaçu, respondendo pela assimetria altimétrica leste-oeste da zona de formas concêntricas e do anel colinoso da cratera de impacto e pela abertura da drenagem a leste, em conjunto com o condicionamento dado pelas linhas estruturais geradas tectonicamente. A presença de anomalias de drenagem e sua correlação com as integrais hipsométricas, por sua vez, são indicativas de modificação tectônica da drenagem, posterior à sua delineação condicionada pela estrutura de impacto. / This research aims to comprehend the relief and drainage evolution in the Colônia crater and surrounding areas, in the southern sector of the Paulistano Plateau, São Paulo-SP. We advance a hypothesis such as the morphology of the area results from degradation of a zone of concentric structures, originated at the same time as the crater, by extraterrestrial bolide impact. These structures are due to one or more mechanisms, among them: a) system of concentric and radial fractures, b) target stratification, c) peak ring in a complex impact structure, d) fluidized ejecta and e) fluidization of fine sediments, which generated a zone of concentric forms around the crater. After its formation, the relief of the crater and surroundings was degraded by drainage, which promoted a more intense erosive work to East than West, producing lower hypsometric levels to East. Based on the methodological proposal of Oliveira (2003), we elaborated a description of the topography and drainage to indentify suggestive elements for geological conditioning produced by the impact structure, by means of photointerpretation, fieldwork and morphometric measurements. From hypsometric data and slope break and drainage lineations analysis, we discard the hypothesis of: target stratification, peak ring and fluidized ejecta, leaving only those of concentric and radial fractures and fluidization of fine sediments, as open possibilities, whose final test will depend on the availability of detailed geophysical data. The morphometric data suggest greater erosive work performed by the Jurubatuba drainage basin than by Embu-Guaçu, responding by hypsometric East-West asymmetry of the craters raised ring and surroundings. This still accounts for the position of its drainage exutory, to East, together with structural lines tectonically generated. The presence of drainage anomalies and their correlation with the hypsometric integrals are indicative of tectonic modification of drainage, after its delineation conducted by the impact structure.

Paleoenvironmental investigations establish important baseline knowledge of the natural variability of lake systems, to better understand human impacts on the landscape, and the effects of climate change on water resources. By combining long-term environmental history with investigations into modern land use patterns and climatological events, a wider perspective can be reached that has practical applications in water governance. This thesis presents a case study of Lake Basotu (4.37°S, 35.07°E), a crater lake in the Hanang district of north-central Tanzania, which acts as an important source of freshwater for local people. A three-meter long sediment core from an interior crater of Lake Basotu was investigated using proxy records (diatoms, magnetic parameters, and carbon content) and radiometric dating (14C and 210Pb). The Lake Basotu record was then compared to other sediment-based reconstructions from East Africa and records of historical famines to better place it into the timeline and understanding of regional climate dynamics. This work was extended into modern times (1973–2015) by examining lake extent variations in the Landsat satellite archive. Shoreline boundaries for dry-season images were delineated and lake extent was calculated using GIS techniques. This remote sensing record was compared to climatological patterns, meteorological records, and the history of land-use changes in the surrounding district. As a whole, the Lake Basotu record indicates that major fluctuations in lake level are not abnormal; however, human influence has likely increased the lake’s sensitivity to climatic fluctuations. The timing of historical famines in East Africa were linked to periods of shallow lake conditions in Basotu, and the duration of the most extreme lake level changes correlate to a reversal in the 14C age-depth model. Recent variations in lake extent are likely connected to a mechanized wheat farming program implemented in the district as a foreign aid project in the early 1960s. To support the work done in Basotu, a preliminary investigation of sediment from the nearby Lake Babati was undertaken. Sediment from the two lakes indicates that their geographical location may be in a transition zone towards dryer conditions to the south during the Little Ice Age in East Africa. The results of this thesis support that Lake Basotu is an important location for understanding the potential impacts of climate change and human activity on water resources in this region. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Le comptage de cratères sur une surface planétaire est à l’heure actuelle le seul moyen de préciser la temporalité des événements ayant marqué l’histoire des corps telluriques. Cette technique nécessite de connaitre précisément le taux avec lequel se forme les cratères d’impact, c'est-à-dire le flux d’impact, mais aussi son évolution en fonction du diamètre des cratères, la fonction de production. Ensemble, ces deux variables forment le système de chronologie d’un corps planétaire. Il est relativement bien contraint entre 3,9 et 3,5 milliards d’années avant notre ère et considéré comme constant depuis 3 milliards d’années, une hypothèse remise en cause par des observations lunaires et terrestres. Les cratères d’impact à éjecta lobés sont très nombreux sur Mars. Leur morphologie traduit la présence d’une grande quantité de glace d’eau dans le sous-sol au moment de l’impact. La variation spatio-temporelle de cette couche est très peu contrainte. Celle-ci est principalement influencée par l’obliquité de la planète. Leurs nappes d’éjecta sont continues et constituent donc des surfaces idéales pour dater leur formation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux contraindre la chronologie martienne et la variation de l’extension de la couche de volatiles présente sous la surface de Mars responsable de telles morphologies. Par la datation de la mise en place d’une population de cratères à éjecta lobés situés sur Acidalia Planitia, il a été possible de comparer leur fréquence de formation avec le flux d’impact qui a été utilisé pour les dater. Un important désaccord entre nos données et le modèle à flux constant a pu être observé. Un test d’autocohérence entre le flux d’impact mesuré et le flux utilisé pour dater chaque cratère a permis de montrer que le taux d’impact le plus en accord avec nos données était celui présentant un pic de cratérisation entre 0,5 milliards d’années et la période actuelle. Ce pic est associé à deux collisions dans la ceinture principale d’astéroïdes. Néanmoins, cette méthode inverse est soumise à un problème logique mis en évidence par la simulation d’une population de cratères synthétiques. Il apparaît à posteriori que la variable temporelle de la chronologie martienne doit être la fonction de production des cratères d’une centaine de mètres de diamètre. Ces résultats modifient profondément l’âge des surfaces martiennes qui peuvent être mesurés par comptage de cratères. La datation de l’ensemble des cratères martiens dont les nappes d’éjecta lobés sont très étendues a permis également de mettre en évidence une augmentation de l’âge de ces cratères avec la diminution en latitude. Nous avons interprété ces observations comme étant le résultat de l’évolution récente de l’extension de la couche riche en volatils sous la surface de Mars, en lien avec la variation de l’obliquité de la planète. En effet, une diminution de l’angle d’obliquité de Mars il y a 4 millions d’années a restreint l’extension de la couche de volatils à haute latitude. Le lien étroit entre la localisation de ces cratères et leurs âges a permis de poser certaines conditions quant à l’évolution possible de l’obliquité martienne sur les 80 derniers millions d’années. Enfin, la révision de la base de données de cratères martiens la plus complète à ce jour au moyen d’une interface accessible à tous a permis de créer le premier catalogue de cratères adapté à la datation de surfaces martiennes. Nous avons pour cela mis en place une classification des cratères permettant l’exclusion, lors d’une datation, des cratères de type secondaire, fantôme ainsi que des fausses détections contenus dans la base de donnée originelle. / Counting craters on planetary surfaces is currently the only way to precise the events temporality which have marked the history of terrestrial bodies. This technique requires the precise knowledge of the rate with which impact craters are emplaced over time, the impact flux, but also its evolution in function of crater diameter, the production function. Together, these two variables constitute the chronology system of a planetary body. This system is relatively well constrained between 3,9 and 3,5 billion years before present and considered to be constant since 3 billion years, a hypothesis challenged by earthly and lunar observations. Layered ejecta craters are numerous on Mars. Their morphology is related to the presence of ice-rich material in the subsurface at the moment of the impact. The spatial and temporal evolution of this layer is poorly constrained. This one is primarily influenced by the obliquity of Mars. Their ejecta blankets are continuous and therefore constitute ideal surfaces to date the impact itself. The purpose of this thesis is to better constraint the Martian chronology and to better understand the variation of volatiles layer extent present under the surface of Mars. By the dating of the formation of a layered ejecta crater population located on Acidalia Planitia, it has been possible to compare the emplacement frequency of these structures with the impact flux that has been used to date them. An important mismatch between our data and the constant flux has been noted. An auto-consistency test between the measured impact rate and the rate used to date each crater has shown that the most consistent flux with our data is a cratering spike between 0,5 billion years and the actual period. This spike is associated to two main asteroid break-ups in the main asteroid belt. Nevertheless, this inverse method is challenged by a logical problem highlighted by the simulation of a synthetic population of craters. It appears a posteriori that the temporal fluctuation of the Martian chronology comes from the production function of impact craters of hundred meters of diameter. These results modify considerably the age of the Martian surface that we can measure by counting craters. The dating of all craters which exhibits a high extent of their ejecta blankets has also allowed to highlight an increasing of their age with the decreasing of the latitude. We have interpreted this observation by the result of the late evolution of the volatiles layer extent under the surface of Mars, linked to the shift of the obliquity. A decreasing of the Martian obliquity angle there was 4 million years ago has restricted the volatiles layer extent to high latitude. The close link between the location of these craters and their ages has allowed us to set some conditions of possible evolution of the Martian obliquity during the last 80 Myrs. Finally, the correction of the most complete Martian crater database thanks to a web interface accessible to everyone has allowed to create the first crater catalogue adapted to the martian surface dating. We have developed a crater classification allowing the exclusion, during a surface dating, of secondary craters, ghosts craters as well as false detections contained in the original database.

No description available.

The usage of titanium alloys in many industries has increased significantly over the years due to their superior properties. However, they are extremely difficult to machine because of their distinctive characteristics such as their high temperature strength, low thermal conductivity, and high chemical affinity for tool materials. Hence, despite their increased usage, they are still expensive to machine when compared to other metals. The current research aims to address the machinability issues of titanium alloys by developing novel compositions of a new generation of self-adaptive Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) coatings that function by forming beneficial tribo-films through their interaction with the environment. These tribo-films form during cutting and provide enhanced lubricity, hardness, strength, and thermal barrier characteristics to the cutting tool. It was found that during Ti6Al4V machining, significant BUE and crater wear formation occurs; however, one is dominant over the other depending on the cutting conditions. Therefore, the coatings investigated were designed by taking into consideration the dominant tool wear mechanisms and the complex tribological phenomena that occur in the cutting zone. The current research investigated monolayer TiB2 and CrN self-adaptive PVD coatings for the rough (cutting speed - 45 m/min, feed -0.15 mm/rev, and depth of cut – 2 mm) and finish (cutting speed - 150 m/min, feed -0.1225 mm/rev, and depth of cut – 0.25 mm) turning of Ti6Al4V alloy. Detailed experimental studies were performed to study the effectiveness of the coatings during machining. Micro-mechanical characteristics of the coatings were also studied to understand how coating properties affect the coatings performance in machining and tribo-film formation. The results obtained show that both the TiB2 and CrN coatings significantly improve tool performance during the rough turning of Ti6Al4V alloy compared to the current industrial standard, which is due to certain micro-mechanical coating properties and the beneficial tribo-films formed. A coating of CrN coating was found to increase tool life during finish turning. It was also established that for machining applications where intensive adhesive interaction occurs at the tool-chip interface, coatings with lower hardness values perform significantly better than harder ones. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Titanium alloys are increasingly becoming the material of choice for many industrial applications due to their superior properties. However, they are very difficult to machine since they have high chemical affinity towards tool materials, low thermal conductivity, and high temperature strength. These properties cause rapid failure of the tool. The objective of the current research is to address machinability issues during Ti6Al4V machining and improve tool performance. One effective strategy to minimize tool wear is to apply self-adaptive PVD tool coatings that can form beneficial tribo-films through their interaction with the environment and provide enhanced lubricity, hardness, strength, and thermal barrier characteristics to the cutting tool. In the current research, two self-adaptive PVD coatings were developed that offset the dominant tool wear mechanisms prevalent during the rough and finish turning of Ti6Al4V alloy and reduced the tool wear rate by more than 60% compared to the current industrial standard.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta minuciosa pesquisa sobre atributos geomorfológicos, de geodiversidade e da geoconservação do Astroblema da Serra da Cangalha/TO, uma cratera de impacto a hipervelocidade em avançado estado de erosão. A delimitação da área de estudo se deu com base na configuração geomorfológica e geológica local, abrangendo a área interna da cratera e as principais bacias de drenagem que dela nascem. O primeiro objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a transformação desta paisagem para o estágio em que se observa atualmente e verificar em que medida um evento extraordinário tal qual um impacto meteorítico a hipervelocidade condiciona a forma do relevo e a rede de drenagem local mesmo ainda milhões de anos depois. Discute-se como a exumação de camadas estratigráficas ocorrida durante o impacto direcionou o modelamento da estrutura erodida ao longo do tempo geológico e apresentam-se as principais bacias hidrográficas da área de estudo, além de uma análise fenomenológica da experiência de vivenciar o encontro in loco com este astroblema de proporções quilométricas. Dada a raridade e demais valores de geodiversidade deste tipo de feição, este trabalho tem como segundo objetivo investigar as ações pretéritas e presentes no sentido da preservação ambiental deste patrimônio geomorfológico-geológico e astronômico em confluência com a possibilidade de um desenvolvimento sustentável da região. Os métodos utilizados constaram de uma visita de campo, análises SIG e descrições fenomenológicas. É apresentada, por fim, a partir das experiências do Ries UNESCO Global Geopark (um geoparque alemão criado a partir do maior astroblema da Europa, a Nördlinger Ries Krater) e do Parque Estadual do Desengano/RJ (primeira Unidade de Conservação da América do Sul a receber o selo Dark Sky Park da International Dark Sky Association) - uma proposta de um Geoastroparque para a região do Astroblema da Serra da Cangalha, de acordo com as premissas de sustentabilidade e geoturismo da rede mundial UNESCO Global Geopark e em prol de uma preservação e uso astroturístico de sua baixa poluição luminosa, com a possiblidade de atividades diurnas (geologia, geomorfologia, meteorítica) e noturnas (observação do céu) observando sempre os limites para um turismo sustentável com uma preocupação continuada de respeito ao meio ambiente e à população local. / [en] This paper presents a thorough research on geomorphological attributes, geodiversity and geoconservation of the Serra da Cangalha/TO Astroblem, a hypervelocity impact crater in an advanced state of erosion. The delimitation of the study area was based on the local geomorphological and geological configuration, covering the inner area of the crater and the main drainage basins that originate from it. The first objective of the work was to analyze the transformation of this landscape to the stage where it is observed today and to verify to what extent an extraordinary event such as a meteorite impact at hypervelocity conditions the shape of the relief and the local drainage network even millions of years later. We discuss how the exhumation of stratigraphic layers that occurred during the impact directed the modeling of the eroded structure throughout geological time, and we present the main watersheds of the study area, in addition to a phenomenological analysis of the experience of living the encounter in loco with this astroblem of kilometer proportions. Given the rarity and other geodiversity values of this type of feature, the second objective of this work is to investigate the past and present actions towards the environmental preservation of this geomorphological-geological and astronomical heritage in confluence with the possibility of a sustainable development of the region. The methods used consisted of a field visit, GIS analysis and phenomenological descriptions. Finally, based on the experiences of the Ries UNESCO Global Geopark (a German geopark created from the largest astroblem in Europe, the Nördlinger Ries Krater) and the Desengano State Park/RJ (the first South American Conservation Unit to receive the label Dark Sky Park from the International Dark Sky Association) a proposal for an Astrogeopark for the region of the Serra da Cangalha Astroblem is presented, in accordance with the premises of sustainability and geotourism of the world network UNESCO Global Geopark and in favor of a preservation and astro-tourism use of its low light pollution, with the possibility of daytime activities (geology, geomorphology, meteoritics) and nighttime activities (sky observation) always observing the limits for a sustainable tourism with a continued concern for the respect of the environment and the local population.

Physical lab experiments have shown that the pressure caused by an impinging jet on a granular bed has the potential to form craters. This poses a danger to landing success and nearby spacecraft for future rocket missions. Current numerical simulations for this process do not accurately reproduce experimental results. Our goal is to produce improved simulations to more accurately and effi- ciently model the changes in pressure as gas flows through a porous medium. A two-dimensional model in space known as the nonlinear Porous Medium Equation as it is derived from Darcy’s law is used. An Alternating-Direction Implicit (ADI) temporal scheme is presented and implemented which reduces our multidimensional problem into a series of one-dimensional problems. We take advantage of explicit approximations for the nonlinear terms using extrapolation formulas derived from Taylor-series, which increases efficiency when compared to other common methods. We couple our ADI temporal scheme with different spatial discretizations including a second-order Finite Difference (FD) method, a fourth-order Orthogonal Spline Collocation (OSC) method, and an Nth-order Chebyshev Spectral method. Accuracy and runtime are compared among the three methods for comparison in a linear analogue of our problem. We see the best results for accuracy when using an ADI-Spectral method in the linear case, but discuss possibilities for increased effi- ciency using an ADI-OSC scheme. Nonlinear results are presented using the ADI-Spectral method and the ADI-FD method.