Features typical for karst, such as fast groundwater flow and existence of open conduits were observed in various parts of Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (BCB). So far, vertical and areal extent of karst rocks is not known. In case of concerning conduits in quartz sandstones the observation of their evolution in profiles perpendicular to flow is missing. The thesis deals with above mentioned issues. Concerning potential to karstification it is limited to Jizera facial area of BCB. For this purpose, leaching of samples in hydrochloric acid were carried out. The hydrochloric acid was used as an accelerated simulation of natural processes of dissolution of rock by acidic solutions. The reaction of samples on leaching in acid, disintegration and content of the CaCO3 component were evaluated. CaCO3 content was determined also by calcimetry. Rocks which disintegrated can be a suitable for the evolution of karst conduits. According to the lithostratigraphic sections, the examined profiles belong to the TUR5 and TUR6 units - thus these units contain rocks suitable for the evolution of karst conduits. In Předměřice site about 23 % of samples disintegrated, in Kosmonosy site 8 % and in Turnov site 36 % disintegrated. Thus about 1/10 to 1/3 of tested profiles is prone to karstification and evolution of karst...

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Lamprófiros e diabásios alcalinos afloram no litoral dos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro e integram o Enxame de Diques da Serra do Mar (EDSM). Essas rochas ocorrem sob a forma de diques e intrudem o Orógeno Ribeira, de idade Neoproterozóica/Cambro-Ordoviciana, inserindo-se no contexto geodinâmico de abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul durante o Cretáceo Superior. Essas intrusões são subverticais e orientam-se preferencialmente a NE-SW, seguindo a estruturação das rochas encaixantes. Os lamprófiros são classificados como monchiquitos e camptonitos e exibem, respectivamente, textura hipocristalina e holocristalina. Apresentam também textura panidiomórfica, fenocristais de clinopiroxênio e olivina, imersos em matriz formada essencialmente por esses mesmos minerais, além de biotita, kaersutita e minerais opacos. O camptonito apresenta ainda plagioclásio na matriz. Os diabásios alcalinos são hipocristalinos a holocristalinos, equigranulares a inequigranulares, com fenocristais de olivina e/ou clinopiroxênio e/ou plagioclásio, em uma matriz composta essencialmente por esses minerais. As rochas estudadas caracterizam séries alcalinas miaskíticas, com os lamprófiros sendo tanto sódicos, potássicos e ultrapotássicos e os diabásios alcalinos como predominantemente sódicos. Modelagens petrogenéticas envolvendo possíveis processos evolutivos mostram que é improvável que os lamprófiros sejam cogenéticos por processos evolutivos envolvendo tanto cristalização fracionada, com ou sem assimilação concomitante, quanto hibridização. O mesmo ocorre para os diabásios alcalinos. A discriminação de fontes mantélicas foi feita com base nos teores de elementos traços de amostras representativas de líquidos parentais e indica que esse magmatismo alcalino está relacionado a fontes lherzolíticas com fusão parcial na zona de estabilidade do espinélio, isto é, a poucas profundidades. Os dados litogeoquímicos e isotópicos do sistema Sr-Nd das rochas estudadas sugerem tanto o envolvimento de fontes férteis, associadas ao manto sublitosférico, quanto de fontes enriquecidas, relacionadas ao manto litosférico subcontinental. Modelagens de mistura binária revelam que a petrogênese dos lamprófiros e diabásios alcalinos envolveu uma grande participação de um componente fértil misturado com contribuições menores de um componente enriquecido. Idades TDM (760-557 Ma) obtidas sugerem remobilização do manto litosférico no Neoproterozóico, talvez relacionadas à subducção da Placa São Francisco preteritamente à colisão do Orógeno Ribeira. Altas razões CaO/Al2O3 para os líquidos lamprofíricos menos evoluídos, altos teores de Zr, correlações negativas Zr/Hf e Ti/Eu e associação com carbonatitos indicam condições metassomáticas de alto CO2/H2O. Em escala local, modelos geodinâmicos baseados na astenosfera não isotérmica parecem mais aplicáveis. No entanto, modelos geodinâmicos baseados na astenosfera isotérmica (com o envolvimento de plumas) parecem mais indicados num contexto regional, considerando-se outras províncias alcalinas contemporâneas e correlatas. / Alkaline lamprophyres and alkaline diabases of the Serra do Mar Dyke Swarm (SMDS) outcrop along the Southeastern Brazil. These dykes intrude rocks of the so-called Rio Negro Magmatic Arc within the Late Proterozoic-Ordovician Ribeira Orogen and are associated with the opening of South Atlantic Ocean during the Late Cretaceous. Typically, the intrusions are subvertical bearing a NE-SW preferential trend which follows the main lineaments in the area. The lamprophyres are classified as monchiquites and camptonites and show holocrystalline and hypocrystalline textures, respectively. They also have panidiomorphic texture and olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts within a matrix composed essentially by these same minerals, kaersutite and biotite. Camptonites still have plagioclase in the matrix. The alkaline diabases are holo- to hypocrystalline, equi- to inequigranular rocks with olivine and/or clinopyroxene and/or plagioclase phenocrysts in a matrix composed essentially by these minerals. These alkaline rocks have miaskitic compositions. Lamprophyres are sodic, potassic and ultrapotassic and alkaline diabases are predominantly sodic. Petrogenetic modeling indicates that lamprophyres are unlikely to be cogenetic by evolutionary processes involving either fractional crystallization, with or without concomitant assimilation, or hybridization. The same applies to the alkaline diabases. Modal-batch partial melting models using samples representing parental liquids indicate that these alkalines mafic rocks are related to lherzolitic sources and that partial melting occurred in the spinel stability field, pointing to a thin continental lithosphere in the region. Lithogeochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data show that the petrogenesis of these alkaline rocks can be assigned to mixing of mantle sources. Binary mixing models and assimilation tests reveal that the petrogenesis of the lamprophyres and alkaline diabases involve a large amount of participation of a fertile component with small contribution of an enriched component. TDM model ages for the studied rocks suggest remobilization ages of the of the lithospheric mantle during the Neoproterozoic, possibly related to the subduction of the San Francisco plate prior to the collision of the Ribeira Orogen. The high CaO/Al2O3 ratios of less evolved lamprophyric melts, high Zr contents, Zr/Hf and Ti/Eu negative correlations and association with carbonatites point to high CO2/H2O conditions during metassomatism of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Geodynamic models based on the non-isothermal asthenospheric mantle seem to apply to the studied mafic alkaline magmatism on a local scale although the isothermal asthenospheric mantle model appears to conceal the petrogenesis of other coeval alkaline provinces in central and southeastern Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-10-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 elias_fa_me_rcla.pdf: 3769559 bytes, checksum: f01a99ac620f8c79cf85423c0351edbf (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A utilização de dentes isolados, com finalidades taxonômicas, é reconhecida por diversos autores. No Hemisfério Norte investigações desta natureza são freqüentes, versando principalmente sobre micro e macromorfologias dentárias e sua utilização na identificação de grupos taxonômicos, eventualmente a categorias bastante específicas. No Hemisfério Sul, em especial no Brasil, estudos enfocando dentes isolados ainda representam uma parcela bastante sutil de contribuição no âmbito da Paleontologia. Esta contribuição representa o plano de investigação de um conjunto de dentes de amniotas, resgatados em um dos mais ricos e diversificados depósitos fossilíferos cretácicos do Estado do Maranhão: o afloramento Laje do Coringa. Situado na Ilha do Cajual, Município de Alcântara, representa um bone-bed com expressivo registro fossilífero do neo-Albiano/eo-Cenomaniano da Formação Alcântara, Bacia de São Luís- Grajaú. Considerando sua abundância e diversidade morfológica, os dentes fósseis dos depósitos cretácicos no Estado do Maranhão mostram-se potencialmente importantes no âmbito de investigações paleontológicas. A análise de parâmetros morfológicos aplicados à coroa, permitiu a identificação de 19 morfótipos dentários, representando terópodos (Carcharodontosauridae, Spinosauridae e Velociraptorinae), saurópodos (Titanosauria e Diplodocoidea), crocodilomorfos (Pholidosauridae) e pterossauros (Anhangueridae e Ornithocheiridae). A variedade morfológica evidenciada na amostra da Laje do Coringa sugere uma relativa diversidade paleobiológica e paleoecológica durante o neo-Albiano/eo- Cenomaniano do Estado do Maranhão... . / The use of isolated tooth, with taxonomic purposes, is recognized for many authors. In North Hemisphere inquiries of this nature are frequent, mainly treating about dental micro and dental macromorphologies and its use in the identification of taxonomic groups, eventually the very specific categories. In South Hemisphere, in especially Brazil, studies focusing isolated teeth still represent a very subtle parcel of contributions in the scope of Paleontology. This contribution represents the plan of inquiry of a amniotes teeth's set, rescued in one of richest and diversified Cretaceous fossiliferos deposits of the Maranhão State: the Laje do Coringa outcrop. Situated in the Cajual Island, Alcântara Municipality, it represents a bone-bed with expressive fossiliferous record in the late Albian/early Cenomanian of the Alcântara Formation, São Luís-Grajaú Basin. Considering its abundance and morphologic diversity, fossil teeth of the Cretaceous deposits in the Maranhão State reveal potentially important in the scope of paleontological inquiries. The analysis of morphologic parameters applied to the dental crown allowed the identification of 19 dental morphotypes, representing theropods (Carcharodontosauridae, Spinosauridae and Velociraptorinae), sauropods (Titanosauria and Diplodocoidea), crocodilomorphs (Pholidosauridae) and pterosaurs (Anhangueridae and Ornithocheiridae). The morphologic variety evidenced in the sample of the Laje do Coringa outcrop suggests a relative paleobiological and paleoecological diversity during the late Albian/early Cenomanian of the Maranhão State. As evidenced in studies developed for other authors (and confirmed in this inquiry) the paleofaunistical assemblage of the Alcântara Formation probably had a particular similarity with isochronous assemblages of the North of Africa, suggesting that the events of biological particularity in each one of continental... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Reinaldo José Bertini / Banca: Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim / Banca: Dilce de Fátima Rossetti / Resumo: A utilização de dentes isolados, com finalidades taxonômicas, é reconhecida por diversos autores. No Hemisfério Norte investigações desta natureza são freqüentes, versando principalmente sobre micro e macromorfologias dentárias e sua utilização na identificação de grupos taxonômicos, eventualmente a categorias bastante específicas. No Hemisfério Sul, em especial no Brasil, estudos enfocando dentes isolados ainda representam uma parcela bastante sutil de contribuição no âmbito da Paleontologia. Esta contribuição representa o plano de investigação de um conjunto de dentes de amniotas, resgatados em um dos mais ricos e diversificados depósitos fossilíferos cretácicos do Estado do Maranhão: o afloramento Laje do Coringa. Situado na Ilha do Cajual, Município de Alcântara, representa um bone-bed com expressivo registro fossilífero do neo-Albiano/eo-Cenomaniano da Formação Alcântara, Bacia de São Luís- Grajaú. Considerando sua abundância e diversidade morfológica, os dentes fósseis dos depósitos cretácicos no Estado do Maranhão mostram-se potencialmente importantes no âmbito de investigações paleontológicas. A análise de parâmetros morfológicos aplicados à coroa, permitiu a identificação de 19 morfótipos dentários, representando terópodos (Carcharodontosauridae, Spinosauridae e Velociraptorinae), saurópodos (Titanosauria e Diplodocoidea), crocodilomorfos (Pholidosauridae) e pterossauros (Anhangueridae e Ornithocheiridae). A variedade morfológica evidenciada na amostra da Laje do Coringa sugere uma relativa diversidade paleobiológica e paleoecológica durante o neo-Albiano/eo- Cenomaniano do Estado do Maranhão... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: The use of isolated tooth, with taxonomic purposes, is recognized for many authors. In North Hemisphere inquiries of this nature are frequent, mainly treating about dental micro and dental macromorphologies and its use in the identification of taxonomic groups, eventually the very specific categories. In South Hemisphere, in especially Brazil, studies focusing isolated teeth still represent a very subtle parcel of contributions in the scope of Paleontology. This contribution represents the plan of inquiry of a amniotes teeth's set, rescued in one of richest and diversified Cretaceous fossiliferos deposits of the Maranhão State: the Laje do Coringa outcrop. Situated in the Cajual Island, Alcântara Municipality, it represents a bone-bed with expressive fossiliferous record in the late Albian/early Cenomanian of the Alcântara Formation, São Luís-Grajaú Basin. Considering its abundance and morphologic diversity, fossil teeth of the Cretaceous deposits in the Maranhão State reveal potentially important in the scope of paleontological inquiries. The analysis of morphologic parameters applied to the dental crown allowed the identification of 19 dental morphotypes, representing theropods (Carcharodontosauridae, Spinosauridae and Velociraptorinae), sauropods (Titanosauria and Diplodocoidea), crocodilomorphs (Pholidosauridae) and pterosaurs (Anhangueridae and Ornithocheiridae). The morphologic variety evidenced in the sample of the Laje do Coringa outcrop suggests a relative paleobiological and paleoecological diversity during the late Albian/early Cenomanian of the Maranhão State. As evidenced in studies developed for other authors (and confirmed in this inquiry) the paleofaunistical assemblage of the Alcântara Formation probably had a particular similarity with isochronous assemblages of the North of Africa, suggesting that the events of biological particularity in each one of continental... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A Bacia sedimentar do Araripe é uma das mais ricas localidades fossilíferas do mundo e representa algumas das principais fases da evolução tectônica ligadas ao processo de abertura do Atlântico Sul. Essa bacia se subdivide em dois pacotes estratigráficos distintos: o Grupo Cariri (constituído pelas formações Cariri, Missão Velha e Rio Batateiras) e o Grupo Araripe (constituído pelas formações Crato, Ipubi, Santana e Exu). No caso do Grupo Cariri, apenas a Formação Missão Velha (= Brejo Santo para alguns autores) apresenta restos de peixes fósseis. Essa fauna, típica da fase rift da separação da parte oeste do Gondwana, pode ser comparada à ictiofauna já descrita no Grupo Bahia e à fauna encontrada em diversas bacias interiores do Nordeste do Brasil. O presente trabalho constou da realização de coletas na Formação Missão Velha, identificação, preparação e descrição dos espécimes coletados; comparação da paleoictiofauna dessa formação com a de outras bacias de mesma idade; análise da distribuição paleobiogeográfica dos grupos ali presentes. Apesar de desarticulados, foram identificados seis táxons de peixes, assim como fragmentos de teleósteos não identificados. Os táxons identificados a partir do material coletado são: dentes, espinhos cefálicos e espinhos de nadadeira dorsal de Hybodontiformes; escamas, dentes e ossos desarticulados de Lepidotes sp.; escamas de Pleuropholidae; diversos ossos desarticulados de Mawsonia cf. gigas; placa dentária e outros ossos isolados de Ceratodus sp. Essa fauna é muito importante, pois representa uma biota lacustrina do Neocomiano do Brasil, depositada durante os estágios pré-rift/rift da separação do oeste do Gondwana. Durante a fase pré-rift e rift pode ser observada uma correlação estratigráfica entre a Formação Missão Velha e as bacias marginais da África ocidental. Portanto, a biota presente na Formação Missão Velha auxilia a compreensão da diversidade faunística presente nos estágios pré-rift e rift do Brasil e da África. / The Araripe Basin is one of the richest fossiliferous localities in the world and represents some of the main stages of tectonic evolution related to the process of the opening of the South Atlantic. This basin is subdivided into two distinct stratigraphic packages: the Cariri Group (constituted by Cariri, Missão Velha and Rio Batateiras formations) and the Araripe Group (composed by the Crato, Ipubi, Santana and Exú formations). The Missão Velha Formation is the only one in the Vale do Cariri Group that presents vertebrate fossil records as, for example, disarticulated remains of fossil fishes. The present work consists on the: identification, preparation and description of the specimens collected in the Missão Velha Formation; comparisons of the paleoichthyofauna of this formation with other basins of the same age; analysis of the paleobiogeographic distribution of the groups present on Missão Velha Formation. Although disarticulated, we can identify the presence of six fish taxa (including teeth, cephalic spines and finspines of Hybodontiformes; scales, teeth and fragmented bones of Lepidotes; scales of Pleuropholidae, several disarticulated bones of Mawsonia cf. gigas; tooth plates and other disarticulated bones of Ceratodus) as well as fragments of at least three more teleost taxa. This fauna is very important because it represents a continental and lacustrine biota, tipical to the Neocomian of Brazil, deposited during the pre-rift/rift stages of the breakup of western Gondwana. During these stages we can observe a stratigraphic correlation between the Missão Velha Formation and the marginal basins of Western Africa. Therefore, the biota present in Missão Velha Formation contributes to understand the diversity present in pre-rift and rift stages in Brazil and Africa.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Lamprófiros e diabásios alcalinos afloram no litoral dos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro e integram o Enxame de Diques da Serra do Mar (EDSM). Essas rochas ocorrem sob a forma de diques e intrudem o Orógeno Ribeira, de idade Neoproterozóica/Cambro-Ordoviciana, inserindo-se no contexto geodinâmico de abertura do Oceano Atlântico Sul durante o Cretáceo Superior. Essas intrusões são subverticais e orientam-se preferencialmente a NE-SW, seguindo a estruturação das rochas encaixantes. Os lamprófiros são classificados como monchiquitos e camptonitos e exibem, respectivamente, textura hipocristalina e holocristalina. Apresentam também textura panidiomórfica, fenocristais de clinopiroxênio e olivina, imersos em matriz formada essencialmente por esses mesmos minerais, além de biotita, kaersutita e minerais opacos. O camptonito apresenta ainda plagioclásio na matriz. Os diabásios alcalinos são hipocristalinos a holocristalinos, equigranulares a inequigranulares, com fenocristais de olivina e/ou clinopiroxênio e/ou plagioclásio, em uma matriz composta essencialmente por esses minerais. As rochas estudadas caracterizam séries alcalinas miaskíticas, com os lamprófiros sendo tanto sódicos, potássicos e ultrapotássicos e os diabásios alcalinos como predominantemente sódicos. Modelagens petrogenéticas envolvendo possíveis processos evolutivos mostram que é improvável que os lamprófiros sejam cogenéticos por processos evolutivos envolvendo tanto cristalização fracionada, com ou sem assimilação concomitante, quanto hibridização. O mesmo ocorre para os diabásios alcalinos. A discriminação de fontes mantélicas foi feita com base nos teores de elementos traços de amostras representativas de líquidos parentais e indica que esse magmatismo alcalino está relacionado a fontes lherzolíticas com fusão parcial na zona de estabilidade do espinélio, isto é, a poucas profundidades. Os dados litogeoquímicos e isotópicos do sistema Sr-Nd das rochas estudadas sugerem tanto o envolvimento de fontes férteis, associadas ao manto sublitosférico, quanto de fontes enriquecidas, relacionadas ao manto litosférico subcontinental. Modelagens de mistura binária revelam que a petrogênese dos lamprófiros e diabásios alcalinos envolveu uma grande participação de um componente fértil misturado com contribuições menores de um componente enriquecido. Idades TDM (760-557 Ma) obtidas sugerem remobilização do manto litosférico no Neoproterozóico, talvez relacionadas à subducção da Placa São Francisco preteritamente à colisão do Orógeno Ribeira. Altas razões CaO/Al2O3 para os líquidos lamprofíricos menos evoluídos, altos teores de Zr, correlações negativas Zr/Hf e Ti/Eu e associação com carbonatitos indicam condições metassomáticas de alto CO2/H2O. Em escala local, modelos geodinâmicos baseados na astenosfera não isotérmica parecem mais aplicáveis. No entanto, modelos geodinâmicos baseados na astenosfera isotérmica (com o envolvimento de plumas) parecem mais indicados num contexto regional, considerando-se outras províncias alcalinas contemporâneas e correlatas. / Alkaline lamprophyres and alkaline diabases of the Serra do Mar Dyke Swarm (SMDS) outcrop along the Southeastern Brazil. These dykes intrude rocks of the so-called Rio Negro Magmatic Arc within the Late Proterozoic-Ordovician Ribeira Orogen and are associated with the opening of South Atlantic Ocean during the Late Cretaceous. Typically, the intrusions are subvertical bearing a NE-SW preferential trend which follows the main lineaments in the area. The lamprophyres are classified as monchiquites and camptonites and show holocrystalline and hypocrystalline textures, respectively. They also have panidiomorphic texture and olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts within a matrix composed essentially by these same minerals, kaersutite and biotite. Camptonites still have plagioclase in the matrix. The alkaline diabases are holo- to hypocrystalline, equi- to inequigranular rocks with olivine and/or clinopyroxene and/or plagioclase phenocrysts in a matrix composed essentially by these minerals. These alkaline rocks have miaskitic compositions. Lamprophyres are sodic, potassic and ultrapotassic and alkaline diabases are predominantly sodic. Petrogenetic modeling indicates that lamprophyres are unlikely to be cogenetic by evolutionary processes involving either fractional crystallization, with or without concomitant assimilation, or hybridization. The same applies to the alkaline diabases. Modal-batch partial melting models using samples representing parental liquids indicate that these alkalines mafic rocks are related to lherzolitic sources and that partial melting occurred in the spinel stability field, pointing to a thin continental lithosphere in the region. Lithogeochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic data show that the petrogenesis of these alkaline rocks can be assigned to mixing of mantle sources. Binary mixing models and assimilation tests reveal that the petrogenesis of the lamprophyres and alkaline diabases involve a large amount of participation of a fertile component with small contribution of an enriched component. TDM model ages for the studied rocks suggest remobilization ages of the of the lithospheric mantle during the Neoproterozoic, possibly related to the subduction of the San Francisco plate prior to the collision of the Ribeira Orogen. The high CaO/Al2O3 ratios of less evolved lamprophyric melts, high Zr contents, Zr/Hf and Ti/Eu negative correlations and association with carbonatites point to high CO2/H2O conditions during metassomatism of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Geodynamic models based on the non-isothermal asthenospheric mantle seem to apply to the studied mafic alkaline magmatism on a local scale although the isothermal asthenospheric mantle model appears to conceal the petrogenesis of other coeval alkaline provinces in central and southeastern Brazil.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Eliezer Senna Gonçalves Júnior.pdf: 13704881 bytes, checksum: 1d71d2269743a9193eaff46fd6fd9f0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / OUTRAS / In Careiro-da-Várzea, Careiro-Castanho, Manaquiri and Autazes areas, near Manaus, three asymetric quaternary fluvial terraces levels overlains the Alter do Chão (Cretaceous) and Novo Remanso (Miocene) siliciclastic sediments. Locally, these geological basement outcrops as an elongated stripe about 150 kilometers length toward NE-SW, in heights between 100 and 50 meters sustained by three chemically distinct lateritic paleosoils levels. The quaternary fluvial terraces developed between 240.000 and 2.000 years BP extends more than 100 kilometers between 80 e 10 meters heights composing the Amazonas-Solimões Fluvial System alluvial plain on the studied reach. Generally, these deposits present scroll-bars morphology, with low drainages density, characterized by sparse plain secondary channels and rounded lakes. Internally, they are constituted by pairs of layers made of sand and mud (silt and clay) forming Inclined Heterolitic Stratification (IHS) within the meander point bars. The TS deposits presents pink to reddish colors and shows pedogenesis features, while the TI and TInf deposits tends to present brownish to greyish colors due the rich organic matter and bioturbation features. The TS deposits occupies de south-central portion of the study area extending around 100 kilometers being constituted mainly of mud deposits, commonly used by the locals to brick and tiles manufacture. The TI and TInf deposits occur as narrow and elongated stripes of maximum 30 kilometers width, composing the active floodplain of the actual Solimões-Amazonas system. The point bars with IHS deposits, the terraces asymmetric distribution and the register of paleochannels features near the mouth of Purus River, suggests the predominance of a meander pattern in the study area between 240.000 and 6.000 years BP. The Solimões-Amazonas Fluvial System developed the last 6.000 years to an anastomosed-anabranching stable river related to the rise of sea level during the Late Holocene and the climatic changes that boosted the development of the rainforest, furthering the stabilization of margins on this fluvial system. / Na região entre os municípios do Careiro-da-Várzea, Careiro-Castanho, Manaquiri e Autazes, ao sul de Manaus, ocorrem três níveis de terraços fluviais quaternários, de distribuição assimétrica, desenvolvidos sobre as rochas siliciclásticas (arenitos, pelitos e conglomerados) das formações Alter do Chão (Cretáceo) e Novo Remanso (Mioceno), que compõem o embasamento geológico desta região. Localmente, este embasamento aflora como uma faixa alongada de direção NE-SW, com cerca de 150 km de comprimento e 15 km de largura, entre cotas de 100 e 50 metros sustentadas por três níveis de paleossolos lateríticos quimicamente distintos. Os terraços fluviais desenvolvidos entre 240.000 e 2.000 anos AP, se estendem por mais de 100 km e situam-se em cotas variando entre 80 e 10 metros de altitude, constituindo as planícies aluviais do sistema fluvial Solimões-Amazonas, no trecho estudado. Em geral, apresentam morfologia deposicional de barras de acresção lateral, com baixa densidade de drenagem, caracterizada por esparsos canais secundários de planície, além de lagos de vários tamanhos e formas. Internamente, os depósitos são constituídos principalmente de areia e lama (silte e argila), em diferentes proporções, que compõem os pares de estratificação heterolítica inclinada (EHI) das barras em pontal. Os depósitos do Terraço Superior (TS) apresentam coloração rosada a avermelhada e exibem feições de pedogênese, enquanto os depósitos dos Terraços Intermediário (TI) e Inferior (TInf) apresentam coloração marrom a cinza médio, com feições de bioturbação, sendo ricos em matéria orgânica. O TS ocupa a porção centro-sul da área de estudo, com cerca de 100 km de extensão, sendo constituído principalmente por depósitos finos (silte e argila), usados na fabricação da cerâmica vermelha (tijolos e telhas) pelas comunidades locais. Os TI e TInf ocorrem como faixas estreitas e alongadas de até 30 km de extensão, que compõem a planície ativa do sistema fluvial Solimões-Amazonas, estando, portanto, sujeitos as inundações periódicas. As barras em pontal com EHI, a distribuição assimétrica dos terraços, o registro de paleocanais na planície aluvial na região da foz do Rio Purus são evidências da predominância do estilo fluvial meandrante, com migração geral para norte, entre 240.000 e 6.000 anos AP. No Holoceno Tardio o sistema fluvial Solimões-Amazonas evoluiu para um estilo anastomosado-anabranching relativamente estável em resposta ao aumento do nível do mar que barrou sua foz e ao aumento da umidade que proporcionou o desenvolvimento vegetal e subsequentemente a fitoestabilização das margens e aumento da carga de finos em suspensão.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur la caractérisation chimique des ambres provenant de plusieurs gisements d’âges et d’origines géographiques variés, dont certains sont inédits. Des protocoles identiques à tous les échantillons et combinant les analyses spectroscopiques (IR et RMN 13C) et chromatographiques (THM-CPG-SM) ont été appliqués, permettant d’identifier l’origine botanique des ambres et fournissant des indices pour la reconstitution des paléoenvironnements terrestres. La caractérisation chimique des gisements d’ambre du Jurassique supérieur (Kimméridgien) jusqu’au Crétacé supérieur (Santonien) du Liban, de Jordanie, du Congo, d’Equateur et de France, permet de proposer des biomarqueurs pour les résines de Cheirolepidiaceae, une famille exclusivement mésozoïque de Conifères. Une évolution des sources botaniques des résines produites durant le Mésozoïque et le Cénozoïque est alors discutée. Une production dominée par les familles de Conifères Araucariaceae et Cheirolepidiaceae est remarquée au Jurassique supérieur et Crétacé inférieur. La production au Crétacé supérieur est plutôt dominée par des Cupressaceae. Au Cénozoïque, les origines botaniques des ambres sont plus variées, et des familles d’Angiospermes sont à l’origine de nombreux gisements, dont l’ambre du Pérou produit par une Fabaceae. La production par des Conifères reste toutefois importante au Tertiaire, à l’exemple des ambres de Nouvelle-Zélande qui ont pour origine les Araucariaceae. Les données obtenues ont permis une ré-évaluation de la classification des ambres par Py-GC-MS. Ainsi, une nouvelle molécule dont la structure est inconnue encore, a été identifiée dans les chromatogrammes d’ambres de classe Ib et Ic, ajoutant un caractère discriminant entre ces deux sous-classes. Enfin, la relation âge / maturation des résines fossiles est discutée, qui dépend avant tout des conditions d’enfouissement des résines. Une large base de données moléculaires est ainsi établie pour un grand nombre de gisements d’âges et d’origines botaniques variés, qui permettra une comparaison globale dans les travaux futurs. / This work focuses on the chemical characterisation of amber from different outcrops from different localities, and varied ages. Some of these outcrops had never been studied. All the amber samples were analysed with the same analytical techniques. The combination of the data obtained from spectroscopic (IR and 13C NMR) and chromatographic (THM-GC-MS) analysis allows the identification of the botanical origin of the amber and provide some information, for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment. Biomarkers for the cheirolepidiaceous resins were proposed based on the chemical characterisation of different amber outcrops dating from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) to the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) from Lebanon, Jordan, Congo, Ecuador and France. The Cheirolepidiaceae familt was exclusively present in the Mesozoic era. Hence, the evolution of the botanical origins of the produced resins during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras was discussed. It seems that Araucariaceae and Cheirolepidiaceae were the dominant resin producing trees during the Upper Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous. While, cupressaceous resiniferous plants were dominant during the Upper Cretaceous. Howerver, resins dating from the Cenozoic era, were produced by a wider variety of plants, as resiniferous families of Angiosperm intensively participated in the resin production, i.e. the Peruvian amber produced by Fabaceae. Conifer resins traces were also detected in the Tertiary, such as the amber from the Araucariaceae found in New Zealand. The obtained data allowed a re-evaluation of the classification of ambers by Py-GC-MS, leading to the discovery of a novel molecule. This molecule of an unknown structure brings a new discrimination factor between the classes Ib and Ic. Finally, the age / maturity relationship is showed to be dependent on the burial and the conservation conditions of the resins. A broad molecular database is established based a large group of amber outcrops from different ages, and having diverse botanical origins. This database could be used as a comparative platform for further work in the future.

Rare earth elements (REEs) and their isotopes (such as Nd isotopes) can be potentially used to trace a wide range of oceanic processes in both modern and ancient oceans, but their successful application as tracers requires a comprehensive understanding of REE cycling in the modern ocean. Previous studies of REEs in seawater were largely constrained by analytical difficulties in generating accurate and precise REE data from seawater, which typically contain REE concentrations at a sub-ppt to ppt level. A new, and relatively simple, analytical method for precise and accurate determination of all dissolved REE concentrations in reasonably small (∼100 ml) seawater samples is presented in this thesis. With the application of the new method, this thesis reports the first full-depth, zonal ocean section of all dissolved REE concentrations, collected during the CoFeMUG cruise along ∼12°S in the South Atlantic. The section approach of this study places the distribution of dissolved REE concentrations in a well-constrained hydrographic context, allowing the first quantitative assessment (by an inverse model) of the relative importance of hydrographic controls resulting from advection/mixing of ocean circulation, together with non-conservative controls resulting from local particle scavenging and remineralization, in controlling the distribution of dissolved REEs in this region. A noteworthy decoupling of Ce and Mn with respect to their cycling in the water column was also observed in this study. The application of Nd isotopes as a tracer to reconstruct changes in ocean circulation in the NW European chalk shelf sea during rapid climatic events, including the mid-Cenomanian Event and oceanic anoxic event 2 (OAE 2), suggests a tight coupling between ocean circulation and transient climatic cooling during the general warm Late Cretaceous. An advected volcanic signal during OAE 2 was registered in the seawater Nd-isotope record from the English Chalk, probably suggesting a period of enhanced ocean ventilation/mixing at this time.

Many of the habitats occupied by fish are highly dynamic, naturally demonstrating substantial abiotic fluctuations over diurnal, tidal or seasonal cycles. It is also the case that throughout their 545 million year evolutionary history, fish have existed in aquatic environments very different to those of the present day. However, the past several decades have seen unprecedented rates of environmental change, at local and global scales, arising from human activities. The two major themes of the present thesis are: 1) Respiratory responses of fish to changes in environmental oxygen and temperature in the context of exploring intra- and inter-specific trait variation and its ecological implications 2) The effects of environmental factors (oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature and seawater chemistry) on the intestinal precipitation and excretion of calcium carbonate by marine teleosts. In the first study (chapter two) a comprehensive database of fish critical PO2 (Pcrit) data compiled from the published literature is presented. The systematic review of this literature provided the opportunity to critically examine methodologies for determining Pcrit as well as its usefulness as an indicator of hypoxia tolerance in fish. The second study (chapter three) examines whether inter- and intra-specific variation in thermal and hypoxia tolerance in two reef snapper species (Lutjanus carponotatus and Lutjanus adetii) reflects their distributions across the contrasting biophysical environments of the reef flat and reef slope surrounding Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef. L. carponotatus was clearly the most thermally and hypoxia tolerant of the two species, demonstrating a ~3.5 °C wider thermal tolerance zone (higher CTmax, lower CTmin) and ~26% lower Pcrit than L. adetii. These results suggest that the contrasting distribution of these species between flat and slope reef zones is reflected in their physiological tolerances. However, there was no evidence of intra-species variation in tolerance between flat and slope caught L. carponotatus individuals, indicating that this species does not form physiologically distinct subpopulations between these reef zones. The third study (chapter four) experimentally quantified the effect of hypercarbia (3000 μatm) and hypoxia (50% air saturation) on gut carbonate production by the European flounder (Platichthys flesus). Both hypercarbia and hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in carbonate excretion rate (1.5-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively) and acted synergistically when combined. In the final study (chapter five), gut carbonate production was measured in the European flounder undergoing conditions simulating the ‘calcite seas’ of the Cretaceous. The results of this study support the hypothesis that ocean conditions prevalent during the Cretaceous period resulted in piscine carbonate production rates substantially higher (~14-fold) than the present day. Ultimately, this thesis directly links the environmental physiology of fish at the individual level to wider scale implications (past, present and future), ranging from local ecological patterns all the way up to global carbon cycles.