<p>Challenges to or criticisms of existing social arrangements often result in individuals bolstering the status quo rather than becoming inspired to consider avenues for improvement - a phenomenon known as system justification. However, it is not yet known whether characteristics of the individual challenging the system might magnify (or alleviate) system-defensive responding. New entrance into a system might be one such characteristic to heighten defensiveness because new entrants likely have had fewer opportunities to prove their commitment to the system’s values. Thus, I conducted three initial studies to develop experimental paradigms testing whether recommendations for change are particularly repudiated when advocated by newcomers. Study 1 examined responses to proposals by a freshman congressperson (vs. senior or control) to change an obscure U.S. policy (<i>N </i>= 540). Study 2 examined responses to a proposal by a new employee (vs. senior or control) to change a workplace policy (<i>N </i>= 515), and Study 3 investigated student responses to a proposal by a junior transfer student (vs. junior continuing student) to change a proudly-held university policy (<i>N </i>= 309). Together, findings across these three paradigms suggest mixed evidence that both newcomers themselves, and their policy ideas, are derogated more than are full members when advocating change, particularly among individuals higher on dispositional system justification. Future, sufficiently-powered research should continue to examine impacts of proposer’s membership status on resistance to system change in order to provide insight into the actors most likely to successfully advocate for social progress. </p>

<p>The study aims to explore the associations between narcissism, interpersonal behaviors, and aggression using situational measurement. Using an experience-sampling approach, the study examined the effect of narcissism and its fine-grained components on daily affective experiences and aggressive behaviors in the context of social interactions. Data was collected from 478 undergraduate students that were instructed to complete four prompts a day for 10 days. Narcissism and negative affect predict higher aggression overall. Grandiose narcissism affects aggression directly, and vulnerable narcissism affects aggression solely through negative affect. Interpersonal antagonism presents as the core element in narcissism that drives its association with aggression. Results are robust across different domains of aggression. In real-life social interactions, narcissism dimensions differentially affect the way individuals experience social interpersonal and process negative affect, and thus in both research and clinical practices, narcissism is the most assessed as a heterogeneous, multidimensional construct.  </p>

<p>Narcissism is a personality construct linked to dysfunction in several domains. It encompasses grandiose and vulnerable variants as well as antagonism, agentic extraversion, and neuroticism higher-order factors. Many measures that vary in breadth and length have been constructed to measure narcissism. In recent years, super-short forms have become popular in research settings. Although brief measures hold some advantages, their brevity can come at psychometric costs. The comparative limitations of these short narcissism forms have received relatively little empirical examination. The goal of the current project was to fill this gap by determining the potential costs and benefits of using short measures of narcissism rather than longer measures in an online community sample (<em>N</em>= 473). This examination included assessing short form completion time, psychometric properties, structure, and measurement invariance across gender. Generally, the short forms demonstrated adequate internal consistency, variable convergence with each other, and mostly moderate to strong convergence with long forms. Short forms with long form counterparts performed well in terms of accounting for the variance of their long form counterparts. The short form items used for the bass-ackward analysis successfully replicated the factor structure of narcissism found by Crowe et al. (2019) using longer narcissism measures at both the two- and three-factor level, which showed measurement invariance across gender, generally at the scalar invariance level. Taken together, these findings suggest that it is still likely most advantageous to use the long forms whenever possible but that some short forms could be used when efficiency of survey administration is particularly important without significant psychometric cost.</p>

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if formal early childhood education was related to the likelihood of later criminal activity. The secondary data analysis within this study did support inferences for four specific crime factors. This study found that preschool attendance lessened the incurrence of future criminal activity in crime categories of total numbers of damage offenses, total numbers of theft offenses, total numbers of damage alone offenses, and total numbers of injury and theft offenses.

Psychopaths have long been characterized as having a remarkable disregard for the truth, to the extent that deceit is often regarded as a defining characteristic of the syndrome. Scholars described heightened concerns about how psychopaths’ deceitful and manipulative nature could significantly obstruct evaluations of psychopathy. The accurate evaluation of psychopathy is very important in forensic and correctional settings, and in such issues as risk assessment or dangerousness. Although the PCL-R is considered the quasi-gold standard when it comes to evaluating psychopathy, self-report measures have become more widely available and researched. Very few studies specifically evaluated response styles and self-report psychopathy measures despite the significant concerns regarding psychopathy and deception. The current study evaluated the ability of inmates with different levels of psychopathy to successfully engage in positive impression management on the SRP-4, LSRP, and PPI-R. Utilizing a repeated-measures, within-subjects design, 78 male inmates completed the study under genuine and simulation conditions. Overall, inmates were able to significantly lower their scores on all three self-report measures and achieved scores equivalent to and even lower than college and community samples. Inmates with higher levels of psychopathy were able to achieve larger decreases in scores on the PPI-R and on several scales for each measure. Another key finding was the identification of promising PPI-R Virtuous Responding Scale cut scores that can be utilized within forensic populations. Results indicate self-report measures should not be used to replace the PCL-R or comprehensive assessment of psychopathy in forensic evaluations; however, they do provide additional useful information and may be beneficial in other clinical settings.

Si l'aveu n'entretient pas de rapport obligatoire avec la vérité judiciaire, penser l'aveu en matière pénale renvoie à une question infiniment plus complexe qui excède le domaine exploré. Non seulement, en effet, il semblerait que l'aveu renvoie au réel critère d'appréciation en matière judiciaire mais également il repose sur une pratique qui concerne des éléments personnels vécus sur un mode négatif, en relation avec des valeurs et des normes acceptées au sein d'une société historique donnée. Car c'est dans le mystère de la conscience de l'auteur de l'aveu que le passage à l'acte est possible, donc dans une sphère qui a davantage partie liée avec son intériorité éthique qu'avec le caractère impératif d'une norme pénale. En même temps, l'aveu est le reflet de l'évolution de nos sociétés modernes. Si l'aveu devait être recherché hier inconditionnellement et constituait un impératif absolu même au détriment de la vérité, il s'est aujourd'hui banalisé comme d'ailleurs la mesure qui le rendait nécessaire, la garde à vue. Ce qui prévalait antérieurement, sous le règne de l'aveu traditionnel comme reine des preuves, c'était davantage une forme d'exigence éthique qui faisait de la vérité la norme. Cette conception absolue de l'aveu était également celle d'une société fondée sur la confiance, c'est-à-dire celle où précisément une vérité pouvait se manifester plus aisément car elle en constituait une valeur structurante. Il semblerait que cette société de confiance ait laissé place à une société de défiance dans laquelle la vérité n'est plus le référent essentiel, mais davantage l'efficacité ou la célérité des procédures / If a confession doesn't have a mandatory connection with legal truth, the mental conception of a confession leads to an infinitely more complex question which goes beyond the field under study. It would seem that, not only does the confession imply a real criterion in terms of legal appreciation, but is also based on practice linked to personal factors, stemming from negative experience, connected to values and standards prevailing within a given social history. For it is within the mystery of the subject's conscience that committing the act is possible; that is to say in a sphere more closely connected with his personal ethics, than with the constraints of legal norms. At the same time, the confession is a reflection of the evolution of modern society. If the confession was previously sought unconditionally, and represented an absolute imperative, even to the detriment of the truth, it has today been tendered mundane, as has moreover the measure which made it necessary, legal detainment. What was formerly prevalent, when the confession was considered as the ultimate proof, was more a form of an ethical requirement which made truth the standard. This concept of the confession as an absolute was also that of a society based on confidence, that is to say, one in which truth could effectively become known more easily, as it was a structural value. It would seem that this society based on confidence, has given way to a society based on mistrust, in which truth is no longer the essential reference but rather the effectiveness or the rapidity of procedures

An understanding of how objective situational features are construed by individuals is essential to uncovering the dynamic process through which the “situation” (e.g., specific work events) interacts with personality in shaping behavior in the workplace. The current study aims to illuminate 1) how personality influences the way employees typically perceive work contexts (i.e., being at work), in general; 2) the role of personality in shaping employee’s unique construal of specific work situations; and 3) the effect of personality-driven situation perception on extra-role behaviors. I used the recently developed CAPTION framework of psychological situational characteristics that define 7 dimensions of situation perception to examine how personality traits influence the perception of being at work, in general. Then, to address Research Question 2, I mapped frequently occurring types of work situations (coded for objective descriptors; e.g., “who,” “when,” “what,” “where”) onto the CAPTION dimensions to investigate whether and how personality traits explain systematic differences in the psychological situational characteristics ascribed to specific types of commonly occurring situations. Finally, to address Research Question 3, I examined how personality-driven situation perception predicted individual differences in work behaviors, specifically personality-relevant behaviors, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive behavior. I then discuss implications for theoretical perspectives that discuss the person-situation effect, as well as insights for how organizations may improve work outcomes through organizational context.

This thesis provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory of Delinquency, and tests his 2002 extension using two subsamples from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Juveniles between 12 and 17, and “emerging” adults that are 18 years old. Including an “emerging” adult subsample makes this analysis one of the first full tests of adults. Additionally, this analysis is the first partial test of Agnew’s 2013 extension of General Strain Theory. Overall, the results of the analysis lend support to Agnew’s 2002 extension. Measures of strain are revealed to significantly effect measures of negative emotionality and low selfconstraint, and measures of negative emotionality and low self-constraint significantly affect delinquency/deviance and illicit substance use. A major limitation to the thesis is that there is no negative emotionality measure of anger, which is Agnew’s (1985; 1992) key measures of negative emotionality. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-259). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.